Este trabalho procura revelar um movimento do pensamento teórico. Esse pensamento parte de uma consideração ou reconhecimento: o da pertinência da noção de violência urbana para o entendimento dos conteúdos da problemática urbana que se anuncia no mundo moderno. O processo investigativo, no entanto, revelou os limites explicativos do termo violência urbana, completamente definido e confundido no âmbito das Ciências Humanas, de um modo geral - com a noção de criminalidade. Essa identidade (violência-criminalidade) coloca problemas à análise crítica do urbano, e obscurece os caminhos para o desvendamento da essência dos conteúdos da prática social que pretendem ser expressos por meio do termo violência urbana. Do reconhecimento dos limites, o pensamento se movimenta para um segundo momento da pesquisa: o do reconhecimento da insuficiência da noção de violência urbana para o desvendamento da relação entre violência e problemática urbana. A partir desse movimento, o objeto da pesquisa se mobiliza. Posto que nossas perguntas essenciais não puderam ser suficientemente respondidas a partir da noção de violência urbana, uma inversão analítica se pôs como necessidade. Para além da noção de criminalidade, o objetivo da pesquisa passa a ser o desvendamento da constituição de uma violência que está necessariamente fundamentada e articulada com os processos de produção do espaço urbano e de reprodução das relações sociais. Procura-se, assim, refletir não mais sobre a violência urbana, mas o próprio processo de urbanização como um processo essencialmente violento. Para isso, definimos três vias de entrada para acessar os conteúdos propriamente violentos do processo de urbanização, a fim de revelar como forças intencionais e provocadoras de profundos danos sociais se realizariam no urbano. Em primeiro lugar, consideramos o papel da propriedade privada da terra, como um dos fundamentos que realiza a violência do processo de urbanização. Procuramos compreender em que medida a violência é representada pelos processos de expropriação e segregação, ligados estruturalmente à instituição da propriedade privada da terra como fundamento da urbanização. Em segundo lugar, destacamos o papel do Estado - representado pelo urbanismo/planejamento urbano na produção do espaço urbano e na reprodução das relações de troca, cujo conteúdo imanente é a violência. Por fim, procuramos desvendar como alguns dos constrangimentos postos no e pelo processo de urbanização capitalista constituem, ao nível da vida cotidiana, formas de manifestação da violência intimamente ligada a esse processo. Ainda que a pesquisa não tenha constituído propriamente um estudo de caso, partimos da investigação de um fragmento espacial da metrópole de São Paulo: o fragmento que compreende o bairro Real Parque, as favelas Real Parque e Jardim Panorama e o Empreendimento Parque Cidade Jardim, todos situados administrativamente no distrito do Morumbi, zona oeste da capital paulistana. Através da articulação entre totalidade e particularidade procuramos desvendar os conteúdos do processo de urbanização capitalista, centrando nossa análise em um desses conteúdos a violência -, que não se constitui como o único conteúdo, nem como o mais importante, mas certamente como fundamental ao desvendamento da produção do espaço urbano a partir de seus fundamentos críticos. / This thesis attempts to propose a movement of theoretical thinking. This movement begins with a proposition or acknowledgment: the relevance of the notion of urban violence for understanding the contents of the urban problematic that the modern world announces. The investigation, however, has revealed the limits of the phrase urban violence, defined by and confused with in the social sciences in general the idea of criminality. This identification (violence with criminality) poses obstacles to a critical analysis of the urban, obscuring the path towards an understanding of the essence of the social practice that is supposedly grasped by the notion of urban violence. Acknowledging these limitations, the reflection shifts to a second moment of the research: that of coming to terms with the inadequateness of the notion of urban violence for revealing the relations between violence and urban problematic. This brings us to the subject of this research. Considering that our key questions could not be answered with the notion of urban violence, an analytical inversion emerged as necessary. Moving beyond the notion of criminality, the aim of this research is to cast light on the emergence of a violence that is linked with and has roots in the processes of production of the urban space and reproduction of the relations of production. We intend, thus, to bring into focus not urban violence, but instead the very process of urbanization as a process that is essentially violent. In order to do so, we have identified three access points to the violent aspects of urbanization, with the aim of revealing intentional and socially damaging forces that are embodied in the urban. Firstly, we have considered the role of private property as one of the bases of urbanizations violence. We have attempted to understand the extent to which violence is materialized in the processes of expropriation and segregation structurally linked with private property as the basis of urbanization. Secondly, we have highlighted the states role represented here by urban planning in the production of urban space and in the reproduction of market exchange relations whose immanent content is violence. Finally, we have tried to demonstrate how a number of constraints posed by capitalist urbanization translate, at the level of everyday life, into manifestations of the violence closely linked with this process. While we have not defined a case study, we have set out with an investigation of a spatial fragment in Sao Paulo: Jardim Panorama and the neighboring development Parque Cidade Jardim, located in Morumbi district, in the western section of the city. By articulating totality and particularity, we have tried to bring to light the contents of capitalist urbanization, centering our analysis on one of such contents (violence). Violence is certainly neither the only nor the primary aspect of the urbanization process, but it is certainly relevant for grasping the production of urban space from the perspective of its critical foundations.

Esta tese tem por fulcro o estudo dos imigrantes franceses que viveram na cidade de São Paulo na segunda metade do século XIX. Apesar de quantitativamente minoritários, se comparados a outras correntes migratórias, como a dos italianos, foram qualitativamente relevantes em um momento no qual a propagação da influência francesa era ali premente. Nos almanaques e jornais abundavam nomes de franceses com suas casas de negócio. Tratou-se de uma imigração espontânea e de cunho individual, voltada, sobretudo, a ocupações urbanas. A despeito dos mais conhecidos através da historiografia serem engenheiros, pintores, médicos, enfim, detentores de saberes especializados ou técnicos, a maior parte daqueles que emigraram eram pessoas comuns que improvisavam seus papéis para a sobrevivência diária. Mesmo sem o savoir-faire, era estratégia do imigrante articular-se ao universo cultural francês, tornando-se modista, cozinheiro, cabeleireiro, ourives, alfaiate, ou proprietário dos ramos de hotéis e restaurantes - leque de inserções que a cidade, por conta dos lucros cafeeiros, passava a demandar. Também fez parte desse contexto, desvendar as relações comerciais e consulares entre Brasil e França, na medida em que se formava uma teia de expansão comercial francesa em concorrência aos produtos ingleses e alemães, na qual o cônsul era intermediador: verdadeiro elo dos interesses da França na região. / The core of this thesis was to study the French immigrants living in the city of São Paulo during the second half of the nineteenth century. Notwithstanding their quantitative minority compared with other migratory currents such as that of Italian people, they were qualitatively relevant in a certain moment during which there was a pressing propagation of French influence. Almanacs and newspapers displayed plenty of French people\'s names and commercial business. This reflected an spontaneous immigration wave and its individual trait, which, above all, turned to urban occupations. Although many of the names most known to history have been engineers, painters, medical doctors, all with specialized or technical knowledge, most of the emmigrated were ordinary people who had to improvise the parts they played to attain their daily survival. Even when they did not have the savoir-faire, the strategy of an immigrant was to merge into the French cultural universe, thus becoming a dressmaker, a cook, a hairdresser, a jeweler, a tailor or the owner of a hotel or restaurant - an array of duties that the town was demanding, thanks to the profits brought by the coffee agribusiness. Also within this context we attempted to unveil the commercial and consular relationships between Brazil and France, since an expanding commercial French network was being built to compete with English and German products, in which the French consul acted as mediator and the true link of the French interests inside this area.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-05-02T22:30:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Alejandro_Maldonado.pdf: 2674076 bytes, checksum: aa8ae4e062430ea3031aba31fe90e3f9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-05-03T20:48:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_Alejandro_Maldonado.pdf: 2674076 bytes, checksum: aa8ae4e062430ea3031aba31fe90e3f9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-03T20:48:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_Alejandro_Maldonado.pdf: 2674076 bytes, checksum: aa8ae4e062430ea3031aba31fe90e3f9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / Sem bolsa / Esta dissertação aborda a relação entre os imaginários da insegurança e as transformações da vida cotidiana e na paisagem urbana nas cidades de Pelotas e Rio Grande – RS. Valendo-se de uma abordagem qualitativa que se enquadra no denominado desenho de estudo de caso e combinando diversas estratégias e técnicas de coleta de dados desde uma perspectiva etnográfica – observação sistemática, questionário e entrevistas não estruturadas –, esta pesquisa analisa as ressignificações dos imaginários sociais que advêm da cultura do medo e da vigilância para dar conta, por um lado, das mudanças na cotidianidade e, consequentemente, na sociabilidade naquelas cidades; e, por outro, da incorporação de dispositivos de securitização na paisagem urbana. Essas transformações acontecem no âmbito da segurança privada, que reflete e estrutura as significações que compõem os imaginários, a partir das valorações e as moralidades que acompanham a dinâmica de consumo desses dispositivos, como estratégia da qual se valem os indivíduos para se proteger e cuidar. Por fim, oferece considerações que, partindo de um enfoque centrado nas expressões simbólicas e materiais observadas nas cidades de Pelotas e Rio Grande, servem para teorizar e deixar abertas perguntas sobre a questão da insegurança e da sociedade contemporânea. / This dissertation approaches the relationship between insecurity imaginaries and transformations of everyday life and the urban landscape in the cities of Pelotas and Rio Grande - RS. Using a qualitative approach that fits the so-called case study design and combines several strategies and techniques of data collection from an ethnographic perspective, e.g. systematic observation, questionnaire and unstructured interviews, this research analyzes the re-significances of social imaginaries that come from the culture of fear and surveillance to account, on the one hand, of the changes in daily life and, consequently, in the sociability in those cities; and, on the other hand, the incorporation of securitization dispositives into the urban landscape. These transformations take place within the scope of private security that reflects, at the same time as it structures the meanings that make up the imaginaries, based on the valuations and moralities that accompany the consumption dynamics of these dispositives, as a strategy that individuals use to protect themselves and take care. Finally, it offers considerations that based on a focus centered on the symbolic and material expressions observed in the cities of Pelotas and Rio Grande, serve to theorize and leave open questions about the issue of insecurity and contemporary society.

This project proposes a user-focused approach to study the algorithm logic of on-demand apps, using Netflix as a case study. The main research interest is the perception that the user has about the suggestion and recommendation logic of Netflix. In order to gather the information, a walkthrough method on Netflix was applied as well as personal, in-depth think aloud interviews were carried out. The sample consisted on a selection of heavy users, millennials ex-pats living in Singapore and working in the creative industry to get specific insights on their relationship with the algorithm.  To analyze the gathered material, qualitative content analysis was carried out. This kind of study is important within today’s contemporary media environment to have integral approach to users perceptions instead of just analytical figures and numbers. The theoretical context used to enlight some of the conclusions discussed on this research were based on the study of media in everyday life, global cultural industry studies, as well as algorithm culture and the science and technology studies. How algorithms are perceived have major repercussions not only on on-demand apps, technology business models or entertainment industry but also an intense influence on the way people consume content. Re-thinking the user as a co-producer of information and knowledge, considering some of the implications this phenomenon might have on the creative industry and how that affects on our daily life are some of the issues this research elaborated on. It can be said that the selected sample appreciates the suggestion logics and it has multiple functionalities: recommendation, curation, entertainment, companionship and leisure. Netflix Originals are very well validated; being one of the main attractions of the app. Interface, functionality and features are also items that the sample positively highlights. The accuracy perception of the algorithm is good, although low when compared to other countries where the sample used the app. The same applies to the amount of content and titles available, being these last two, issues that Netflix could improve.   This research was conducted for 8 months, from October 2016 to May 2017, for Sodertorn University – Stockholm, Sweden, with the guidance and support of Associate Professor Anne Kaun.

Abstract The purpose of the study was to get knowledge of everyday life of children (aged 0–10 years) with atopic dermatitis and their families. An ethnographic approach was used. Different data sets were collected by interviewing, observing and presenting questionnaires. The interviews (n = 24) and observations (n = 24) of the families (n = 7) took place at their homes. Children aged 5–10 years (n = 80), assisted by their parents, filled in a quality of life questionnaire. In the case of children younger than 5 years (n = 174) and families (n = 254), the quality of life questionnaire was filled in by the parents. The severity of atopic dermatitis of each participating child (n = 254) was evaluated by a physician. The professional perspective was introduced into the study in the form of discussions between dermatological nurses and dermatologists (n = 4). Triangulation of data, methods and analyses was performed. The quantitative data were analyzed by means of SPSS 11.5 for Windows. Categorical and ordinal variable were presented as frequency and percentage distributions, and medians, quartiles and arithmetic means were quoted. The interrelations between variables were presented as cross-tabulations, and Khi square test was used. The interviews were analyzed by methods of data-based content analysis. The more severe the child's atopic dermatitis was, the more the quality of life of the child and the family was impaired. The quality of life of the children was better than the quality of life of the families. The impact of the atopic dermatitis to the quality of life of the children was moderate and of the family severe. The children's quality of life was impaired most by itching and scratching. The need to participate in the treatment of the children's skin problems was the most important single factor that impaired the families' quality of life. The child's severe, long-term dermatitis and its treatment on a day-to-day basis were described as a desperate process. The knowledge that eczema is alleviated as the child grows older gave the families hope and helped them to cope. The avoidance of various foods and allergens and the opportunities to try different treatments raised hopes about the alleviation of eczema. On the other hand, however, these trials easily turned into desperate efforts to try any available alternative, which often wore out the mother or the whole family. Families did not receive adequate counselling or support when their quality of life was seriously compromised. The results of the study can be used when developing the public health care services to better meet the needs of families. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on saada tietoa ihoatoopikkolasten (0–10 vuotta) ja heidän perheidensä arjesta. Tutkimuksen lähestymistapa on etnografinen. Erilaisia aineistoja kerättiin haastattelemalla, havainnoimalla ja kyselylomakkeilla. Perheiden (n = 7) haastattelut (n = 24) ja havainnoinnit (n = 24) tehtiin heidän kodeissaan. Perheiden arki heijastui haastattelutilanteisiin siten, että niissä ei aina ollut läsnä koko perhe, ja haastatteluun osallistujien toiveiden mukaan tapaamisia oli myös esimerkiksi ihotautien vuodeosastolla ja poliklinikalla. 5–10-vuotiaat lapset (n = 80) täyttivät itse tai vanhempiensa avustamana omaa elämänlaatuaan koskevan kyselylomakkeen. Alle 5-vuotiaiden lasten (n = 174) ja perheiden (n = 254) elämänlaatukyselyyn vastasivat vanhemmat. Lääkäri arvioi jokaisen tutkimukseen osallistuneen lapsen (n = 254) atooppisen ihottuman vaikeuden. Ammattilaisten näkökulman tutkimukseen toivat ihotautisairaanhoitajien ja -lääkäreiden kanssa käydyt keskustelut (n = 4). Tutkimuksessa käytetään aineisto-, menetelmä- ja analyysitriangulaatiota. Kvantitatiivinen aineisto analysoidaan SPSS 11.5 for Windows -ohjelmalla. Luokittelu- ja järjestysasteikollisia muuttujia kuvataan frekvenssi- ja %-jakaumilla, ja sijaintilukuina ovat mediaanit, kvartiilit ja aritmeettinen keskiarvo. Muuttujien yhteyksiä tarkastellaan ristiintaulukoimalla ja parametrittomana testinä on chi2-testi. Haastattelu- ja havainnointiaineisto analysoidaan aineistolähtöisellä sisällönanalyysillä. Mitä vaikeampi lapsen ihottuma oli, sitä enemmän se heikensi perheen ja lapsen elämänlaatua. Lasten elämänlaatu oli parempi kuin perheiden elämänlaatu. Atooppisen ihottuman vaikutus lasten elämänlaatuun oli kohtalainen ja perheiden elämänlaatuun huomattava. Lasten elämänlaatua heikensivät eniten kutina ja raapiminen. Lapsen hoidossa auttaminen oli tärkein perheen elämänlaatua heikentävä tekijä. Lapsen vaikeaa, pitkäaikaista ihottumaa ja sen päivästä toiseen jatkuvaa hoitamista kuvattiin ajoittain epätoivoiseksi. Toisaalta tieto, että ihottuma lievittyy lapsen kasvaessa, antoi toivoa ja auttoi perhettä jaksamaan. Perheet hankkivat ja saivat paljon ja monenlaista tietoa lapsen atooppisesta ihottumasta ja sen hoitamisesta, joten vanhemmat joutuivat suodattamaan ja puntaroimaan saamaansa tietoa oman lapsen tilanteeseen sopivaksi. Yhtäältä erilaisten ruokien tai ärsyttävien tekijöiden välttämiseen ja hoitovaihtoehtojen kokeilemiseen liittyi toivoa lapsen ihottuman lievittymisestä. Toisaalta kokeileminen saattoi kääntyä epätoivoiseksi tarttumiseksi jokaiseen tarjolla olevaan oljenkorteen, mikä puolestaan johti äidin tai koko perheen väsymiseen. Perheiden ohjauksessa ja tukemisessa oli puutteita, kun perheen elämänlaatu oli huomattavasti heikentynyt. Perheet käyttivät monipuolisesti terveydenhuollon palveluja, mutta ajoittain hoito koettiin pirstaleiseksi, ja hoitovastuu jäi perheen itsensä kannettavaksi. Tutkimustuloksia voidaan käyttää kehitettäessä terveydenhuoltopalveluja paremmin perheiden tarpeita vastaaviksi. Keskeistä on tunnistaa ne perheet, joiden elämänlaatu on huomattavasti heikentynyt lapsen atooppisen ihottuman vuoksi. Ihoatoopikkolapsen hoitaminen on moniammatillista yhteistyötä, jonka tekemistä yli ammattikunta- tai sektorirajojen on entisestään syytä tehostaa.

La pratique de veille est un objet d’étude dont la conceptualisation est encore instable en sciences de l’information : principalement étudié en sciences de gestion dans le cadre des pratiques professionnelles, les études relatives aux pratiques de veille dans des contextes ordinaires, autrement dit dans une démarche personnelle et non-professionnelle, ou de pratiques « amateur » restent à ce jour limitées. Notre recherche porte sur les pratiques actuelles de veille en ligne et vise à attester empiriquement de l’émergence de pratiques « amateur » et de pratiques « ordinaire ». Notre hypothèse centrale est que la pratique professionnelle qui consiste en la surveillance continue et itérative de l’environnement, a trouvé une place dans les pratiques informationnelles quotidiennes des internautes. Deux questions centrales nous préoccupent : qui sont les veilleurs actuels et quelles sont leurs motivations. De fait, nos travaux s’articulent autour de deux axes structurants : la veille comme une pratique informationnelle et la veille comme une pratique de veilleurs amateurs. Notre dispositif méthodologique repose sur un corpus d’entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès de dix-sept veilleurs professionnels et dix-sept veilleurs amateurs entre 2012 et 2014. Notre analyse du contenu thématique est structurée autour de deux axes majeurs : veilleurs professionnels versus veilleurs amateurs et veille professionnelle versus veille ordinaire. Nos résultats attestent d’une diversification des pratiques de veille en ligne, de caractéristiques du besoin d’informations spécifiques, de l’usage du critère de confiance pour la sélection de sources humaines, et d’une pratique propice aux découvertes sérendipiennes. En complément et de manière plus centrée sur les pratiques « ordinaire », nous relevons d’une part, trois motifs informationnels majeurs : une collecte d’information régulière et facilitée, un moyen pour capitaliser l’information et un moyen d’apprentissage, et d’autre part une dimension expressive de la veille à travers la mise en visibilité de ses centres d’intérêts et dans l’acte de partage. / Monitoring practice is a learning object whose conceptualization is still unstable in information science. Mainly studied in management science in the context of professional practices, studies on monitoring practices in everyday life seeking situations, (in a personal and non-professional approach), or « amateur » practices remains limited to date.Our research focuses on the current practice of online monitoring and seeks to empirically demonstrate the emergence of « amateur » practices and everyday life seeking practices. Our central hypothesis is that the professional practice in the iterative and continuous monitoring of the environment, has found a place in everyday information practices of Internet users. Two central issues concern us: who are the current watchmen and what are their motivations. Indeed, our work is based on two structural axes: monitoring as an informational practice and as an amateur watchmen practice. Our methodology is based on a corpus of semi-structured interviews with seventeen watchmen professionals and seventeen watchmen amateur between 2012 and 2014. Our analysis of thematic content is structured around two focal points : professional watchmen versus amateur watchmen, and professional monitoring versus everyday life monitoring.Our results show a diversification of online intelligence practices, information needs singular characteristics, the use of confidence criterion for the selection of human sources, and practice conducive to sérendipiennes discoveries. In addition and more focused on everyday life seeking practices, we note first, three major informational reasons : an easiest and constant collect of information, a way to capitalize information, and a way of learning, and secondly an expressive dimension, through the setting visibility of its interests and in the act of sharing.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om och på vilka sätt familjerelationer förändras genom beskrivningar från parter i familjer där utlandstjänstgöring förekommer för att bidra med ökad kunskap kring bemötandet av dessa familjer. Studiens frågeställningar är följande: hur beskriver parterna relationerna i sin familj innan, under och efter utlandstjänstgöringen och hur beskriver parterna att utlandstjänstgöringen påverkat deras liv? Den metod som valts har en kvalitativ utgångspunkt med en fenomenologisk ansats. Sju stycken intervjuer genomfördes. Analysen av intervjuerna har skett genom en empiristyrd tematisk analys. De huvudteman som utkristalliserade sig under analysarbetet är; relationer, livet borta - livet hemma och psykisk hälsa. Huvudresultatet är att det blir skillnad i familjerelationerna innan, under och efter en utlandstjänstgöring då utlandstjänstgöringen delar familjernas vardag och verkligheter. Familjearbete som vilar på systemisk grund, måste anses vara den behandlingsmetod som bäst skulle kunna motsvara dessa familjers behov av hjälp, något som stöds av familjernas egna önskemål. / The purpose of this study was to examine whether and in what way family relationships change through descriptions of family members where abroad service exists to contribute with increased knowledge of how to treat these families. The study questions are: how do the family members describe the relationships in their families before, during and after the service abroad, and how do they describe how the service abroad affect their lives? The method chosen is a method who is resting on a qualitative basis with a phenomenological approach. Seven interviews were conducted. The analysis of the interviews took place through an empiricism guided thematic analysis. The main themes that emerged from the analysis are: relationships, life gone - home life and mental health. The main result is that there will be a difference in family relationships before, during and after an overseas service because the service abroad divide the families' everyday lives and realities. Family work resting on systemic basis, must be considered the treatment that could best meet these families' need for help, which is supported by the families' own wishes.

This diploma thesis is focused on the role of ICT in everyday life and mobility of young people. The main goal of this thesis is to find out how the physical and virtual space mingle in the everyday life and mobility of young people who have been selected for the research, using diaries as a qualitative method. The aim was to point out some specifics of everyday activities in the physical and virtual space of the deliberately selected sample of young people that may be present in the whole population. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The theoretical part deals with the virtual space, Time geography in relation to ICT and some studies concerning different perspectives of the influence of ICT on everyday life of people. The empirical part focuses on the use of ICT by selected socio- demographical groups of Czech inhabitants and some time aspects of the use of ICT and other activities performed by young people and other age groups. Then, the key part is about the description of the mingling of virtual and physical space in the everyday life of 10 communication partners. Their mobility patterns are based on the mingling of two basic types of movements, virtual and physical. The mingling of virtual and physical space is also based on the time mingling of all activities, including the social...

Au cours du XXème siècle jusqu’à aujourd’hui, des artistes d’horizons divers ont revendiqué comme oeuvres des gestes banals, effectués dans l’espace public. Réalisées au sein de la foule des grandes villes, aucune de ces actions n’a pourtant eu lieu en présence d’un spectateur. En raison de leur indiscernabilité artistique lors de leur effectuation, nous les nommons des « actions furtives ». Considérant que l’adjectif furtif qualifie ce qui cherche « à échapper au regard, à passer inaperçu », comment ces actions deviennent-elles oeuvres ? Notre travail s’attache à étudier ce paradoxe à travers notamment l’oeuvre de Vito Acconci, Adrian Piper, Jiří Kovanda ou Francis Alÿs. Nous cherchons à saisir l’élan qui a mené ces artistes à quitter les lieux traditionnellement consacrés à l’art pour embrasser la foule des grandes villes et faisons l’hypothèse d’une « attitude de la modernité » ; l’artiste s’engage activement dans le monde et son élaboration. Nous étudions ensuite la façon dont l’action furtive devient oeuvre et la structure qui se dessine, entre dissimulation et révélation. Les publications permettent à l’action furtive de faire oeuvre et fonctionnent comme des « écrans » qui désignent l’acte passé et le cachent à la fois, orientant la perception du spectateur à rebours. Enfin nous analysons la réception de l’action furtive devenue oeuvre, dont le délai instaure une relation dialogique et contribue à transformer le public. L’oeuvre affirme ainsi sa valeur d’exemplarité et invite le spectateur à agir. / Throughout the XXth century and still today, artists of diverse horizons have claimed for ordinary acts done out in public spaces the status of artworks. Created amidst big city crowd, none of these acts, however, took place in the presence of a spectator. Due to artistic indiscernibility during their effectuation, we name them “furtive actions”. Considering the adjective “furtive” to qualify which seeks to “to escape the look, to go unnoticed”, how might such actions become artworks? Our task is to study this paradox, notably through the works of Vito Acconci, Adrian Piper, Jiří Kovanda or Francis Alÿs.We aim to apprehend the energy that led these artists to leave the sites traditionally dedicated to art in order to embrace the metropolitan crowds. We propose as hypothesis an “attitude of the modern”; the artist engages actively within the world and its elaboration. We then study the way furtive action becomes art work and the structure that takes shape, between dissimulation and revelation. These publications enable the furtive action to become art and to function as “screens” that indicate the past act and at the same time conceal it, orienting in reverse the perception by the spectator. Finally, we analyze reception of the furtive action become art work, wherein the time-lapse sets up a dialogic relationship and contributes to a transformation of the public. The art work thus asserts its value of exemplarity and invites the spectator toward action.

The diploma thesis The Prison Experience (1914-1918). Cyril Dušek's correspondence from prison deals with the correspondence which theoretically and metodically considers to be a historical source and a mean of communication between prisoners and their families. It focuses on the political prisoner's correspondence during the World War I. Correspondence from prison was the only way to connect prisoners with their friends and families, thus it is very significant in research. It provides an interesting insight into the everyday life in prison, further it reveals the various individual perception manners and development of human thinking in the tense situations. The main aim of the thesis is to analyze a prison correspondence of Cyril Dušek (1881-1924) who was a responsible redactor of the magazine Čas and a member of the resistance movement, further to present its importance in the context of the other preserved correspondence, the censorship aspects of correspondence from prison and also to desribe the everyday life of the political prisoners.