Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-03-17T15:15:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 identificacoes_esteticas.pdf: 1088579 bytes, checksum: af70e9ef102a4a2bfb65da77373f74f7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-17T15:15:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 identificacoes_esteticas.pdf: 1088579 bytes, checksum: af70e9ef102a4a2bfb65da77373f74f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Nenhuma / O objetivo deste projeto de pesquisa é investigar as relações sociais estabelecidas a partir dos sites e blogs de moda de rua e de festa e dos outros ambientes sociais relacionados. Consideramos, em um primeiro momento, que as relações produzidas nestes espaços, no sentido da moda e do estilo, podem gerar identificações que se apresentam por um lado de maneira estética e de outro através do discurso. Pretendemos analisar como blogueiros e fotografados articulam a comunicação através do discurso e da estética na construção das identificações e como estas podem influenciar os valores, preferências e manifestações culturais no sentido da moda e do estilo / The purpose of this research Project is to investigate the social relations established from the street style websites and blogs and other social environments that are related. Considering, in a first moment, that the relations produced in these environments, in fashion and in style way, can generate identifications that presents itself in a esthetic way and through speech. Therefore it is intended to analyze how bloggers and photographed people articulate the communication through speech and esthetic in the construction of identifications and how these can influence values, preferences and cultural manifestations in sense of style and fashion

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elize Bonafe.pdf: 1682408 bytes, checksum: e0368d62fba134c88312151976525ab7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Dental bleaching in patients with esthetic restoration is a clinical reality, but there are no studies assessing its effectiveness and post-operative sensitivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a bleaching agent and the sensitivity associated to dental bleaching in patients with esthetic restorations. Sixty patients were selected and divided in 2 groups: H (patients with no restoration) and R (patients with esthetic restoration). The groups H and R were allocated into subgroups depending on the prior application of a desensitizing agent (D - with desensitizing; S - without desensitizing), resulting in four subgroups: HS, HD, RS and RD. It was performed two sessions of three applications of 15 minutes each with 35% hydrogen peroxide for all the patients. The color was assessed by the visual scale and a spectrophotometer prior to bleaching, one week after the each session and six months after the end of the treatment. The patients recorded their sensitivity perception on a NRS scale immediately after bleaching and up to 7 days after each session. The bleaching effectiveness was evaluated at each recall by one way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (α=0.05). The percentage of patients with dental sensitivity was evaluated by Fisher’s Exact Test and intensity differences among groups were compared with Mann-Whitney U test (α=0.05). The results showed a high prevalence of sensitivity associated to dental bleaching. The sensitivity rate was higher for the groups with esthetic restoration but the application of a desensitizing agent significantly decreased the intensity of sensitivity in all groups (p<0,05). It was noted the same effectiveness of bleaching for all the groups and in the 6-month evaluation it was found color stability. It was concluded that patients with aesthetic restorations did not have higher prevalence of sensitivity associated to dental bleaching, however, its intensity was greater. The application of a desensitizing agent decreased the sensitivity intensity in patients with and without esthetic restorations. / A realização de clareamento dental em pacientes que possuem restaurações estéticas é uma realidade clínica, no entanto, não foram encontrados trabalhos que tenham como objetivo a avaliação da efetividade do clareamento e da sensibilidade durante o tratamento e pós-operatória nesses casos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a efetividade de um agente clareador e a sensibilidade associada ao clareamento dental em pacientes com restaurações estéticas. Sessenta pacientes foram selecionados e divididos em 2 grupos: pacientes com dentes hígidos (H) e pacientes com restaurações estéticas (R). Os grupos H e R foram alocados em subgrupos dependendo da aplicação prévia de um agente dessensibilizante (D) ou de um agente placebo (S), assim, foram formados os quatro subgrupos estudados: HS, HD, RS e RD. Em todos os pacientes foram realizadas duas sessões com três aplicações de 15 minutos de um agente clareador à base de peróxido de hidrogênio 35%. A cor foi avaliada com uma escala visual e um espectrofotômetro previamente ao clareamento,1 semana após cada sessão, e 6 meses após o término do tratamento. Os pacientes registraram a ocorrência de sensibilidade em uma escala NRS imediatamente e durante os 7 dias seqüentes ao término de cada sessão. A efetividade do clareamento foi avaliada, em cada período, com Análise de Variância de um fator e pós-teste de Tukey (α=0.05). O percentual de pacientes com sensibilidade dental foi avaliado com Teste Exato de Fisher e a comparação da sua intensidade entre os grupos foi realizada com o teste de Mann Whitney U (α=0.05). Os resultados demonstraram que houve alta prevalência de sensibilidade associada ao clareamento dental. A intensidade de sensibilidade foi maior para os grupos com restauração e a aplicação de um agente dessensibilizante diminuiu significantemente essa intensidade em todos os grupos (p<0,05). Foi constatada a mesma efetividade de tratamento para todos os grupos e em 6 meses de avaliação houve estabilidade de cor. Concluiu-se que pacientes com a presença de restaurações estéticas não apresentam maior prevalência de sensibilidade associada ao clareamento, no entanto, sua intensidade é maior. A aplicação de um dessensibilizante promoveu diminuição da intensidade de sensibilidade tanto em pacientes com dentes hígidos, quanto em pacientes com restaurações estéticas.

En 1971, Linda Nochlin s'interrogeait sur la visibilité des femmes dans le monde de l'art. A travers ce travail de recherches, il sera question de reprendre ce questionnement fondateur afin d'analyser les diverses étapes que la femme a dû traverser du XIXe siècle jusqu'à nos jours. De par un discours centré essentiellement sur Camille Claudel et Louise Bourgeois, d'autres artistes femmes vont être sollicitées afin de comparer leurs parcours. Ceci pour comprendre la démarche artistique de ces femmes dont l'intimité surgit au travers de leurs œuvres. L'intime, sous diverses formes et médiums proposés, est le moteur de leurs créations. A cela, vient s'ajouter la possible interrogation sur l'existence d'un « art féminin » ou d'un art des femmes dont le noyau central serait l'éclosion de cet intime qu'elles font partager au public. L'analyse des œuvres et leur réception par le public seront des éléments clés de ce discours. La redécouverte et la reconnaissance dite tardive de Camille Claudel et Louise Bourgeois dans les années quatre-vingt est l 'un des éléments importants qui sont étudiés dans ce travail. Ces deux artistes, sculptrices, sont liées par le temps -1982- et par la vie dont le passé est la source majeure de leurs œuvres. / In 1971, Linda Nochlin was questioning herself about the visibility of the women artists in artʼs world. This thesis analyses this question and has an overview of womenʼs path in Art from the XIXth Century up to this day. Camille Claudel and Louise Bourgeois are the central artists of this work and others women are introduced too in a comparative way. You will see that their intimacy shine trough their work. The intimacy, in all its shapes, layers and mediums, is the motion of theirs creations.Up to this merges the questioning about “feminine art” or “women art” in which the intimacy is discovered by the public. The analysis of their work and the reception of it by the public are the central elements of this argumentation. The rediscovering and the recognition of Camille Claudel and Louise Bourgeois in the eighties is one of the importants elements studying in thisthesis. These two women artists, sculptors, are linked by the time - 1982 - and life in which the past is the key source of their work.STAR

This thesis is an analysis of the media attention concerning the artist Anna Odell and her artwork Okänd, kvinna 2009 – 349701. The main materials I have used come from newspapers and articles where critics discuss Odell´s artwork in the period 2009 to 2015. The theoretical and methodological framework is based on Arthur C. Danto, George Dickie and Howard Beckers understanding of the art world and how artwork and artist receive their status. Another theoretical tool I have used is a discourse theory of Mara Lee. Lee helped me to understand the language and the relations between power and institutions. My aim with this thesis has been to understand how Okänd, kvinna 2009 – 349701 achieved its value and its transformation from a bad to a good evaluation. Why did Odell, in the beginning, get blamed for using tax money, tricking people in to believing that she was mentally ill resulting to the attention of the police, but in the end became an appreciated artist for this very same action? Odell was criticized for her behavior and was accused of stepping over a line for using art in a questionable way. A discussion started about the question of what art is. And what the purpose of art in society is. A few years later, in 2015, Odell was called one of the most interesting artists in Sweden by art critics when they wrote about Okänd, kvinna 2009 – 349701. What changed in the eyes of the critics? What is artistic quality and how can we understand the transformation that Odell´s artwork underwent? My analysis shows that esthetic quality depends on the situation and in ethics and morality. At the beginning the critics compared Okänd, kvinna 2009 – 349701 and the profession of psychiatry and in that comparison the psychiatry profession is more important than art. People attributed more confidence to a doctor than to a student of art regarding the truth about what happened at the psychiatric institution of St: Göran´s on the 21th of January 2009.

The original study design called for twenty patients. Fourteen patients with 13 implants have thus far been recruited for a prospective proof of principle study to assess the effect of addition of Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) on interproximal papillary height (I.P.H.) at the restorative line angles when used during the second stage uncovering procedure for dental implants. The secondary objective of this study was to assess the effect on the height of the direct interproximal tissue thickness (I.T.T.) at 6 weeks following uncovering. Implants placed 3 or more months prior at Boston University School of Dental Medicine Periodontics Department were scheduled to be uncovered by the principal investigator. Second stage uncovering was performed with a conventional mid-crestal incision to place standard healing abutments. PRF membrane(s) were inserted around the implants before flap closure in an attempt to augment or thicken the interproximal papillary area. The I.P.H. was measured at the four line angles of each abutment at the highest aspect of the interproximal tissue immediately following the uncovering procedure and at 2, 4 & 6 week intervals. I.T.T. was also measured prior to surgical exposure and at 6 weeks following the uncovering procedure. Results: The use of PRF membranes around dental implants did not significantly improve I.P.H. However, a positive correlation was observed between the use of P.R.F and I.T.T. Further studies are warranted to assess the effect of PRF on the peri-implant papillary tissue.

Submitted by Leda Lopes (ledacplopes@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-10T14:50:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Adrise_Ferreira_de_Souza_Dissertação.pdf: 12389578 bytes, checksum: d184131201433084328d87e7d388f2d3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-08-10T21:15:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Adrise_Ferreira_de_Souza_Dissertação.pdf: 12389578 bytes, checksum: d184131201433084328d87e7d388f2d3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-08-10T21:16:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Adrise_Ferreira_de_Souza_Dissertação.pdf: 12389578 bytes, checksum: d184131201433084328d87e7d388f2d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-10T21:16:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Adrise_Ferreira_de_Souza_Dissertação.pdf: 12389578 bytes, checksum: d184131201433084328d87e7d388f2d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28 / O presente trabalho tem por finalidade apresentar os desdobramentos de um ano letivo e suas reverberações nos fazeres artísticos e fotográficos dos discentes de sétimo ano da Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Sant’Ana. Tendo como problema de pesquisa a seguinte indagação: Como pensar e produzir fotografias que transgridem o ato compulsivo de apertar o botão dos dispositivos fotográficos, e possibilitem criações estéticas, sensíveis, criativas, e reflexivas?” Diante de leituras teóricas e reflexivas sobre o estímulo da produção de multiplicidade, foram propostas abordagens fotográficas baseadas em alguns textos, e na proposição de vir a ser – devir – um animal, para experimentarmos outros olhares, e novas perspectivas diante da produção de fotografias. Os objetivos propostos foram alcançados, os quais visaram incentivar a criação de imagens fotográficas através do conhecimento sensível, possibilitando um novo olhar para o ato de fotografar, ao invés de reproduções das imagens que nos circundam, visibilizando a importância do ato fotográfico nas práticas contemporâneas, de modo que reflitam nas produções artísticas dos discentes. A relevância desta proposta para o ensino de Arte está na sua aplicabilidade voltada ao discurso, reflexão, produção e análise de imagens fotográficas, visto que a fotografia está inserida na contemporaneidade, não só nos setores artísticos, mas principalmente na sociedade. Faz-se importante instigar os estudantes a refletirem sobre a massificação fotográfica, e propor-lhes, uma produção mais consciente, responsável, respeitável e sensível através de estudos, reflexões, e produções fotográficas significativas, fomentando em suas produções o caráter de estesia visual e da criação. Alguns autores se fizeram importantes tanto na parte teórica das aulas, quanto na teoria deste trabalho. Tais como: Ruben Alves e Eduardo Galeano; bem como os fotógrafos Henri Cartier-Bresson e Sebastião Salgado. / This paper aims at presenting the unfolding of a school year and its reverberations in artistic and photographic actions of seventh grade students of Sant’Ana Primary Municipal School. Having as research problem the following questioning: “How to think and produce photography which transcend the compulsory act of pushing the button of photographic devices and make possible esthetical, sensitive, creative and reflexive creations?” In face of theoretical and reflexive readings about the stimulus of production of municipality, where the photographic approaches were proposed based on some texts, and in the proposition to become - an animal, to experiment other look, and new perspectives in face of the production of photographies. The goals were achieved, which aimed at incentivizing the creation of photographic images through the sensitive knowledge, making possible a new look for the act of photographing, instead of reproductions of images, which surround us, visualizing the importance of the photographic act in contemporary practices, so students can reflect on artistic production. The relevance of this proposal for art teaching is in its applicability aimed at the speech, reflection, production and analysis of photographic images, since photography is inserted in the contemporaneity, not only in artistic sectors, but mainly in the society. It is important to instigate the students to reflect on the photographic massification and propose a more conscious, responsible, respectful and sensitive production through studies, reflections and meaningful photographic productions, encouraging in their productions the character of visual esthetics and creation. Some authors were important not only during the theoretical part of the classes, but also in the theory of this paper. Such as Ruben Alves and Eduardo Galeano, as well as the photographers Henri Cartier-Bresson and Sebastião Salgado.

Nowadays experience marketing is the most common strategy to promote. Cultural- based activities in Kaohsiung is one of the examples to use such strategy. Culture is far more powerful than economy and politics. The influence by art and culture activities is direct, indirect and derivative on regional economy. Promoting art and culture activities as well as tourism industries significantly enhances conglomerate economy strength in the city. In terms of criticizing culture, the study concerns what aesthetic type created by urban experiential marketing strategy as well as what internet communications influence on cultural marketing. The study theory is based on B. Joseph Pine¢º& James H. Gilmore¡¦s experiential marketing aesthetics in 1998 and Schmitt¡¦s experience marketing theory in 1999, and thus explores three dimensions as experiential marketing strategy, aesthetics culture index and communication results. The survey research was performed by a questionnaire through convenient sampling method. A total of 280 questionnaires were administered, and 263 questionnaires were retrieved. AMOS Statistical Software was used to apply data analysis of the correlation among variables by using Structure Equation Modeling (SEM). The research results showed that: (1) experiential marketing strategy has positive effect on enhancing aesthetics culture; (2) there is no mediating effect about computer-mediated communication (CMC) between experiential marketing strategy and enhancing aesthetics culture of urban culture; (3) the cultural activities of experiential marketing strategy are prone to the entertainment. In addition to the entertainment, the long-term strategy of the government shall emphasize both on artistic and educative function when promoting the experiential marketing on urban culture. On the aspect of information context, both richness and interactivity of computer-mediated communication media content shall be enhanced. From the perspective of esthetical form of experiential marketing, we expect the findings of this study are helpful to consider the cultural information into the field of communication research in future planning for the urban cultural marketing to advance a city's global competitiveness.

My purpose with this essay is to examine the relationship between esthetic learning processes and language development to find good practices in my work with multilingual children. In my report, I describe a few activities from my work as a preschool pedagogue in a multicultural area, with a large group of children where age and knowledge of Swedish varies. The background to this essay is the problems I experienced in my work with children´s language development in an organization that, in my opinion, is limited by economic factors. The questions I poses are about the way esthetic learning processes can help children develop their language skills as well as their participation in preschool activities. I also pose the question whether there is a connection between the musical ear and children´s development of language. Finally, I wonder what abilities I need to have as a pedagogue in order for the esthetic learning processes to be language developing. Besides the essay method I have used fenomenological-hermeneutical method. I interpret events and meetings in work situations and process my practical knowledge by allowing it to meet the different theoretical perspectives. In the survey I let the research from the socio-cultural perspective take a central place because I found this closely tied up to my research questions. I have come to the conclusion that the joyful and creative properties of the esthetic learning processes opens our minds to learning and development. In a group with multilingual children the chance increases to participate in the preschool activities though esthetic learning processes because the children can participate in different ways in addition to the verbal language. In the social environment interaction and communication is critical for multilingual children developing Swedish as a second language. In this context we use the esthetic languages as cultural tools. I have also come to the concusion that music and language have common parameters, which means that they follow each other in children´s development. Early in life children develop their  musical ear and uses it both in linguistic and musical activities. Finally, I have concluded that a group of mixed ages can be an advantage for language development when children learn from each other. I aslo conclude that the pedagogues knowledge, experience, attitudes and qualities are important for the esthetic learning processes to support the language depelopment. / Mitt syfte med denna essä är att undersöka sambanden mellan estetiska lärprocesser och språkutveckling för att hitta väl fungerande metoder i mitt arbete med flerspråkiga barn. I den inledande berättelsen skildrar jag ett par aktiviteter från mitt arbete som pedagog på en förskola i ett mångkulturellt område, i en stor barngrupp där ålder och kunskaper i svenska varierar. Bakgrunden till uppsatsen är de problem som jag upplevt i mitt arbete med barnens språkutveckling i en organisation som, enlig min åsikt, begränsas av ekonomiska faktorer. De frågor jag utgår från handlar om på vilket sätt de estetiska lärprocesserna kan hjälpa barn att utveckla sin språkförmåga samt hur de kan hjälpa flerspråkiga barn till delaktighet i förskolans verksamhet. Jag ställer också frågan om det finns ett samband mellan musikaliskt gehör och barns utveckling av språket. Slutligen undrar jag vilka förmågor jag behöver ha som pedagog för att de estetiska lärprocesserna ska vara språkutvecklande. Förutom metoden att skriva essä har jag använt mig av fenomenologisk-hermeneutisk metod. Jag tolkar händelser och möten i min arbetssituation och bearbetar min praktiska kunskap genom att låta den möta olika teoretiska perspektiv. I undersökningen låter jag forskning från det sociokulturella perspektivet ta en central plats eftersom jag i denna funnit kopplingar till mina forskningsfrågor. Jag har kommit fram till att de lustfyllda och kreativa egenskaperna hos de estetiska lärprocesserna öppnar våra sinnen för utveckling och lärande. I en grupp med flerspråkiga barn ökar chansen till delaktighet i aktiviteterna med hjälp av estetiska lärprocesser eftersom barnen kan delta på olika sätt utöver det verbala språket. I den sociala omgivningen på förskolan finns det samspel och den kommunikation som är avgörande för de flerspråkiga barnens utveckling av svenska som andraspråk. I denna kontext använder vi de estetiska språken som kulturella redskap. Jag har också kommit fram till att musik och språk har gemensamma parametrar som innebär att de följs åt i barnens utveckling. Barn utvecklar tidigt i livet sitt musikaliska gehör och använder detta både i språkliga och musikaliska aktiviteter. Slutligen har jag kommit fram till att en åldersblandad barngrupp kan vara en fördel för språkutvecklingen då barnen kan lära av varandra. Jag kan också konstatera att pedagogens kunskaper, erfarenheter, förhållningssätt och egenskaper spelar stor roll för att de estetiska lärprocesserna ska vara språkutvecklande.

La présente thèse a d'abord pour sujet la fonction participative reconnue à l'interprète de la nonne, déniée par la doctrine classique au profit de la fiction qui fonde l'absolutisation de l'intention de l'auteur de la nonne. Faisant état des phases de l'avènement du sens de la loi dans le déploiement du cercle hennéneutique, nous analysons la doctrine classique et, abordant l'interprétation selon l'approche hennéneutique, nous dégageons et explicitons les conditions propres à l'avènement de la juridicité tant au niveau de l'autonomie du texte que de sa réception. La présente thèse a également pour fin d'évaluer le poids des contraintes sur l'interprétation et l'application à l'oeuvre en droit. Comment, dans le processus de l'avènement du sens de la nonne, l'interprétation juridique s'édifie-t-elle et s'enrichitelle des valeurs et des règles qui régissent la production du droit? Pour analyser et caractériser le rôle du juge dans l'avènement du sens de la nonne juridique selon une démarche dont la spécificité relève de la phénoménologie et de 1'hennéneutique philosophique, nous choisissons le domaine des droits linguistiques. L'analyse des données empiriques recueillies pennet de voir sur quelles voies, au-delà de la prédétennination et de la co-détennination du sens de la nonne, s'engage la «surdétennination» (concept propre à la théorie de «l'analyse systémale» et selon lequel le sens de la nonne émerge aussi en référence au champ de valeurs qui traverse la représentation de la réalité de la nonne) et dès lors d'en illustrer concrètement les manifestations propres. D'abord envisagée sous le règne de l'histoire, des principes fondateurs et des enjeux liés à la dualité linguistique, l'étude du contentieux linguistique est spécifiquement traitée sous l'angle des droits des minorités linguistiques et de la représentation des valeurs privilégiées. L'analyse des mémoires déposés par les IV parties et les intervenants dans les causes entendues en matière de droits linguistiques révèle que les valeurs identitaires dominent les interventions analysées. L'analyse de la réceptivité de la Cour et l'interprétation des juges confirme ensuite que la surdétennination est à l' oeuvre. Ce parcours théorique pennet que nous disposions d'une représentation raisonnée du rôle du juge dans la construction du sens en droit selon laquelle les trois moments du cercle hennéneutique - compréhension, interprétation, application s'unissent dans l'avènement du sens de la loi en une dynamique circulaire et anticipatoire propre à révéler les constituants du texte juridique. L'analyse empmque confirme quant à elle la participation du récepteur et interprète de la nonne sur le sens qui préside à son accession à la juridicité. / This thesis deals primarily with the participative function of the interpreter of the law as it is acknowledged except by the c1assical doctrine that is more inc1ined to see the intention of the lawmaker as the absolute detenninant. Referring to the various stages in the meaning-making process through the creation of the henneneutical circ1e, we analyze the c1assical doctrine and, while dealing with interpretation of the law under the henneneutical approach, we put forward and explain the very conditions where the legal phenomenon appears at the level of the autonomy of the text and of its reception. This thesis also intends to assess the impact of the construction and enforcement constraints regarding the law. How, in the course of the meaningmaking process, is legal interpretation built and enriched by the values and rules which govem law-making? To analyze and characterize the role of the judge in the making of the meaning of the law with a specifie approach inspired by phenomenology and philosophical henneneutics, we have chosen the area of language rights. The analysis of the empirical data that was gathered enables us to see, beyond the predetermination and the co-determination of the meaning of the law, where overdetermination is headed (a specifie concept of the "systemal analysis" theory under which the meaning of the law also emerges by reference to the value system permeating the representation of the reality of the law) and therefore to concretely illustrate its very expressions. First approached from the perspectives of history, of the founding principles and of the issues related to the linguistic duality, the linguistic case law is specifically VI reviewed in the context of linguistic minority rights and of the representation of preferred values. An analysis of submissions filed by the parties and the interveners in linguistic rights cases shows the major role played by identity-related values in the reviewed interventions. The analysis of the Court's responsiveness and the interpretation of judges then confirm the existence of an over-determination. This theoretical exploration allows us to have a reasoned representation of the judge's role in the making of meaning in law through the three stages of the hermeneutical circle - understanding, interpretation, application - that are combined in a circular and anticipatory process aiming at revealing the constitutive elements of the legal text. The empirical analysis confirms the influence of the recipient and interpreter of the law on the meaning which leads it to become a legal phenomenon. / "Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en droit"

The aim of the study is to find out what pre-school teachers perceived of the curriculum, regarding esthetic subjects. The study is built on the teachers thoughts and ideas about the esthetic work, and how it is supposed to help all children develop. How the teachers has interpreted the curriculum points on how they have chosen to work with the esthetic subjects. The study is based on interviews with six teachers, from two pre-schools. The material from the interviews has then been analyzed with theories and earlier research. The result shows that the teachers think that the esthetic expressions are a language, and that the pre-school is supposed to give the children the opportunity to experience different types, for example dance, music, drama and art. The teachers didn’t seem to have considered the esthetic expressions as a tool to learn other subjects. They have interpreted the aims of the curriculum as aims for the children. Several teachers also think that the aim points on the importance of finishing started projects. They also wish for more time to plan and organize the work with the children.