Cette thèse se propose d'étudier les conditions d'avancée des savoirs dans la classe à partir de situations de classe en cycle 3 de l'école élémentaire française. Ces situations concernent la compréhension des phases de la Lune. Les analyses de pratiques effectives visent à inférer les déterminants de l'action professorale et leur rôle. Trois déterminants ont été retenus, à savoir l'action adressée du professeur, son épistémologie pratique ainsi que les savoirs en jeu. Afin d'identifier ces déterminants dans l'action in situ, leurs caractéristiques ont préalablement été établies à travers une analyse a priori des savoirs en jeu, des instructions officielles et de l'épistémologie pratique des enseignants. Une enquête, diffusée à l'échelle nationale, a permis de mettre en évidence les représentations des enseignants vis-à-vis des sciences et de leur enseignement. L'élaboration des items de cette enquête repose sur une étude épistémologique des démarches scientifiques et du statut des savoirs. Cette étude a également été mobilisée pour l'analyse des instructions officielles. Les analyses de l'action professorale s'appuient sur la théorie de l'action conjointe en didactique (TACD). Les notions de tâches épistémiques et de niveaux de modélisation ont été convoquées pour la description de l'avancée des savoirs dans la classe. Ces notions permettent une analyse fine de l'action didactique en documentant notamment le triplet des genèses et en particulier la chronogénèse. Cette recherche précise le rôle des tâches épistémiques et des niveaux de modélisation sollicités dans l'avancée des savoirs et montre que le poids des déterminants varie d'une part selon la phase de travail du professeur et d'autre part selon l'anticipation de l'action enseignante en réaction / This PhD analyses the conditions to advance knowledge in class during a science lesson in higher level of primary school (5th grade,10-year-old pupils) of the French elementary school. The teaching situations concern the phases of the moon. From the analysis of effective practices, this research deduce the determiners of teacher’s action and their role.The determiners analysed are : the knowledge, official instructions and teachers’ representations towards science and science teaching. In order to identify these determiners through effective pratices, their characteristics have been established: an a priori analysis of knowledge, official instructions and practical epistemology of teachers is proposed. A questionnaire aiming at collecting data on teachers’ views of science and sciences teaching have been disseminated at the national leevl. An epistemological study of science approach and knowledge guided the elaboration of items and underlies the analysis the official instructions.. The analysis the teachers’ activities is based on the Joint Action Theory in Didactics (JATD). Additional theoretical tools have been integrated to describe the way knowledge progresses in the classroom : epistemic tasks and modeling levels. These additional concepts allow a detailed analysis of the didactic action including the triple genesis, especially chronogenesis. Our research precises the role of epistemic tasks and modeling levels requested in order to advance knowledge and shows that some determinants act primarily to other, depending on the teachers’ tasks concerning the lesson and the anticipation of students’ actions

Cette thèse est une investigation de la structure syntaxique et de l'interprétation modale des phrases impliquant le modal dénominal de nécessité behar ‘devoir, falloir, avoir besoin’ et un complément infinitif. La thèse analyse le statut syntaxique des compléments non finis du verbe modal denominal behar en examinant leur interaction avec des phénomènes syntaxiques sensibles à des conditions structurelles et de localité diverses, et conclut que les compléments d’infinitif de behar peuvent correspondre à différentes structures sous-jacentes. Le type d'infinitif le plus complexe du point de vue structurel est un infinitif non-restructurant qui projette une architecture de phrase complète (c.-à-d. une CP), et le plus petit est un infinitif réduit de restructuration qui projette une structure de phrase de niveau vP. Il y a des preuves pour l'existence des types intermédiaires projetant jusqu'au domaine flexionnel (IP / TP). D'autre part, la thèse examine les propriétés thématiques et de portée des sujets dans chacun des différents types structurels et l'interprétation modale à laquelle elles donnent cours. Sur la base de cette analyse, la thèse soutient que l'interprétation modale n'est déterminée par aucun facteur en particulier (la présence de la restructuration, le statut référentiel du sujet et sa portée relative vis-à-vis du prédicat modal, parmi d'autres fréquemment mentionnés), mais dépend de l'effet cumulatif de plusieurs facteurs travaillant ensemble. La thèse montre également la nécessité d'adopter une vision plus fine de la modalité radicale (root modality), qui permet une association plus simple entre structures syntaxiques et significations modales. / This dissertation is an investigation of the syntactic structure and modal interpretation of clauses involving the denominal necessity predicate behar ‘need’ and an infinitival complement. On the one hand, it analyses the syntactic status of non-finite complements of denominal behar by examining their interaction with syntactic phenomena sensitive to different structural and locality conditions, and concludes that the infinitival complements of behar can correspond to different underlying structures. The largest type of infinitive is a non-restructuring infinitive that projects a full clausal architecture (i.e. a CP), and the smallest one is a reduced restructuring infinitive that projects up to vP. There is evidence for intermediate types projecting up to the inflectional domain (IP/TP). On the other hand, the dissertation examines the thematic and scope properties of the subjects in each of the different structural types and the modal interpretation that they can give rise to. On the basis of this analysis it is argued that modal interpretation is not constrained by any single factor (the presence of restructuring, the referential status of the subject and its relative scope vis-à-vis the modal predicate, among other frequently mentioned ones), but depends on the cumulative effect of several factors working together. The dissertation also shows the necessity of adopting a more fine-grained view of root modality, one that allows a simpler mapping of syntactic structures into modal meanings.

Cette thèse est structurée autour de deux axes d’études : (1) développer des logiques épistémiques formalisant la prise en compte de nouvelles données en présence d'informations incomplètes ou incohérentes ; (2) caractériser les notions de bisimulation sur les modèles de ces nouvelles logiques. Les logiques modales utilisées pour formaliser des raisonnements dans le cadre d’informations incomplètes et incohérentes, telle que la logique modale de contingence, sont généralement plus faibles que les logiques modales standards. Nos travaux se basent sur des méthodes logiques, algébriques et co-algébriques / In this Ph.D. dissertation we investigate reasoning about information change in the presence of incomplete or inconsistent information, and the characterisation of notions of bisimulation on models encoding such reasoning patterns. Modal logics for incomplete and inconsistent information are typically weaker than the standard modal logics, such as the modal logic of contingency. We use logical, algebraic and co-algebraic methods to achieve our aims. The dissertation consists of two main parts. The first part focusses on reasoning about information change, and the second part focusses on expressivity and bisimulation. In the following, we give an overview of the contents of this dissertation

Le développement de nouveaux formalismes logiques est au cœur de nombreuses problématiques de méthodes formelles. Ces formalismes doivent répondre à la fois à des impératifs de modélisation (ils doivent permettre de décrire certains systèmes) et de calcul (ils doivent fournir des méthodes de calcul correctes et complètes). Dans ce contexte, nous nous intéressons aux logiques de ressources, en particulier les logiques BI et BBI qui traitent du partage et de la séparation de ressources et qui ont conduit aux diverses logiques de séparation dont les applications à la vérification de programmes se sont développées fortement ces dernières années. Nous proposons dans cette thèse d’étudier, à partir des logiques BI et BBI, des logiques de séparation modales et épistémiques en se focalisant sur leurs capacités de modélisation et leur expressivité mais aussi les nouveaux calculs de preuve pour ces logiques. Une première étude a porté sur la modélisation de propriétés dynamiques de ressources au travers d’une nouvelle logique LTBI, qui est une logique de séparation temporelle, fondée sur la logique BI et des modalités temporelles. Cette logique offre notamment des perspectives intéressantes de modélisation temporelle branchante, permettant par exemple de caractériser les processus multi-thread. Une étude complémentaire a porté sur la modélisation de l’accès par des agents à des propriétés sous conditions de posséder certaines ressources, au travers d’une nouvelle logique ERL, qui est une logique de séparation épistémique, fondée sur la logique BBI et des modalités épistémiques. Cette logique permet de nombreuses modélisations de systèmes de contrôle d’accès. En vue d’étendre l’expressivité de telles logiques de séparation, comme la logique BBI et ses variantes, une étude sur l’internalisation des symboles de ressources dans la syntaxe de la logique a été développée au travers des nouvelles logiques HRL et HBBI (version hybride de BBI). L’internalisation permet à la fois d’étendre l’expressivité des logiques et d’axiomatiser la logique BBI et certaines de ses variantes. Outre la conception de ces logiques, l’étude de leur sémantique et aussi de leurs capacités de modélisation, une partie de cette thèse a été consacrée à la définition de calculs de preuve, ici de tableaux, pour ces nouvelles logiques ainsi qu’à leurs preuves de correction et de complétude / The design of new logical formalisms is at the heart of several problems in formal methods. Those formalisms must respond to requirements both concerning modelling (they must be able to describe certain systems) and computing (they must provide complete and sound calculus methods). In this context, we look at resource logics, and in particular BI and BBI logics, that deal with the separation and sharing of resources and have led to several separation logics whose applications to software verification have been widely developped recently. We propose in this thesis, starting from BI and BBI logics, to study some modal and epistemic separation logics by focusing on their modelling capacities and their expresiveness, as well as on the new proof calculi for those logics. A first study deals with the modelling of dynamic resource properties through new logic LTBI, which is a temporal separation logic, based on BI logic and temporal modalities. This logic notably offers interesting perspectives in temporal branching modelling, allowing for instance to characterize multi-thread processes. A complementary study concerns the modelling of access by agents to properties under the conditions of posessing some resources, through a new logic ERL, which is an epistemic separation logic, based on BBI logic and epistemic modalities. This logic allows many modellings of access control systems. In order to extend the expressivity of such separation logics, like BBI logic and its variants, a study on the internalization of resources symbols in the logic’s syntax has been developed through the new logics HRL and HBBI (hybrid version of BBI). Internalization allows both the extension of the expressivity of logics and the axiomatisation of BBI logic and some of its variants. In addition to the conception of those logics, the study of their semantics and their modelling capacities, a part of this thesis is dedicated to the definition of proof calculs, here tableaux calculus, for those new logics, as well as their proof of soundness and completeness

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-08-14T13:53:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiane Baldasso Böhm_.pdf: 1286054 bytes, checksum: 502a9d545ea8a3ec5b352f21f9ebe9b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T13:53:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiane Baldasso Böhm_.pdf: 1286054 bytes, checksum: 502a9d545ea8a3ec5b352f21f9ebe9b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / Os/As pacientes têm o direito de escolher a alternativa mais apropriada dentre os tratamentos de saúde disponíveis (TOERIEN et al., 2011), e precisam ser informados/as sobre as opções de possíveis tratamentos e exames diagnósticos especializados para que possam alcançar a autonomia necessária para tomar sua decisão. (LANDMARK; GULBRADSEN; SVENNEVIG, 2015; WESSELS; KOOLE; PENN, 2014). Para tanto, almeja-se o provimento de todas as informações necessárias e existentes sobre essa possível próxima etapa com certo grau de neutralidade, a fim de reconhecer a autonomia e o conhecimento do/a paciente. (LANDMARK; GULBRANDSEN; SVENNEVIG, 2014; DREW; HERITAGE, 1992). Recomendações realizadas de forma a priorizar uma opção em particular representam a autoridade deôntica do/a profissional. (STEVANOVIC; PERÄKYLÄ, 2012). Há uma lacuna em estudos interacionais na área da saúde com interações naturalísticas, i.e., “[...] dados advindos de situações cotidianas e que acontecem (e aconteceriam) com ou sem a presença de um pesquisador” (OSTERMANN; MENEGHEL, 2012, p. 14) em língua portuguesa que observem as recomendações médico/a-paciente e o processo de tomada de decisão. Ressaltamos, contudo, que ao se desenvolver uma pesquisa sob essa temática, toda uma classe profissional pode se beneficiar dos resultados. Esse tipo de análise pode contribuir para a formação de profissionais que atuam em áreas em que recomendar/tomar decisões é prática recorrente. Esta dissertação visa a analisar de que forma é realizada a sequência de recomendações médicas a pacientes grávidas (gestações de médio e alto risco) em consultas de Aconselhamento Genético (AG). Nas consultas, um médico geneticista recomenda a realização de testagem genético-fetal envolvendo procedimentos (i.e., amniocentese ou cordocentese) para posterior análise do cariótipo fetal. Ambos são procedimentos invasivos e não são livres de risco. O estudo objetiva (1) identificar a Organização Estrutural Geral (OEG) dos segmentos em que há recomendações (nível macro estrutural de análise das interações); (2) descrever as fases das recomendações nas consultas analisadas; (3) analisar as características linguístico-interacionais das sequências de recomendações (nível microinteracional de análise); (4) investigar, de uma perspectiva analítica interacional (SACKS, 1992), como (e se) a autoridade deôntica do profissional emerge nessas sequências, e sua relação com o domínio epistêmico dos/as participantes. Para tanto, a análise dos dados foi realizada sob a perspectiva teórico-metodológica da Análise da Conversa (SACKS; SCHEGLOFF; JEFFERSON, 1974; CLIFT, 2016), que permite uma análise minuciosa e retrospectiva dos turnos de fala que compõem sequências interacionais. O contexto de pesquisa é um hospital do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), localizado no sul do Brasil, que oferece consultas de AG a pacientes grávidas com gestações de médio e alto risco. Este estudo insere-se em um projeto maior coordenado pela Profa. Dra. Ana Cristina Ostermann, chamado A mobilização do saber e do fazer: episteme e deonticidade na fala-em-interação institucional e na conversa cotidiana, bem como as interações aqui analisadas advêm desse mesmo projeto. / Patients have the right to choose the most suitable among the different alternatives of health treatment (TOERIN et al., 2011), and thus need to be informed about the choices of possible treatments as well as of more specialized diagnostic exams so that they can reach the necessary autonomy to make a decision. (LANDMARK; GULBRANDSEN; SVENNEVIG, 2015; WESSELS; KOOLE; PENN, 2014). For this reason, professionals are supposed to provide patients with the necessary and existing information about the possible next step with some degree of neutrality, recognizing patients’ autonomy and knowledge. (LANDMARK; GULBRANDSEN; SVENNEVIG, 2014; DREW; HERITAGE, 1992). Non-neutral (biased) recommendations for a specific treatment or medical exam might represent an explicit stance of the professional’s deontic authority. (STEVANOVIC; PERÄKYLA, 2012). There is a lack of health interactional studies with naturalistic interactions i.e., “[…] data from daily situations which happen (and would happen) with or without the researcher presence” (OSTERMANN; MENEGHEL, 2012, p. 14, our translation) in Brazilian Portuguese language that observe physician-patient recommendations and the decision-making process. We highlight, however, that developing a research concerning this theme, a whole professional class must be beneficiated from the results. This kind of analysis may contribute for the formation of professionals who work in areas in which recommending/making decisions is current practise. The present master’s dissertation analyzes how the medical-pregnant patients’s (medium and high risk pregnancies) recommendation sequence is done in Genetic Counselling (GC) consultations. Along the consultations, a geneticist recommends the foetal-genetic test involving procedures (i.e. amniocentesis or cordocentesis) for further foetal karyotype analysis. Both procedures are invasive and not free risk. This study consists of (1) identifying the Overall Structural Organization (OSO) of the segments in which there are recommendations (macro structural level of interactional analysis); (2) describing the recommendation phases in the analysed consultations; (3) analysing the linguistic-interactional features of recommendation sequences (micro structural level of analysis); (4) investigating, from a conversation analytical perspective (SACKS, 1992), how (and if) the professional deontic authority takes shape in these sequences, and its relation with the participants epistemic domain. In order to do so, the data analysis was done under Conversation Analysis (CA) theoretical-methodological approach (SACKS; SCHEGLOFF; JEFFERSON, 1974; CLIFT, 2016), which enables a meticulous analysis and turns of talk retrospective that make interactional sequences. The research context is a public hospital in the south of Brazil, which offers GC consultations for pregnant patients with medium and high risk pregnancies. This study consists of a subproject of a larger project coordinated by Profa. Ana Cristina Ostermann, named A mobilização do saber e do fazer: episteme e deonticidade na fala-em-interação institucional e na conversa cotidiana, as the analysed interactions also come from the same project.

Economics plays a significant role in decision-making in contemporary western societies, but its role is increasingly questioned. A recurring topic among the challenges raised by critics is that economics as a discipline lacks sufficient pluralism. That is, it fails to enable, encourage, and respect the use of different ontologies, methodologies, theories, and/or schools of thought to study economic reality. Has this been a productive critique? Does talk about pluralism help identify genuine problems in the discipline? Pluralism in economics could draw support from the current consensus in philosophy that pluralism in science is a good thing. I argue, however, that the claim that economic research is insufficiently pluralist is unlikely to convince economists who believe economics is already pluralist enough and that it does not offer unambiguous recommendations for change. This is because there are too many legitimate ways to interpret how pluralism maps to practice. There are numerous variables that pluralist ideals might focus on-the things that they seek multiple rather than one of-and different interpretations of how many of those variables economics has in practice. Yet, as I go on to argue, this does not mean that talk of pluralism is entirely beside the point, since the reasons pluralists offer for their ideals do help to identify genuine problems in economics. The social epistemic strategies that arguments for pluralism recommend point us to three concrete issues in the way economic research is organised: gender imbalances, a steep internal hierarchy, and a dismissive attitude to outsiders. I show that economic research could be more progressive, representative of the interests of those in society, accepted, and legitimate and less likely to fall into bias if the discipline alleviated its gender imbalances, if it were less hierarchical, and if it had a healthier relationship with outsiders. In chapter 1, I outline the debate about pluralism in economics and explain how my thesis utilises a novel approach to social epistemology to offer a way out of the impasse in which that the debate presently resides. In chapter 2, I explain the different philosophical arguments for pluralism in science and categorise them using the variables they focus on and the reasons they give for pluralism. In chapter 3, I argue that interpreting pluralism as a particular arrangement of variables for economics to attain does not lead to unambiguous recommendations for change because it leaves too much open. Yet, I go on to argue, in chapter 4, that drawing on the reasons for pluralism can provide a set of heuristics for piecemeal evaluations of the social epistemic practices in economics. In chapters 5, 6, and 7, I apply these heuristics to economics. I provide evidence that [a] women are outnumbered in economics and face an adverse environment in the discipline, that [b] economics is steeply hierarchical, and that [c] economists form an in-group that assumes superiority and frequently dismisses outside voices. I argue that these three features of economic research block avenues for productive forms of feedback (mechanisms that help to challenge, justify, and refine scientific knowledge), block the interests of certain perspectives being heard, and block public scrutiny of the decisions made by economists.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-05-18T15:12:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Negraes Pinheiro Andrade_.pdf: 3094213 bytes, checksum: 9a9e3f421a0d29eb223c0be2ccb4462d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-18T15:12:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Negraes Pinheiro Andrade_.pdf: 3094213 bytes, checksum: 9a9e3f421a0d29eb223c0be2ccb4462d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / FAPERGS - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Esta tese resultou da investigação sobre o programa educacional para boas práticas de saúde que um hospital da rede privada localizado no sul do Brasil, nomeado na tese como Maxcárdio, realiza com portadores/as de Síndrome Coronariana Aguda e Insuficiência Cardíaca Congestiva. Adotou-se o aparato teórico – metodológico da Análise da Conversa (SACKS, 1992; SACKS; SCHEGLOFF; JEFFERSON, 1974) para analisar 25 interações ocorridas entre pacientes e profissionais médicos/as e não médicos/as – enfermeiros/as, nutricionistas, fisioterapeutas e psicólogos/as – integrantes da equipe multidisciplinar responsável pelas orientações aos/às pacientes. As interações foram gravadas em áudio e em vídeo e transcritas segundo Jefferson (1974). Os objetivos da tese foram: (a) verificar como os/as profissionais de saúde responsáveis pela efetuação do programa educacional recomendam ou prescrevem boas práticas de saúde no turno a turno de modo a discutir quais maneiras de falar mostram-se mais (potencialmente) particularizadas ou generalizadas em relação às necessidades demonstradas (ou não) pelos/as pacientes na interação e, a partir dessa discussão, apontar tendências de (não) adesão aos autocuidados recomendados ou prescritos por parte dos/as pacientes; (b) apresentar um percurso empírico representativo do programa educacional concernente à maneira como os/as participantes negociam, no turno a turno, direitos e obrigações de saber (domínio epistêmico) e de dizer (domínio deôntico) (HERITAGE, 2012; STEVANOVIC, 2011) o que (não) pode e/ou (não) dever ser feito em termos de boas práticas de saúde e, assim, discutir as implicações interacionais e práticas relacionadas às negociações entre os/as participantes em torno de direitos e obrigações de recomendar ou prescrever boas práticas de saúde; (c) discutir os modos de organização de prestação de serviço de orientação para boas práticas de saúde à luz do princípio da integralidade (BRASIL, 1998; MATTOS, 2005a). No que toca às maneiras de falar dos/as profissionais verificou-se que a particularização tende a ocorrer quando os/as profissionais instauram cursos de ação de modo a: (a) (tentar) remover empecilhos ao aceite do/a paciente à recomendação em favor de alguma boa prática de saúde; (b) desviar da ação de prover informações contidas nos manuais de boas práticas de saúde dos programas e demonstrar conhecimento sobre aspectos peculiares ao estado de saúde do/a enfermo/a; (c) justificar a indicação para a adoção de certa medida de cuidado de saúde. No que se refere à maneira como profissionais e pacientes negociam domínios epistêmicos e deônticos, observou-se que: (a) os/as profissionais não médicos/as colocam-se na posição de alguém com direitos e obrigações de saber e de dizer como pacientes devem controlar seu quadro de saúde; (b) os/as pacientes não ratificam os direitos e obrigações desses/as especialistas não médicos/as de saberem e poderem dizer-lhes como proceder no pós-alta; (c) os/as profissionais médicos/as abordam boas práticas de saúde em turnos de fala em formato de lista, o que conflita com a expectativa dos/as pacientes de discutir tais tópicos de maneira pormenorizada. Por fim, apurou-se que o modo de organização de prestação de serviço de orientação a pacientes que participam do programa Maxcárdio aproxima-se de ações assistenciais integrais (AYRES, 2004) à medida que os/as profissionais produzem falas capazes de estabelecer uma sequência de demonstração de necessidade de orientação a partir de solicitações de informações sobre se e como o/a paciente cuida de sua saúde. A contribuição teórica desta tese traduz-se na proposta de inclusão do aspecto modo de organização sequencial de tópico na descrição do princípio de fala ajustada (SACKS, 1992; SACKS; SCHEGLOFF; JEFFERSON, 1974). O modo como as sequências de tópicos são organizadas na interação mostra-se relevante para o grau de particularização que as falas dos/as interlocutores podem alcançar na conversa. Em termos aplicados, visto que ofertar recomendações ou prescrições ajustadas às necessidades dos/as pacientes interlocutores/as locais implicar saber se e como os/as doentes controlam seu estado de saúde, sugere-se que se parta da ação de solicitar informações acerca das experiências de sucesso e das dificuldades que os/as pacientes encontram para cuidar da saúde para, então, ter material interacional para orientá-los/as de forma particularizada. / This dissertation resulted from the investigation of educational programs into good health practices that a private hospital located in the South of Brazil accomplishes with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Congestive Heart Failure patients. Conversation Analysis theoretical and methodological approach (SACKS, 1992; SACKS, SCHEGLOFF, JEFFERSON, 1974) has been adopted to analyze 25 interactions occurred between patients and medical doctors or other health providers – nurses, nutritionists, physiotherapists and psychologists – members of the multidisciplinary team responsible for the patients’ orientation. Interactions were audio and video recorded and transcribed according to Jefferson (1984). The present dissertation aimed to: (a) verify how the health professional responsible for accomplishing the educational program recommend or prescribe good health practices in the turn by turn of the interaction so as to discuss which ways of talking appear to be more (potentially) particularized or generalized in relation to patients` (not) displayed needs in the interaction and, from such discussion, to point out tendencies of (non) adherence to good practices recommended or prescribed by patients; (b) present an empirical trajectory representative of the educational program concerning the ways participants negotiate, in the interaction turn-by-turn, rights and obligation of knowing (epistemic domain) and saying (deontic domain) (HERITAGE, 2012; STEVANOVIC, 2011) what can (not) and/or must (not) be done in terms of good health practices so as to discuss the interaction and practical implication related to the negotiation around rights and obligations of recommending or prescribing good health practices; (c) discuss the ways of organizing provision of orientation to good health practices in the light of principle of integrality (BRASIL, 1998; MATTOS, 2005a). Regarding more or less particularized ways of talking concerning patients’ orientation needs, it has been verified that the professional members’ talk appear to be more particularized in situations in which they implement courses of action in such a way as to: (a) (try to) remove obstacles so that patients may accept professional members’ recommendations in favor of good health practices; (b) deviate from the action of providing information included in the manuals of good health practices of the programs and display knowledge regarding patients’ peculiar health conditions; (c) justify the indication of certain good health practice. In relation of the ways professional members and patients negotiate epistemic and deontic domains, it has been observed that: (a) non-medical members assume the position of someone who has rights and obligations of knowing and saying how patients must control their health conditions; (b) patients do not ratify these professionals’ rights and obligations of knowing and saying how they should proceed in the post-discharge; (c) medical doctors talk about good heath practices by list-formatting their turns at talk, which conflicts with patients’ expectations of discussing these topics in a minutely detailed way. In the third one, a comparing analysis between two interactions has been done. Finally, it has been verified that the way of organizing service of orientation to patients approximate integral assistance actions (AYRES, 2004) insofar as professional members produce talk capable of establish a demonstration sequence of orientation need from information solicitation concerning if and how the patient takes care of their health. The theoretical contribution of this dissertation may be translated into the proposal of including the aspect topic sequential organization mode in the description of the principle of recipiency-designed (SACKS, 1992; SACKS; SCHEGLOFF; JEFFERSON, 1974). The way topical sequences are organized in the interaction displays relevance to the degree of particularization interlocutors’ talk may reach. In terms of applicability, as providing recipient-designed recommendations or prescriptions to situated interlocutors’ needs implicates knowing if and how patients control their health conditions, we suggest that professional members depart from the action of soliciting information regarding patients’ successful and failed experiences and their difficulties in heath-caring so that interactional material may be generated and patients’ orientation may be done in a particularized way.

Für die Konzeption sozio-technischer Systeme zur wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisgenerierung ist das Wissen über die spezifischen Inhalte und Bedingungen der Arbeit einer Fachgemeinschaft essenziell. Im Kontext der Automatisierung von Wissensproduktion ist unklar, welche fachspezifischen Faktoren die Möglichkeiten einer Arbeitsteilung zwischen Mensch und Maschine beeinflussen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine grundlegende Voraussetzung für die Automatisierung von Forschungsprozessen, nämlich die Formalisierbarkeit typischer Handlungen und Wissensbestände, hinsichtlich ihrer fachspezifischen Bedingungen untersucht. Dafür wurde ein qualitativer Vergleich der Evidenzkonstruktion zweier Fachgebiete, der Editionsphilologie und der Klimaforschung, durchgeführt. Um deren Forschungsprozesse systematisch vergleichen und Zusammenhänge zwischen den Eigenschaften eines Forschungsprozesses und den Möglichkeiten seiner Formalisierbarkeit empirisch untersuchen zu können, wurde ein Vergleichsrahmen entwickelt, der auf dem wissenschaftssoziologischen Konzept der epistemischen Bedingungen beruht. Die fachspezifischen Bedingungen des Forschungshandelns stellen einen Erklärungsansatz für Varianten der Wissensproduktion und damit auch für unterschiedlich formalisierbare Forschungsprozesse dar. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass insbesondere der Grad an Kodifizierung des Wissens einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf das Auftreten bzw. die Abfolge unterschiedlich formalisierbarer Handlungstypen und Wissensbestände hat. Der Anteil persönlicher Perspektive in der Evidenzkonstruktion und der Grad der Zerlegbarkeit eines Forschungsprozesses sind ebenfalls wichtige Faktoren für die Möglichkeiten der Delegation von Handlungen an Maschinen. Desweiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass selbst bei einem hohen Formalisierungsgrad das informelle menschliche Handeln das wesentliche Komplement automatisierter Abläufe darstellt und dass die Formalisierbarkeit einer zeitlichen Dynamik unterliegt. / Knowing about the field-specific content and conditions of work in a scientific discipline is essential for the design of socio-technical systems used for the production of scientific knowledge. In the context of automated knowledge production, it remains unclear which field-specific factors influence the possibilities to distribute labour between humans and machines. This study analyses a fundamental prerequisite for the automation of research processes, namely the possibility to formalise typical actions and knowledge, with regard to its field-specific conditions. A qualitative approach is used to compare the construction of evidence in two scientific fields, textual studies and climate research. In order to systematically compare research processes and to empirically investigate correlations between the properties of a research process and the possibilities of its formalisation, a comparative framework based on the sociological concept of epistemic conditions was developed. Field-specific conditions of doing research represent an explanatory approach for variants of knowledge production and thus for variant degrees of formalised processes. Results show that the degree of codification of knowledge has a significant influence on the occurrence and on the sequence of types of action and of knowledge resources with variant degrees of formalisation. In addition, the role of personal interpretation in problem formulation and construction of empirical evidence and the degree of decomposability of a research process are decisive factors for being able to delegate actions to machines. Furthermore, the study shows that a high degree of formalisation requires informal human action to complement automated processes and that formalisability is subject to temporal dynamics during research processes.

This thesis is an attempt to constructively interpret and critically evaluate the liberal doctrine that we may not limit a person’s liberty for her own good, and to discuss its implications and alternatives in some concrete areas of public health policy. The thesis starts theoretical and goes ever more practical. The first paper is devoted to positive interpretation of anti-paternalism with special focus on the reason component – personal good. A novel generic definition of paternalism is proposed, intended to capture, in a generous fashion, the object of traditional liberal resistance to paternalism – the invocation of personal good reasons for limiting of or interfering with a person’s liberty. In the second paper, the normative aspect of this resistance is given a somewhat technical interpretation in terms of invalidation of reasons – the blocking of reasons from influencing the moral status of actions according to their strength. It is then argued that normative anti-paternalism so understood is unreasonable, on three grounds: 1) Since the doctrine only applies to sufficiently voluntary action, voluntariness determines validity of reasons, which is unwarranted and leads to wrong answers to moral questions. 2) Since voluntariness comes in degrees, a threshold must be set where personal good reasons are invalidated, leading to peculiar jumps in the justifiability of actions. 3) Anti-paternalism imposes an untenable and unhelpful distinction between the value of respecting choices that are sufficiently voluntary and choices that are not. The third paper adds to this critique the fourth argument that none of the action types typically proposed to specify the action component of paternalism is such that performing an action of that type out of benevolence is essentially morally problematic. The fourth paper ignores the critique in the second and third papers and proposes, in an anti-paternalistic spirit, a series of rules for the justification of option-restricting policies aimed at groups where some members consent to the policy and some do not. Such policies present the liberal with a dilemma where the value of not restricting people’s options without their consent conflicts with the value of allowing people to shape their lives according to their own wishes. The fifth paper applies the understanding of anti-paternalism developed in the earlier papers to product safety regulation, as an example of a public health policy area. The sixth paper explores in more detail a specific public health policy, namely that of mandatory alcohol interlocks in all cars, proposed by the former Swedish government and supported by the Swedish National Road Administration. The policy is evaluated for cost-effectiveness, for possible diffusion of individual responsibility, and for paternalistic treatment of drivers. The seventh paper argues for a liberal policy in the area of dissemination of information about uncertain threats to public health. The argument against paternalism is based on common sense consequentialist considerations, avoiding any appeal to the normative anti-paternalism rejected earlier in the thesis. / QC 20100714

L'objectiu immediat de la nostra tesi és analitzar les representacions de la divinitat que es troben en els corpus tràgics atribuïts a Eurípides i a Sèneca, i més específicament en dos parells de tragèdies que comparteixen argument mític: Hèracles i Hipòlit per a l'autor grec, i Hercules furens i Phaedra per al llatí. Entenem per “divinitat” tant els déus que apareixen en les obres de teatre com els diferents discursos sobre la divinitat que també s'hi troben. El nostre objectiu final és contribuir a la constitució d'un marc teòric per a l'anàlisi de la tragèdia, entesa aquesta no com a universal ahistòric, sinó com un contínuum arrelat en la praxi escènica i textual, i que manté una relativa unitat gràcies a la tradició. Encara que el material de què disposem sigui molt escàs, és possible de mostrar que les diferents maneres de tractar la representació dels déus reflecteixen la diferent relació que el gènere tràgic, en dos contextos també molt diferents, pot tenir amb les concepcions extrateatrals de la divinitat. La tragèdia àtica es pot entendre com un context de performance obert a discursos variats sobre els déus. Això és així, no com a conseqüència de la lliure circulació d'idees en el sentit modern de l'expressió, sinó d'una complexa interacció entre diferents nivells de discurs que són presents en el món grec clàssic i que no s'oposen a la religió per se. Trobem en la tragèdia àtica dues tendències que considerem decisives, i que Eurípides sembla dur fins a l'extrem. En primer lloc, la crítica de la representació homèrico-hesiòdica de la divinitat. En segon lloc, un sistema mimètic no naturalista que afavoreix la formulació de discursos sobre l'acció dramàtica des de l'escena mateixa. Ambdues tendències es combinen en certes obres que, indubtablement, critiquen les representacions dels déus que apareixen en l'acció escènica, però no la “religió atenesa” com a tal. Enfront de la tragèdia euripidea, l'estructura i els continguts de les obres dramàtiques de Sèneca fan palès el procés de textualització que ha experimentat la poesia, i el paper subsidiari d'aquesta última davant d'un “centre del discurs” que ja no es troba en la poesia mateixa. Les representacions dels déus que hi trobem no semblen estar lligades a un context específic de performance, sinó a una tradició d'interpretació de la poesia associada a la Filosofia. Els déus que hi apareixen com a personatges, i els discursos sobre els déus, es poden entendre com a mitjans per a la construcció d'obres que no són estrictament filosòfiques, però que només es poden entendre plenament a partir de la Filosofia. Així, podem dir que la representació dels déus en les tragèdies d'Eurípides i Sèneca està clarament lligada als respectius contextos intel•lectuals. / The immediate goal of our dissertation is to analyze the representations of godhead in the tragic corpus attributed to Euripides and Seneca, and more specifically in two pairs of tragedies, one for each author, that deal with the same mythoi: Heracles and Hippolytus by the Greek author, and Hercules furens and Phaedra by the Latin one. As “godhead” we understand both the godly characters that appear in the plays and the different kinds of discourse about the gods which we find in them. Our final goal is to contribute to a theoretical framework for the analysis of tragedy, not as an ahistorical genre, but as a continuum rooted in both scenic and textual praxis that maintains its relative unity through tradition. Despite the scarcity of the material, it is possible to show that the different ways of dealing with the godhead may be understood as reflecting the different ways in which tragic genre, in two clearly differentiated contexts, deals with extratheatrical understanding of divinity. Attic tragedy might be understood as a context for performance which is open to various discourses about the gods. Its relative openness is allowed, not by a supposed free circulation of ideas in the modern sense of this expression, but by a complex interaction of different levels of discourse which are present in Classical Greek society and which are not seen as antagonistic against religion per se. There are two traits in Attic tragedy which we consider decisive, and which Euripides seems to take to the extreme: first, the criticism of the representation of gods in the Homeric-Hesiodic tradition; second, a non naturalistic mimetic system which favours the formulation of discourses on dramatic action from inside the stage. Both combine to create some plays that undoubtedly criticize the representations of gods that appear in them, but not “Athenian religion” as such. In contrast with Euripidean tragedy, the structure and contents of Senecan plays evidence a process of textualization of poetry, and of its subsidiary role with regards to a “centre of discourse” which would explicitly find itself outside the realm of poetry. Its representations of gods do not seem to be directly linked to a specific representational context, but to an interpretative tradition associated to philosophy. Gods as characters, and discourses about gods, are to be understood as a means to the construction of plays which are not strictly philosophic, but which can be properly understood only through Philosophy. In this sense it is possible to say that the representation of gods in Euripidean and Senecan tragedy is strongly linked to their respective intellectual framework.