As Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) foram instituídas pelo Novo Código Florestal Brasileiro com o objetivo de zelar pela estabilidade da paisagem, os recursos hídricos e as funcionalidades bióticas. Entre os tipos de APPs estão as que protegem as porções marginais aos cursos dágua, que constituem, atualmente, focos de conflitos socioambientais, dado o seu poder de regulação que restringe demasiadamente os usos dos solos naqueles espaços. A análise da legislação ambiental indica que este tipo de APP, aplicada de forma generalista e incondicional para todo o território nacional, não é adequada às diversas realidades das inúmeras paisagens brasileiras. As discussões procuraram demonstrar como a definição de espaços de proteção para os cursos dágua pode ser concebida a partir das características de cada sistema fluvial, de acordo com a conjuntura dos seus fatores ambientais, para que os objetivos sejam bem sucedidos. Compreendendo a bacia hidrográfica como unidade ideal de planejamento, é efetuada a proposta de definir os meios de proteção dos sistemas fluviais através dos Planos de Bacias, instrumento da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, com base na análise dos fatores ambientais. A geomorfologia se apresenta como um fator de importância no desenvolvimento dos processos ambientais e para indicar os tipos de ambientes formados às margens dos cursos fluviais, de acordo com a composição e conformação dos terrenos e o nível de incisão do canal de drenagem. A análise dos tipos de ambientes formados setorialmente e ao longo da bacia hidrográfica permite estipular como devem ser protegidos os cursos dágua e os tipos de usos do solo adequados para cada segmento do vale fluvial. De modo geral, observa-se que a proteção demandada aumenta das áreas planas para as montanhas e de jusante para montante. / The Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) were imposed by New Brazilian Forest Code in order to ensure the stability of the landscape, water and biotic features. Among the types of PPAs are those which protect the marginal portions of the watercourses, which are currently focuses of environmental conflicts, given its regulatory power that overly restricts the uses of land in those spaces. The analysis of environmental legislation indicates that this type of PPA, applied in a general and unconditional for the entire national territory, is not suited to the diverse realities of the many Brazilian landscapes. The discussions sought to demonstrate how the definition of areas for protecting the water courses can be designed from the characteristics of each river system, according to the conjuncture of their environmental factors, that objectives are successful. Understanding the watershed as the ideal unit of planning, the proposal is made to define the means of protecting the river systems through "Basin Plans" instrument of National Policy of Water Resources, based on analysis of environmental factors. The geomorphology is presented as an important factor in the development of environmental processes and to indicate the types of environments formed on the banks of the river courses, according to the composition and conformation of the land and the level of incision of the drainage channel. The analysis of the types of environments sectorally formed and along the basin can stipulate how they should be protected from the water courses and the types of land uses appropriate for each segment of the river valley. In general, it is observed that the protection demanded increases the plains to the mountains upstream and downstream.

abstract: There is never a better time for this study than now when Nigeria as a country is going through the worst time in power supply. In Lagos city about 12,000 tons of waste is generated daily, and is expected to increase as the city adds more population. The management of these waste has generated great concern among professionals, academia and government agencies. This study examined the regenerative management of organic waste, which accounts for about 45% of the total waste generated in Lagos. To do this, two management scenarios were developed: landfill methane to electricity and compost; and analyzed using data collected during field work and from government reports. While it is understood that landfilling waste is the least sustainable option, this study argued that it could be a viable method for developing countries. Using U.S EPA LandGEM and the IPCC model, estimates of capturable landfill methane gas was derived for three landfills studied. Furthermore, a 35-year projection of waste and landfill methane was done for three newly proposed landfills. Assumptions were made that these new landfills will be sanitary. It was established that an average of 919,480,928m3 methane gas could be captured to generate an average of 9,687,176 MW of electricity annually. This makes it a significant source of power supply to a city that suffers from incessant power outages. Analysis of composting organics in Lagos was also done using descriptive method. Although, it could be argued that composting is the most regenerative way of managing organics, but it has some problems associated with it. Earthcare Compost Company processes an average of 600 tons of organics on a daily basis. The fraction of waste processed is infinitesimal compared to the rate of waste generated. One major issue identified in this study as an obstacle to extensive use of this method is the marketability of compost. The study therefore suggests that government should focus on getting the best out of the landfill option, since it is the most feasible for now and could be a major source of energy. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Urban and Environmental Planning 2016

As Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) foram instituídas pelo Novo Código Florestal Brasileiro com o objetivo de zelar pela estabilidade da paisagem, os recursos hídricos e as funcionalidades bióticas. Entre os tipos de APPs estão as que protegem as porções marginais aos cursos dágua, que constituem, atualmente, focos de conflitos socioambientais, dado o seu poder de regulação que restringe demasiadamente os usos dos solos naqueles espaços. A análise da legislação ambiental indica que este tipo de APP, aplicada de forma generalista e incondicional para todo o território nacional, não é adequada às diversas realidades das inúmeras paisagens brasileiras. As discussões procuraram demonstrar como a definição de espaços de proteção para os cursos dágua pode ser concebida a partir das características de cada sistema fluvial, de acordo com a conjuntura dos seus fatores ambientais, para que os objetivos sejam bem sucedidos. Compreendendo a bacia hidrográfica como unidade ideal de planejamento, é efetuada a proposta de definir os meios de proteção dos sistemas fluviais através dos Planos de Bacias, instrumento da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, com base na análise dos fatores ambientais. A geomorfologia se apresenta como um fator de importância no desenvolvimento dos processos ambientais e para indicar os tipos de ambientes formados às margens dos cursos fluviais, de acordo com a composição e conformação dos terrenos e o nível de incisão do canal de drenagem. A análise dos tipos de ambientes formados setorialmente e ao longo da bacia hidrográfica permite estipular como devem ser protegidos os cursos dágua e os tipos de usos do solo adequados para cada segmento do vale fluvial. De modo geral, observa-se que a proteção demandada aumenta das áreas planas para as montanhas e de jusante para montante. / The Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) were imposed by New Brazilian Forest Code in order to ensure the stability of the landscape, water and biotic features. Among the types of PPAs are those which protect the marginal portions of the watercourses, which are currently focuses of environmental conflicts, given its regulatory power that overly restricts the uses of land in those spaces. The analysis of environmental legislation indicates that this type of PPA, applied in a general and unconditional for the entire national territory, is not suited to the diverse realities of the many Brazilian landscapes. The discussions sought to demonstrate how the definition of areas for protecting the water courses can be designed from the characteristics of each river system, according to the conjuncture of their environmental factors, that objectives are successful. Understanding the watershed as the ideal unit of planning, the proposal is made to define the means of protecting the river systems through "Basin Plans" instrument of National Policy of Water Resources, based on analysis of environmental factors. The geomorphology is presented as an important factor in the development of environmental processes and to indicate the types of environments formed on the banks of the river courses, according to the composition and conformation of the land and the level of incision of the drainage channel. The analysis of the types of environments sectorally formed and along the basin can stipulate how they should be protected from the water courses and the types of land uses appropriate for each segment of the river valley. In general, it is observed that the protection demanded increases the plains to the mountains upstream and downstream.

Grandes aglomerações urbanas estão geralmente ligadas a seus corpos hídricos de abastecimento de água. Com a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo não foi diferente. Os rios Tietê e Pinheiros passaram por transformações no decorrer dos anos, interferindo no índice de qualidade de águas da Bacia do Alto Tietê. Há, ao mesmo tempo, um elevado consumo de água e inúmeras fontes poluidoras na forma de esgotos domésticos e efluentes industriais. A análise feita do Rio Pinheiros focou duas variáveis: as transformações gradativas e impactantes ocorridas no sistema e as políticas públicas, buscando identificar a relação de decorrência entre elas. As transformações foram analisadas pelos indicadores alterações ocorridas na paisagem e território do sistema, como a retificação e canalização do rio e seu uso e ocupação do solo. A partir de então, este contexto foi confrontado com as políticas públicas ambientais, focando no Projeto Tietê como principal indicador da variável política pública além da UGRH e da qualidade das águas para análise das mudanças ocorridas no sistema. Assim, esta pesquisa pode contribuir com a discussão da melhoria do uso dos recursos naturais metropolitanos. A pesquisa orienta-se pela perspectiva sistêmica apoiada nos conceitos de impactos e de derivações antropogenéticas dos sistemas, o que permite analisar as alterações mais velozes e mais gradativas (respectivamente) advindas da conexão entre a dinâmica dos elementos naturais (sistemas) e a dinâmica dos agentes sociais (derivações antropogenéticas). Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados são a análise sistêmica, no momento do diagnóstico, e a análise integrada, no momento do prognóstico. As alterações ocorridas, e o uso e ocupação das margens contribuíram para o índice atual de qualidade de águas do sistema. Estas transformações ocorreram de forma gradativa e impactante e apenas décadas depois do começo destas intervenções, políticas públicas tentam melhorar a qualidade hídrica metropolitana, com o desenvolvimento de projetos de despoluição, que já apresentam melhoria nas qualidades de água, mas ainda não foram capazes de fazer com que o rio mudasse de classe de acordo com a classificação CONAMA 357. / Large urban agglomerations are generally linked to their bodies of water. In the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo it was no different. The Tietê and Pinheiros rivers have undergone transformations over the years, affecting the water quality index of the Upper Tietê Basin. There is at the same time, a high consumption of water and many sources of pollution in the form of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. The analysis focused on the Rio Pinheiros two variables: the gradual and transformations occurring in the system and impacting public policy, seeking to identify the relationship between them due. The changes were identified by the indicators of changes in the landscape and territory system and their uses. Since then, this context was confronted with environmental policies, focusing on the Tiete project as the main indicator variable beyond the UGRH and the quality water treatment for the analysis of public policy changes in the system. Thus, this research can contribute to analyze the interventions in the river with a discussion of improving the use of natural resources. The research is guided by the systems perspective and is based on the concepts of impact and derivations anthropogenetic systems, which allows to analyze the fast and more gradual (respectively) changes arising from the connection between the dynamics of natural elements (systems) and the dynamics of social agents ( anthropogenetic derivations). The method used was based on the analysis of evolutionary transformations of the water course. The methodological procedures used are systemic analysis during the diagnosis, and integrated analysis at the time of prognosis. The changes and the use and occupancy of the banks contributed to the current rate of water quality system. These changes occurred gradually and impactful and only decades after the beginning of these interventions, policymakers are trying to improve the water quality in the metropolitan areas, with the development of remediation projects, having already improved water quality, but have not been able to change the river conditions according to the class classification CONAMA 357.

A construção institucional das políticas ambientais no Brasil tem como marco inicial a criação da Lei Nº 6938 (1981), que instituiu a Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente. A partir desta lei foi estabelecido um Sistema Nacional do Meio Ambiente Sisnama, criado para organizar os mecanismos para a construção e o funcionamento de uma legislação ambiental no país. O Sisnama foi composto por órgãos setoriais (órgãos estaduais de meio ambiente), um órgão superior (o Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente - Conama) e um órgão central executor (Secretaria Especial do Meio Ambiente - Sema). Como órgão superior e deliberativo do Sisnama, o Conama se tornou um campo de negociação ao agregar interesses heterogêneos pelo objetivo de definir um conjunto de resoluções que, ancoradas na lei Nº 6938 (regulamentada pelo Decreto Nº 88351 de 1983), adquiriram força de lei. O referencial teórico-metodológico utilizado para a análise do Conama é a Teoria do Ator-Rede (TAR, ou ANT, em inglês). O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a construção e atuação do Conama, como arena ambiental desde a sua construção até o momento em que foi estabelecido o Ministério do Meio Ambiente (1981-1992), entendendo esse período como momento de institucionalização do meio ambiente no Brasil. O Conama reuniu humanos e não-humanos, entre os quais: políticos, engenheiros, cientistas, ambientalistas, as hidrelétricas, a floresta amazônica, as usinas nucleares, os resíduos atômicos, as unidades de conservação, as destilarias de álcool, os rios, entre outros. A discussão proposta consiste, portanto, em analisar a trajetória deste conselho e sua particip(ação) no cenário político nacional como órgão designado a estabelecer uma política de proteção ambiental em um momento marcado pelos desdobramentos da crise energética e pela tentativa de retomada do crescimento econômico no Brasil. / The institutional construction of environmental policies in Brazil has as starting point at the creation of Law No. 6938 (1981), which established the National Environmental Policy. Within this law was established a National Environmental System (Sisnama) created to organize mechanisms for the construction and the operation of the environmental legislation in the country. The Sisnama was composed by institutional bodies (state environmental agencies), a higher body (the National Environmental Council - CONAMA) and an executor central body (Special Environmental Secretariat - SEMA). As the superior and deliberative body of Sisnama CONAMA became a trading field by adding heterogeneous interests by the objective of defining a set of resolutions which, anchored in the law No. 6938 (regulated by Decree No. 88351 of 1983), acquired the force of law. The theoretical framework used for the analysis from CONAMA was the Actor-Network Theory (ANT). This study aims to analyze the construction and the operation of CONAMA, as environmental arena, since its construction until the moment the Ministry of the Environment was established (1981-1992), understanding this period as the environmental institutionalization in Brazil. CONAMA gathered humans and nonhumans actors including: politicians, engineers, scientists, environmentalists, hydropower, the Amazon rainforest, nuclear power plants, atomic waste, conservation units, alcohol distilleries, rivers, among others. Therefore the discussion proposed is to analyze the trajectory of this council and its particip(ation) in the national political scene as designated agency to establish an environmental protection policy in a period highlighted by the consequences of the energy crisis and the attempt to re-establish the economic growth in Brazil.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo verificar se as políticas e as ações governamentais relacionadas às questões socioambientais guardam uma associação com o desempenho econômico e socioambiental das empresas goianas de beneficiamento e industrialização de leite e derivados. Políticas Públicas Ambientais e ações governamentais são elementos que, direta ou indiretamente, podem exercer influência no desempenho empresarial econômico e socioambiental das firmas. O estado da arte alicerça-se nas fronteiras do conhecimento científico e das bases epistemológicas que dão suporte às abordagens da ciência da natureza, das ciências sociais aplicadas e suas especialidades para compreensão dos fenômenos ligados ao desenvolvimento empresarial econômico e socioambiental, dimensionados a partir de política pública ambiental e ações governamentais. Neste contexto, desenhou-se o modelo conceitual denominado política socioambiental e o desempenho econômico e socioambiental das firmas, organizado e operacionalizado, mediante o conjunto de variáveis relacionadas às condicionantes de políticas públicas e de desempenho econômico e socioambiental. A estrutura lógica do instrumento de pesquisa foi concebida abrangendo questionamentos sobre a legislação ambiental, instrumentos institucionais de regulação direta no mercado; responsabilidade por danos ambientais; acordos internacionais e regionais socioambientais; marketing ambiental, desempenho econômico, ambiental e social. O instrumento de investigação foi aplicado em 118 empresas fiscalizadas pelo Sistema de Inspeção Federal SIF e sujeitas à aplicação da resolução nº 237/97, do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Os dados recolhidos foram submetidos a procedimentos estatístico que lhes atestam sua consistência. As hipóteses experimentais da pesquisa foram todas aceitas, após aplicação do teste de significância, medido pela estatística F. Os dados da pesquisa empírica foram submetidos à análise da estatística descritiva e inferencial, compreendendo análise de frequência relativa percentual, coeficiente de variação de Pearson e de correlação linear múltipla. À luz das evidências apresentadas, embasada na síntese da pesquisa empírica, conclui-se que políticas públicas e ações govenamentais relacionadas às questões ambientais guardam, sim, uma associação com o resultado de desempenho empresarial econômico e sociambiental das empresas do setor lácteo de Goiás. Neste contexto, como um tema de fronteira, esta pesquisa, ao abordar sobre a influência das políticas ambientais no desempenho empresarial econômico e socioambiental do setor de leite e derivados de Goiás, dá uma contribuição acadêmica e, também, ao segmento empresarial, com vistas a ampliar futuras discussões sobre a temática de Meio Ambiente. / This research aims to determine whether policies and government actions related to social and environmental issues keep an association with the economic performance and environmental impact of companies in the dairy sector in Goiás. Environmental public policies and government actions are elements that directly and indirectly can influence on economic and socio-environmental performance of the companies. The state of the art is founded on the frontier of scientific knowledge and epistemological foundations that are supporting the approaches of natural science, social science and applied their specialties to understand the phenomena related to economic and socio-environmental performance of the companies, scaled from environmental public policy and governmental actions. In this context, it drew up the conceptual model called the political and socio-environmental policy and socio-economic performance of firms, organized and executed by the set of variables related to the constraints of public policy and economic and socio-environmental performance economic and socio-environmental performance. The logical structure of the research instrument was designed covering questions on environmental legislation, institutional instruments of direct regulation on the market; responsibility for environmental damage, international agreements and regional organizations; marketing, economic, environmental and social. This research tool was applied to 118 companies audited by the Federal Inspection System SIF and subject to the implementation of Resolution No. 237/97 of the National Council on the Environment. The data collected were subjected to statistical procedures that they attest to its consistency. The experimental research hypotheses were all accepted, after applying the significance test, measured by the F statistic. The empirical survey data were subjected to analysis of descriptive and inferential statistics, including frequency analysis on percentage, coefficient of variation of Pearson and multiple linear correlation. In light of the evidences presented, based on the synthesis of empirical research, we can concluded that public policies and government actions related to environmental issues keep an action associated with the outcome of economic and socio-environmental performance of the companies of the dairy sector in Goiás. In this context, as a matter of the border, this research when addressing the influence of environmental policies on economic and socio-environmental performance of the companies of the dairy sector in Goiás gives an academic contribution, and also to the corporate segment, in order to expand further discussions on the subject of the environment.

Avfall kan vara både ett problem och en tillgång. Hur samhället hanterar avfall har blivit en allt viktigare fråga i takt med att befolkningen växer och konsumtionen ökar. Därför regleras avfallshanteringsaktiviteter idag av bland annat lagar, föreskrifter, planer och rådgivning för att minska mängden avfall och där det är möjligt, att eliminera de negativa effekter som avfallet kan ha på människors hälsa och miljön. Inom hälso- och sjukvården genereras stora mängder avfall varje dag och i Sverige anses invånare vara allmänt bra på att sortera sitt avfall, men är människor lika bra på att göra det på sina arbetsplatser? I den här kvalitativa intervjustudien ligger fokus på källsortering inom äldreomsorgen. Totalt har tre ”walking/observations intervjuer” genomförts, med två olika vårdboenden och med en hemtjänst. Det insamlade materialet har analyserats, tillsammans med relevanta material från kommunen angående källsortering. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur personal inom äldreomsorg upplever att det är att följa kommunens miljöpolicy för avfall och hur kommunens miljöpolicy är utformad för att göra det enkelt för personal att följa. Genom att undersöka matchningen mellan arbetsmiljö och kommunens miljöpolicy syftar studien till att finna eventuella sociala relationer, problem och möjligheter för att på så sätt se vad som är nödvändigt för att realisera ytterligare förbättringar av källsortering inom denna sektor. Denna studie har producerat flera intressanta resultat. Det insamlade materialet pekar på en oväntad dynamik där ansvaret för avfallshantering förmedlas nedåt i organisationshierarkin. Det finns också stora skillnader i förutsättningarna för källsortering mellan kommunala- och privata verksamheter, vilket i sin tur påverkar verksamhetens förmåga att följa kommunens miljöpolicy. Studien visar även att det finns en skillnad i hur kommunala- och privata verksamheter upplever kommunikationen med kommunen och hur väl medarbetarna är medvetna om de riktlinjer som de följer för avfall. Denna studie avslutas med flera förslag som syftar till att förbättra och skapa en mer effektiv källsortering inom äldreomsorgen. Först, är det viktigt att se över hur ansvaret för avfallshantering är uppdelad mellan de olika nivåerna i organisationshierarkin. Åtgärdsförslag bör komma till för att minska de problem som orsakas av skillnader i förutsättningar för källsortering mellan kommunala- och privata verksamheter. Slutligen bör kommunen försöka förbättra sitt samarbete med personal inom äldreomsorgen, då det finns behov av deltagande, gemensamt lärande och kunskapsutbyte. / Waste can be both a problem and an asset. How society handles waste has become an increasingly important issue as populations are growing and consumption is increasing. Therefore, waste management activities are governed by laws, regulations, plans, advice, etc. to recycle and reduce the amount of waste and where possible, to eliminate the negative impact that the waste may have on human health and the environment. In the sector of health and medical care, large quantities of waste are generated daily and in Sweden, residents are generally considered to be good at sorting their waste, but are people as good at doing it at their workplaces? In this qualitative interview study, the focus is on source sorting in elderly care. In total, three "walking /observation interviews" have been carried out, with two different nursing homes and one home care service. The collected data has been analyzed, together with relevant material from the municipality regarding source sorting. The purpose of this research has been to investigate how elderly care employees experience following the municipality's environmental policy for waste and how the municipality's environmental policy is designed to make it easy for healthcare employees to follow. By investigating the match between the work environment and the municipality's environmental policy, this research aims to find possible social relationships, obstacles, problems, and opportunities in order to see what is necessary for realizing further improvements in the source sorting within this sector.  This study has produced several interesting results. The interviews point to an unexpected dynamic whereby the responsibility for waste management is conveyed downwards in the organizational hierarchy. There are also major differences in the prerequisites for source sorting between municipal and private businesses, which in turn affects the ability of businesses to follow the municipality's environmental policy. The study also shows that there is a difference in how municipal and private businesses experience communication with the municipality and in how well the staff is aware of the guidelines that they follow for waste management. This study concludes with several pieces of suggestions aimed at improving and creating a more effective source sorting within the elderly care. Firstly, it is important to review how the responsibility for waste management is divided between the different levels in the organizational hierarchy. Action proposals should be made to reduce the problems caused by differences in the prerequisites for source sorting between municipal and private businesses. Finally, the municipality should seek to improve their cooperation with the elderly care employees, there is a need for participation, shared learning and exchange of knowledge.

Longtemps ignorée, la pollution atmosphérique générée par l'activité de transport maritime fait l'objet depuis quelques années d'une attention accrue. Des politiques de réduction sont élaborées à différents niveaux pour réduire les polluants de l'air (oxyde de soufre, oxyde d'azote, particules) et les gaz à effet de serre (dioxyde de carbone). Règlementée par le droit international en référence à l'Annexe VI de la Convention MARPOL adoptée par les membres de l'Organisation Maritime Internationale, la pollution atmosphérique du transport maritime fait aussi l'objet de mesures spécifiques de la part de l'Union européenne. Notre travail vise à répondre à la problématique suivante : les politiques de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de polluants de l'air des navires sont-elles de nature à modifier l'offre des services maritimes de lignes régulières ?Nous montrons en quoi les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de polluants de l'air des navires constituent un « objet » de politique publique complexe et original, et comment l'action publique s'en saisit par une analyse des processus politiques qui ont façonné l'élaboration des différentes politiques. Nous démontrons alors que le format particulier des instruments de politique publique (régionalisation des règles, choix des moyens laissés aux compagnies pour atteindre les objectifs fixés, etc.), l'articulation des différentes politiques entre elles et leur évolution dans le temps rendent la prise en compte de ces politiques par les compagnies maritimes véritablement stratégique, au sens où elle dépasse la simple application des prescriptions traditionnelles normatives en matière de sécurité et d'environnement. Nous mettons ensuite en évidence les choix stratégiques possibles des armateurs, combinant des aspects techniques et organisationnels, et les conséquences de ces choix sur l'offre de services maritimes de lignes régulières, au travers de deux études de cas : la première portant sur le transport roulier transmanche et la seconde sur le transport conteneurisé international entre l'Europe et l'Asie. Nous soulignons ainsi les effets différenciés des politiques de réduction des émissions selon les marchés du cabotage et du long cours, mais aussi leurs points communs en matière d'évolution de l'offre de transport maritime. Il apparaît que les politiques de réduction des émissions du transport maritime favorisent certains changements de l'offre en conjonction avec d'autres facteurs plus qu'elles ne les amorcent réellement / Atmospheric emissions from shipping was for a long time ignored, but have begun to attract an increasing amount of interest in recent years, with policies elaborated at different levels to reduce air pollutants (sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, particulate matters) and greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide). Regulated by international law in reference to Annex VI of MARPOL Convention adopted by member states of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), emissions from shipping are also subject to specific measures by the European Union. This thesis aims to answer the following question: can policies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants from ships alter the supply of maritime liner services? We show how emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants from ships are a complex and unique public policy issue and analyse the policy-making processes that have shaped the development of the various policies. We demonstrate that the specific format of public policy instruments (regionalisation of rules, set objectives with choice of means left to companies, etc.), as well as the articulation of the various policies and their development over time make the consideration of these policies by shipowners truly strategic, in the sense that it goes beyond the traditional compliance with prescriptive security and environmental norms. We then highlight, through two case studies, the possible strategic choices faced by shipowners, both technical and organisational in nature, as well as the consequences of these choices on the supply of maritime liner services: the first case study looks at roro transport in the English Channel while the second examines international container shipping between Europe and Asia. We highlight not only the differing effects of emission reduction policies on short sea shipping and deep-sea shipping markets, but also what they have in common with respect to changes in shipping services. It appears that emission reduction policies favour certain changes in supply in conjunction with other factors but that they do not necessarily trigger such changes

This research is an attempt to determine learners’ understanding of the impact of air pollution in rural communities. The study focuses on the need to teach learners through Environmental Education about air pollution as an environmental problem that prevails in their areas and worldwide. The main aim of the study is to assess learners’ perceptions and understanding of air pollution and its impact in their various residential areas. It is revealed in chapter one that knowledge of the causes and effects of air pollution is essential. In chapter three various factors that are contributing to environmental problems are indicated as a result of lack of knowledge of Environmental Education. Environmental Education does not reflect in black schools’ timetables, nor is it taught; therefore learners are not familiar with the role they have to play in protecting their environment. A literature study together with an empirical investigation by means of a questionnaire has been used in this regard. The data collection methods used proved to be useful in providing insights into learners’ understanding of the impact of air pollution on the environment in rural communities and the role of EE in assisting them to partake in the whole exercise. The findings and recommendations of the study are expected to assist learners in dealing with air pollution in their area and other related environmental issues they may encounter. Based on the findings of the study it is recommended that Environmental Education be actively taught, especially in black schools. Schools should have a plan that suits them to include EE in their curricula. Schools together with their immediate communities should be involved in environmental projects. / Dissertation (MEd (Environmental Education))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Curriculum Studies / unrestricted

Date: (05/01/2022) Level: Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors: Fernando Aliaga Narva, Chiara Schneider, Lisa Weller  Title: The Effects of Environmental Policies on Companies’ Competitive Advantage through Green Supplier Selection Tutor: Noushan Memar Keywords: environmental policies, green supplier selection, competitive advantage, eco-labels, green labels, environmental awareness Research Question: How do environmental policies influence companies’ competitive advantage through green supplier selection? Purpose: This research aims to explore and gain an understanding of the connection between environmental policies and competitive advantage. Thus, the purpose of this study is to contribute to companies and their suppliers’ future operations and potentially reveal how they can gain a competitive advantage. Method: Qualitative research method through an exploratory multiple case study. Conclusion: Non-regulatory environmental policies have a direct effect on the supplier selection of an organization. Organizations benefit from the competitive advantage through differentiation gained through the non-regulatory environmental policies effect on green supplier selection. This stimulates the utilization of additional non-regulatory environmental policies.