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Public urban green space has never been more important: Its past contributions and potential to promote future public health, climate mitigation, and biodiversity are invaluable to cities experiencing population growth and urban densification. This research explores complexities of multiple demands on public urban green space in cities, using Stockholm as a case study. Semi-structured interviews with local professionals in the environmental planning field, supported by an analysis of key documents, assist in identifying key priorities and challenges, and highlighting considerations for the use of tools which value these spaces and their associated ecosystem services. Key priorities for the management of public urban green spaces are found to be: Adapting to effects of climate change, protecting biodiversity, and provision of cultural ecosystem services. Key challenges facing the management of public urban green spaces were highlighted as: Urban densification, green-washing, unclear definitions of concepts such as ‘green space’, and expectations of spaces being multifunctional. There are discussions that valuation tools do not have the ability to accurately measure and assess cultural ecosystem services, that collaborative tools can be more effective, and that there are both benefits and drawbacks concerning monetary valuations. Findings have implications for Stockholm’s management of public urban green space, and can be used to inform environmental planning policies. Recommendations for future research include investigating tools available for the assessment, mapping, and valuation of the qualities of green spaces, as well as identifying assessment tools Stockholm City Council have previous experience with. / Stadsnära grönområden och parker har aldrig varit viktigare: dess tidigare bidrag och potential att främja framtida folkhälsa, motverka klimatförändringar, och främja biologisk mångfald är ovärderliga för städer som upplever befolkningstillväxt och ökande befolkningstäthet. Denna studie utforskar komplexiteten av olika krav på allmänna grönområden i städer, med hjälp av Stockholm som en fallstudie. Semistrukturerade intervjuer med lokala yrkesverksamma inom miljöplaneringsområdet, stödda av en analys av nyckeldokument, hjälper till att identifiera viktiga prioriteringar och utmaningar och belyser överväganden för användningen av verktyg som värderar dessa utrymmen och deras tillhörande ekosystemtjänster. Nyckelprioriteringar för hanteringen av allmänna grönområden i städerna visar sig vara: Anpassning till effekterna av klimatförändringar, skydd av biologisk mångfald och tillhandahållande av kulturella ekosystemtjänster. De viktigaste utmaningarna för hanteringen av offentliga grönområden i städerna lyfts fram som: ökande befolkningstäthet i städer, green-washing, oklara definitioner av begrepp som ”grönområde” och förväntningar på att utrymmen ska vara multifunktionella. Det diskuteras att värderingsverktyg inte har möjlighet att noggrant mäta och bedöma kulturella ekosystemtjänster, att samarbetsverktyg kan vara effektivare och att det finns både fördelar och nackdelar med monetära värderingar. Resultaten har konsekvenser för Stockholms skötsel och av allmänna grönområden och kan användas för att informera miljöplaneringspolitiken. Rekommendationer för framtida forskning inkluderar att utreda verktyg som är tillgängliga för bedömning, kartläggning och värdering av grönområdens kvaliteter, samt identifiering av bedömningsverktyg som Stockholms stad har tidigare erfarenhet av.

Este trabalho aborda a questão do Planejamento e do Desenho Ambiental nos assentamentos rurais brasileiros, oriundos das lutas pela terra das classes populares de trabalhadores urbanos e rurais organizados. Apresenta conceitos de ambientais e analisa os efeitos negativos das ações do homem sobre o Planeta. Discute a questão metodológica para a abordagem de problemas ambientais. Apresenta o conceito de Bacia Hidrográfica em sua concepção geofísica e ambiental. Utiliza o método de estudo de casos, ao apresentar o Assentamento I do município de Sumaré SP e o assentamento Padre Josimo no município de Teodoro Sampaio SP assentamentos rurais paulistas originados nas ocupações dos de terra e sua relação com o MST Movimento dos Sem Terra. Procede a um levantamento dos recursos ambientais e paisagísticos dos assentamentos, e perfaz análise dos impactos ambientais ocorridos e em curso nestas áreas. Finalizando, discute os possíveis caminhos futuros que garantam em longo prazo, a sustentabilidade destas áreas com melhoria da qualidade de vida e justiça social aos moradores dos assentamentos e das comunidades relacionadas ao contexto político, social, geográfico e econômico regional, portanto contexto ambiental. Conclui com a apresentação de propostas que configurem um cenário futuro de conservação, recuperação e desenvolvimento sustentável para o Assentamento I e para o assentamento Padre Josimo, baseadas na análise dos impactos ambientais levantados. Apresenta o Convênio Estadual da Microbacia do Córrego Taquara Branca e Pinheirinho, no Assentamento I como uma iniciativa governamental desencadeadora de um processo de recuperação ambiental da paisagem regional, com enfoque em Educação Ambiental. Apresenta para o assentamento Padre Josimo os programas de atuação das ONGs em parceria com assentamentos rurais como uma possibilidade de engajamento nos projetos de conservação ambiental regional visando a Educação Ambiental e geração de renda. / This paper discuss the Environmental Planning and Design issue on the country land occupation at Brazil, originated by the land disputes of organized land and urban workers. It shows environmental concepts and analyze the negative outcomes of human acts on the Planet. It discusses the methodological issue to approach the environmental problems. It also presents the Hydrological Basin concept in its geophysical and ecosystem optic and its importance as an analytical unit to the environmental planning. By using a case study method, it presents the experience of the \"Assentamento /\" at the Sumaré municipality at the State of São Paulo, and the country land Padre Josimo at the Teodoro Sampaio municipality at the State of São Paulo the countries lands occupations made by landless workers, in that State supported by the Landless Workers Movement (MST). It proceeds with an inventory of environmental and landscape resources of these lands occupations, and performs an analysis of landscape and environment impacts caused by these occupations, both on the past and currently. Finally, it discusses the possible future ways to guarantee the long term sustainability of those areas with quality of live improvement and social equity to the land occupants of those areas and related regional communities, in the social, political, geographical, and economical context. It ends up with the proposal, presentation of alternatives that configure future scenarios of conservation, recuperation and sustainable development to the \"Assentamento /\" of Sumaré, and the country land Padre Josimo based on environmental impact analysis performed. It presents the State Microbasin Agreement of Córrego Taquara Branca and Pinheirinho, as a governmental initiative that makes possible a regional landscape and environmental recuperation process, focusing at Environmental Education. It also presents for the country land Padre Josimo the programs of Ongs for country land partners as an of engaging possibility at a regional environmental conservation project aiming Environmental Education and income generation.

Many serious illnesses are linked to everyday exposures to toxic chemicals. In the U.S., most chemical exposure comes from common consumer products such as pesticides, fragranced products, cleaning supplies, and building materials--products so widely used that people consider them "safe." As the links between everyday toxic exposures and potential health effects become better understood, evidence increasingly shows that reducing exposures can create a healthier society. Although some individuals may choose to build a healthy home and maintain a healthy household, they are still exposed to pollutants at their residences from the actions of others, such as to pesticides that are used by neighbors, businesses, and governments. They need healthy residential developments in environmentally healthy communities. This research investigates "healthy residential developments," defined as a property that aims to reduce pollutant exposures to the extent required by vulnerable populations, which for this research are individuals with multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS). Through a case study approach, this research investigates two exemplars of healthy residential developments, and explains how and why they form and continue. It also examines their implementation methods, and implications for planning and policy. Primary data collection methods included in-person interviews, telephone interviews, and site visits. Research strategies included the analysis of interview data, and categorical aggregation using thematic categories within and across cases. The categories focused on factors of formation and continuation for the two healthy residential developments. Findings include the challenges of people disabled with MCS to find safe housing; the importance of planning to address these challenges; the role of individuals, funding, and zoning in the formation of healthy residential developments; the role of funding, safe maintenance, and property management in their continuation; and, the need for affordable and safe housing for vulnerable populations. Future research can address the need to develop methods to create and sustain healthy residential developments, understand and reduce sources of exposure that initiate and trigger chemical sensitivity, and investigate experiences and implementation strategies in other countries.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-21T18:10:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ADRIANO DE SOUSA BARROS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCS 2006..pdf: 18476854 bytes, checksum: 5c82955beb452edcc9bfde34a32b2307 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-21T18:10:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ADRIANO DE SOUSA BARROS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCS 2006..pdf: 18476854 bytes, checksum: 5c82955beb452edcc9bfde34a32b2307 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09 / O Nordeste rural semi-árido tem passado durante as últimas décadas por diversos modos de pensar e fazer seu desenvolvimento e, consequentemente, sua modernização. Depois do amplo investimento em infra-estrutura na perspectiva do "combate à seca", acompanhado pelo plano de industrialização regional tido como a melhor solução para o problema do desenvolvimento da região, surge, na década de 1990, a perspectiva do desenvolvimento local e da "convivência com o semi-árido". Apesar de novo, esse olhar diferenciado sobre as dificuldades sócio-econômicas da região, aqui destacando sua porção semi-árida, trazem também em seu arcabouço um projeto de modernização, na medida em que propõe uma mudança de comportamento que afeta as estruturas sociais e produtivas locais. O Programa de Estudos e Ações para o Semi-Árido (PEASA) surge, em 1994, em meio a esse processo de mudança, propondo uma intervenção que altere o rumo do desenvolvimento de algumas localidades do semi-árido paraibano. Seu modelo de intervenção, atrelado à perspectiva dos Sistemas Produtivos Locais (SPL's), propõe por meio do agribusiness a criação de empreendimentos comunitários em forma de agroindústrias, nas quais os produtos de vocação local receberiam um tratamento logístico dentro de um amplo processo de racionalização da produção. O presente trabalho investigou esse modelo de intervenção, focando na construção de sua metodologia dentro da perspectiva de promoção do desenvolvimento local, buscando perceber também que perspectiva de modernização é construída a partir nas ações desse programa de extensão universitária. Nossa pesquisa utilizou-se de dados colhidos junto ao programa e seus colaboradores técnicos, na investigação documental (relatório de atividades, projetos defomento, artigos técnicos dentre outros); e no acompanhamento de uma de suas experiências de intervenção, o projeto de implantação da Agroindústria de Beneficiamento da Fibra de Sisal para Produção de Artesanato na Comunidade Cuiuiú, Barra de Santa Rosa - PB. O modelo de intervenção identificado como empreendedorismo comunitário mostra-se ineficiente na promoção do desenvolvimento local, chocando-se com o próprio sistema produtivo local de tradição camponesa e de organização familiar. O foco do modelo na racionalização das estruturas produtiva e social acaba por desconsiderar a questão ambiental, limitando o projeto de desenvolvimento às questões de cunho econômico. / During the last decades, the rural semi-arid northeast has gone through various forms of tliinking and making its development and, consequently, its modernization. After the wide investment in infra-structure aiming the "combat to the drought", accompanied by the regional industrialization plan, considered the best solution to the development problem in the region, in the 90's the perspective of local development and the living with the semi-arid carne to be. Despite being new, tliis differed look upon the social-economic difficulties of the region, hereby standing out its semi-arid portion, brings in its base a project of modernization, as it proposes a change of behavior which affects the local social and productive structures. The Program of Studies and Actions for the Semi-Arid (PEASA) appears, in 1994, in the middle of tliis changing process, proposing an intervention which alters the path of the development of some localization of the semiarid of Paraíba. Its intervention model, linked to the perspectives of Local Productive Systems (SPS's), proposes as means of agribusiness, the creation of communitarian undertaking in the shape of agro industries, in which the local vocation products would receive logistic treatment within a wide process of rationalization of the production. The present paper investigated this model of intervention, focusing on the construction of its methodology within the perspective of promotion of local development, seeking to realize, also, that the perspective of modernization is built from the actions of this program of university extension. Our research used date collected along with the program and its technical collaborators, in the documental investigation (activity report, foment projects, technical articles among others); and in the accompanying of one of its experiences of intervention, the implantation project of the agro industry of Benefiting of Sisal Fiber for production of handcraft material in the county of Cuiuiú, Barra de Santa Rosa - PB. The intervention model identified as communitarian undertaking lies ineffective in the promotion of local development, shocking against the own local productive system of camping tradition and familiar organization. The focus of the model in the rationalization of productive and social structures ends up not considering the environmental question, limiting the project to development to economic nature questions.

The main objective of this work is to promote the reinsertion of urban water in the context of physical and territorial planning, in the cities, through the study of the watershed of Jataí stream in Uberlândia-MG. Pursuiting the rebalancing of the waters with the urban environment, this work promote the connectivity and physical strengthening of the relations between man and environment / nature. The study analyzed the environmental impacts generated in the watershed with the process of urbanization and infrastructure works carried out in the stream and surrounding areas. Simulation of 4 (four) scenarios were proposed and hydrological parameters were raised in a natural conditions (before the urbanization process), as far as current urbanization, complete urbanization and ideal urbanization. To develop this ideal scenario, direct and preventive urban interventions were proposed, through the inclusion of an ecological and sustainable urban design, with the use of green infrastructure, such as parks and green areas, based on the principles of an environmental planning and structured in an Ecological-Economic Zoning (EEZ) of the watershed of Jataí stream. The results were compared and evaluated in an integrated manner, with the use of remote sensing techniques and the guidelines adopted showed a positive result in the hydrological simulations, with the significant increase in permeability, time of concentration and reduction of peak flows, showing, respectively, in the scenarios A, B, C and D the following values: 2,81 m3/s, 19,70 m3/s, 51,24 m3/s, and 15,15 m/3s.Thus, it is understood that, through the control of the permeation rates, considering only the areas of public use, such interventions are sufficient to promote significant effects on the control of direct runoff and flooding, allowing the minimization of environmental impacts. / O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi promover a reinserção das águas urbanas no contexto do planejamento físico-territorial nas cidades, por meio do estudo da microbacia do córrego Jataí, na cidade de Uberlândia-MG, com a busca do reequilíbrio das águas com o meio urbano, promovendo a conectividade e o fortalecimento das relações físicas e ambientais entre homem/natureza. O estudo analisou os impactos ambientais gerados na microbacia com o processo de urbanização e as obras de infraestrutura realizadas no córrego e no entorno. Foram propostas as simulações de 4 (quatro) cenários e levantados os parâmetros hidrológicos na condição natural (anterior ao processo de urbanização), urbanização atual, urbanização completa e urbanização ideal. Para elaboração do cenário ideal, foram propostas diretrizes para intervenções urbanas preventivas e diretas, por meio da inserção de um desenho urbano ecológico e sustentável, com a inserção de parques e áreas verdes e a utilização de infraestruturas verdes, baseadas nos princípios de planejamento ambiental e estruturadas em um Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico (ZEE) da microbacia do córrego Jataí. Os resultados foram comparados e avaliados de forma integrada com a utilização de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, e as diretrizes adotadas apresentaram um resultado positivo nas simulações hidrológicas, com o aumento significativo das taxas de permeabilidade, aumento no tempo de concentração e a diminuição dos picos de vazões, apresentando respectivamente nos cenários A, B, C e D, os seguintes valores: 2,81 m³/s, 19,70 m³/s, 51,24 m³/s e 15,15 m³/s. Assim entende-se que por meio do controle da taxa de permeabilidade considerando apenas as áreas destinadas ao uso público, são suficientes para promoverem efeitos significativos no controle do escoamento superficial direto e inundações, permitindo a minimização dos impactos ambientais. / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Este trabalho aborda a questão do Planejamento e do Desenho Ambiental nos assentamentos rurais brasileiros, oriundos das lutas pela terra das classes populares de trabalhadores urbanos e rurais organizados. Apresenta conceitos de ambientais e analisa os efeitos negativos das ações do homem sobre o Planeta. Discute a questão metodológica para a abordagem de problemas ambientais. Apresenta o conceito de Bacia Hidrográfica em sua concepção geofísica e ambiental. Utiliza o método de estudo de casos, ao apresentar o Assentamento I do município de Sumaré SP e o assentamento Padre Josimo no município de Teodoro Sampaio SP assentamentos rurais paulistas originados nas ocupações dos de terra e sua relação com o MST Movimento dos Sem Terra. Procede a um levantamento dos recursos ambientais e paisagísticos dos assentamentos, e perfaz análise dos impactos ambientais ocorridos e em curso nestas áreas. Finalizando, discute os possíveis caminhos futuros que garantam em longo prazo, a sustentabilidade destas áreas com melhoria da qualidade de vida e justiça social aos moradores dos assentamentos e das comunidades relacionadas ao contexto político, social, geográfico e econômico regional, portanto contexto ambiental. Conclui com a apresentação de propostas que configurem um cenário futuro de conservação, recuperação e desenvolvimento sustentável para o Assentamento I e para o assentamento Padre Josimo, baseadas na análise dos impactos ambientais levantados. Apresenta o Convênio Estadual da Microbacia do Córrego Taquara Branca e Pinheirinho, no Assentamento I como uma iniciativa governamental desencadeadora de um processo de recuperação ambiental da paisagem regional, com enfoque em Educação Ambiental. Apresenta para o assentamento Padre Josimo os programas de atuação das ONGs em parceria com assentamentos rurais como uma possibilidade de engajamento nos projetos de conservação ambiental regional visando a Educação Ambiental e geração de renda. / This paper discuss the Environmental Planning and Design issue on the country land occupation at Brazil, originated by the land disputes of organized land and urban workers. It shows environmental concepts and analyze the negative outcomes of human acts on the Planet. It discusses the methodological issue to approach the environmental problems. It also presents the Hydrological Basin concept in its geophysical and ecosystem optic and its importance as an analytical unit to the environmental planning. By using a case study method, it presents the experience of the \"Assentamento /\" at the Sumaré municipality at the State of São Paulo, and the country land Padre Josimo at the Teodoro Sampaio municipality at the State of São Paulo the countries lands occupations made by landless workers, in that State supported by the Landless Workers Movement (MST). It proceeds with an inventory of environmental and landscape resources of these lands occupations, and performs an analysis of landscape and environment impacts caused by these occupations, both on the past and currently. Finally, it discusses the possible future ways to guarantee the long term sustainability of those areas with quality of live improvement and social equity to the land occupants of those areas and related regional communities, in the social, political, geographical, and economical context. It ends up with the proposal, presentation of alternatives that configure future scenarios of conservation, recuperation and sustainable development to the \"Assentamento /\" of Sumaré, and the country land Padre Josimo based on environmental impact analysis performed. It presents the State Microbasin Agreement of Córrego Taquara Branca and Pinheirinho, as a governmental initiative that makes possible a regional landscape and environmental recuperation process, focusing at Environmental Education. It also presents for the country land Padre Josimo the programs of Ongs for country land partners as an of engaging possibility at a regional environmental conservation project aiming Environmental Education and income generation.

<p>Land use change constitutes a primary driving force in shaping social-ecological systems world wide, and its effects reach far beyond the directly impacted areas. Graph based landscape ecological tools have become established as a promising way to efficiently explore and analyze the complex, spatial systems dynamics of ecological networks in physical landscapes. However, little attention has been paid to making these approaches operational within ecological assessments, physical planning, and design. This thesis presents a network based, landscape-ecological tool that can be implemented for effective use by practitioners within physical planning and design, and ecological assessments related to these activities. The tool is based on an ecological profile system, a common generalized network model of the ecological infrastructure, graph theoretic metrics, and a spatially explicit, geographically defined representation, deployable in a GIS. Graph theoretic metrics and analysis techniques are able to capture the spatio-temporal dynamics of complex systems, and the generalized network model places the graph theoretic toolbox in a geographically defined landscape. This provides completely new insights for physical planning, and environmental assessment activities. The design of the model is based on the experience gained through seven real-world cases, commissioned by different governmental organizations within Stockholm County. A participatory approach was used in these case studies, involving stakeholders of different backgrounds, in which the tool proved to be flexible and effective in the communication and negotiation of indicators, targets, and impacts. In addition to successful impact predictions for alternative planning scenarios, the tool was able to highlight critical ecological structures within the landscape, both from a system-centric, and a site-centric perspective. In already being deployed and used in planning, assessments, inventories, and monitoring by several of the involved organizations, the tool has proved to effectively meet some of the challenges of application in a multidisciplinary landscape.</p>

Land use change constitutes a primary driving force in shaping social-ecological systems world wide, and its effects reach far beyond the directly impacted areas. Graph based landscape ecological tools have become established as a promising way to efficiently explore and analyze the complex, spatial systems dynamics of ecological networks in physical landscapes. However, little attention has been paid to making these approaches operational within ecological assessments, physical planning, and design. This thesis presents a network based, landscape-ecological tool that can be implemented for effective use by practitioners within physical planning and design, and ecological assessments related to these activities. The tool is based on an ecological profile system, a common generalized network model of the ecological infrastructure, graph theoretic metrics, and a spatially explicit, geographically defined representation, deployable in a GIS. Graph theoretic metrics and analysis techniques are able to capture the spatio-temporal dynamics of complex systems, and the generalized network model places the graph theoretic toolbox in a geographically defined landscape. This provides completely new insights for physical planning, and environmental assessment activities. The design of the model is based on the experience gained through seven real-world cases, commissioned by different governmental organizations within Stockholm County. A participatory approach was used in these case studies, involving stakeholders of different backgrounds, in which the tool proved to be flexible and effective in the communication and negotiation of indicators, targets, and impacts. In addition to successful impact predictions for alternative planning scenarios, the tool was able to highlight critical ecological structures within the landscape, both from a system-centric, and a site-centric perspective. In already being deployed and used in planning, assessments, inventories, and monitoring by several of the involved organizations, the tool has proved to effectively meet some of the challenges of application in a multidisciplinary landscape.

The purpose of this research was to assess the condition of open spaces, community perceptions, benefits, threats and challenges faced by open spaces within KwaDukuza. The research is regarded as important within the context of threats posed by uncontrolled development to urban biodiversity. Primary and secondary documentary sources on open spaces in the study area were consulted. Data was gathered through the use of a questionnaire, with a sample of 100 respondents; observation; structured interviews with key respondents and discussions with focus groups. The research revealed a consistent pattern of threatened urban biodiversity when compared with other studies. The main finding was that the open spaces were under severe strain and threat in the area of KwaDukuza due to development. There was a noted lack of knowledge about key tools meant to safeguard the environment. The study concluded by recommending community participation, education and an open space policy framework for KwaDukuza. / Geography / M.A. (Geography)