O banho do paciente em estado crítico constitui uma atividade que exige ordenamento das diversas etapas, dadas as características e peculiaridades. O aparato tecnológico peculiar das unidades de alta complexidade permite a monitoração, mas dificulta o acesso e mobilização do paciente. As repercussões oxi-hemodinâmicas do banho no paciente adulto internado em estado crítico no contexto relativo à etiologia/dano foram investigadas por meio dessa revisão sistemática de literatura, que objetivou identificar a existência de evidências científicas sobre as referidas repercussões naquela população e; verificar a possibilidade de estabelecimento de critérios para indicação do banho em diferentes situações clínicas. Foram considerados estudos primários e secundários com metodologia explícita, sem recorte temporal ou idiomas predeterminados. Os critérios de inclusão envolveram a mensuração de variável hemodinâmica ou oximétrica no decurso do banho de adultos críticos internados em meio hospitalar. Foi utilizada uma adaptação da estratégia PICO, o PIO, donde: P (pacientes, problema) = \"Intensive Care Units\" e variações; I (intervenção) = banho e variações; O (desfecho) = \"Hemodynamic Phenomena\" / \"Oxygen Consumption\" e variações. Foram pesquisadas: as bases eletrônicas CINAHL, DEDALUS; EMBASE, COCHRANE, LILACS, PubMed/MEDLINE; manualmente as bibliotecas das Escolas de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal Fluminense e Federal do Rio de Janeiro; referências cruzadas das publicações e; artigos relacionados do Pubmed e ISI. Os 44597 resultados iniciais das bases eletrônicas foram exportados para um programa de gerenciamento de referências, submetidos a filtros sucessivos, resultando em 23 publicações que, somadas a duas monografias obtidas em bibliotecas convencionais, perfez 25 referências. Após leitura na íntegra e reuniões de consenso foram descartadas 19, totalizando uma amostra de 6 publicações. Resultados explicitaram a baixa publicação sobre a temática, com predomínio de estudos nacionais. Dada a heterogeneidade e fragilidade dos estudos não foi possível um mapeamento consistente de todas as respostas oximéricas e hemodimâmicas importantes para os pacientes em questão. Os desfechos mais abordados foram a saturação venosa mista de oxigênio e o índice cardíaco, representantes respectivos dos segmentos. À exceção da saturação, não se identificaram diferenças importantes quando comparadas aos baselines. A saturação declinou durante o banho e se restabeleceu 30 minutos ao término. Conclui-se que medidas operacionais parecem atuar como fatores de risco: banho em menos de 4 h após a cirurgia cardíaca, posicionamento prolongado em decúbito lateral e tempo de banho superior a 20 minutos ou; fator de proteção: manutenção da temperatura da água em 40°C. Quanto à evidência dos achados, por derivarem de quase-experimentos, foram qualificados em nível C por Oxford e pontuados entre 11 e 18 pelo check list de Downs & Black que, mostrou associação entre maiores pontuações e melhores controles de validades internas. Sugere-se a utilização de estratégias que maximizem os indícios de proteção e de outras que minimizem os indícios de risco / The bath of the patient in critical state is an activity that requires several stages of planning, because of the characteristics and peculiarities. The peculiar technological apparatus of high complexity units allow for monitoring, but difficult access and mobilization of the patient. The oxy-hemodynamic effects of bath in adult patients hospitalized in critical condition in context on etiology / damage were investigated by this systematic review of literature, which aimed to identify the existence of scientific evidence about these impacts on that population and; to verify the possibility of establishment of criteria for baths indication in different clinical situations. Primary and secondary studies with explicit methodology, without clipping on languages or predetermined time were considered. The inclusion criteria involved the measurement of hemodynamic or oxymetric variable during the bath of adults hospitalized in critical care units. It was used an adaptation of the PICO strategy, the PIO, where: P (patients, problem) = \"Intensive Care Units\" and variations, I (intervention) = bath and variations, O (outcome) = \"Hemodynamic Phenomena\" / \"Oxygen Consumption \"and variations. Were investigated: the electronic databases CINAHL, DEDALUS, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, LILACS, PubMed / MEDLINE; manually the libraries of the Nursing Schools of Universidade Federal Fluminense and Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; cross references of publications and; related articles of Pubmed and ISI. The 44,597 initial results of the electronic databases were exported to a program for managing references, submitted to successive filters, resulting in 23 publications which, added to two monographs obtained in conventional libraries, totalize 25 references. After reading full publications and having consensus meetings, 19 studies were discarded, totalizing a sample of 6 publications. Results explained the low publication on the subject, with a predominance of national studies. In view of the fragility and heterogeneity of the studies, it was not possible to do a consistent mapping of all the important oximetric and hemodynamic answers for these patients. The further discussed outcomes were the mixed venous oxygen saturation and heart rate, representatives of the respective segments. With the exception of saturation, it was not identified important differences when compared to the baselines. The saturation declined during the bath and was restored 30 minutes at the end. It is concluded that operational measures seem act as risk factors: bath in less than 4 hours after cardiac surgery, prolonged positioning in lateral decubitus and showers time over 20 minutes or; a protective factor: maintenance of water temperature at 40 ° C. As the findings were derived from quasi-experiments, their evidences were qualified to level C for Oxford and scored between 11 and 18 by the check list of Downs & Black, that showed an association between higher scores and better control of internal validity. It is suggested the use of strategies that maximize the indications of protection and other that minimize the indications of risk

The increased prevalence rate of childhood obesity in Saudi Arabia is a nationwide health issue. The doctoral project was instituted in the pediatric out-patient clinic (POPC) of a tertiary university hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Child obesity clinic and clinical practice guideline (CPG) for primary prevention were not available in the pediatric outpatient clinic with a high incidence of newly diagnose obese children. The focus of this doctoral project was to improve the clinical nursing practice of POPC nurses through the adoption of CPG on primary prevention of childhood obesity. The knowledge translation into action framework provided a summary of descriptive series of ideal CPG implementation steps in POPC. The search for published CPGs was taken from DynaMed, National Guideline Clearinghouse, Guideline International Network, Pubmed, and Google Scholar. There were 2 tools applied for analysis and synthesis. First, the appraisal of guidelines for research and evaluation II instrument was used to assess the quality of the guidelines. Second, the BARRIERS' scale was used to assess the extent of nurses' perception of barriers in CPG utilization. The 1st findings from this study revealed that RNAO CPG was the best and high-quality CPG over the Endocrine Society and the Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement CPGs. The 2nd findings showed that most of the nurses perceived BARRIERS to utilization towards on the unclear implications of the CPG in their daily nursing practice. Hence, one of the vital recommendations was to have CPG awareness and education before the implementation. Overall, the doctoral project contributed to positive social change through guidelines, policies, and protocol provision for childhood obesity prevention in similar settings.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2010. / A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Population Health, School of Public Health. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on March 18, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

La formation des sociétés fondées sur la connaissance, le progrès de la technologie de communications et un meilleur échange d'informations au niveau mondial permet une meilleure utilisation des connaissances produites lors des décisions prises dans le système de santé. Dans des pays en voie de développement, quelques études sont menées sur des obstacles qui empêchent la prise des décisions fondées sur des preuves (PDFDP) alors que des études similaires dans le monde développé sont vraiment rares. L'Iran est le pays qui a connu la plus forte croissance dans les publications scientifiques au cours de ces dernières années, mais la question qui se pose est la suivante : quels sont les obstacles qui empêchent l'utilisation de ces connaissances de même que celle des données mondiales? Cette étude embrasse trois articles consécutifs. Le but du premier article a été de trouver un modèle pour évaluer l'état de l'utilisation des connaissances dans ces circonstances en Iran à l’aide d'un examen vaste et systématique des sources suivie par une étude qualitative basée sur la méthode de la Grounded Theory. Ensuite au cours du deuxième et troisième article, les obstacles aux décisions fondées sur des preuves en Iran, sont étudiés en interrogeant les directeurs, les décideurs du secteur de la santé et les chercheurs qui travaillent à produire des preuves scientifiques pour la PDFDP en Iran. Après avoir examiné les modèles disponibles existants et la réalisation d'une étude qualitative, le premier article est sorti sous le titre de «Conception d'un modèle d'application des connaissances». Ce premier article sert de cadre pour les deux autres articles qui évaluent les obstacles à «pull» et «push» pour des PDFDP dans le pays. En Iran, en tant que pays en développement, les problèmes se situent dans toutes les étapes du processus de production, de partage et d’utilisation de la preuve dans la prise de décision du système de santé. Les obstacles qui existent à la prise de décision fondée sur des preuves sont divers et cela aux différents niveaux; les solutions multi-dimensionnelles sont nécessaires pour renforcer l'impact de preuves scientifiques sur les prises de décision. Ces solutions devraient entraîner des changements dans la culture et le milieu de la prise de décision afin de valoriser la prise de décisions fondées sur des preuves. Les critères de sélection des gestionnaires et leur nomination inappropriée ainsi que leurs remplaçants rapides et les différences de paiement dans les secteurs public et privé peuvent affaiblir la PDFDP de deux façons : d’une part en influant sur la motivation des décideurs et d'autre part en détruisant la continuité du programme. De même, tandis que la sélection et le remplacement des chercheurs n'est pas comme ceux des gestionnaires, il n'y a aucun critère pour encourager ces deux groupes à soutenir le processus décisionnel fondés sur des preuves dans le secteur de la santé et les changements ultérieurs. La sélection et la promotion des décideurs politiques devraient être basées sur leur performance en matière de la PDFDP et les efforts des universitaires doivent être comptés lors de leurs promotions personnelles et celles du rang de leur institution. Les attitudes et les capacités des décideurs et des chercheurs devraient être encouragés en leur donnant assez de pouvoir et d’habiliter dans les différentes étapes du cycle de décision. Cette étude a révélé que les gestionnaires n'ont pas suffisamment accès à la fois aux preuves nationales et internationales. Réduire l’écart qui sépare les chercheurs des décideurs est une étape cruciale qui doit être réalisée en favorisant la communication réciproque. Cette question est très importante étant donné que l'utilisation des connaissances ne peut être renforcée que par l'étroite collaboration entre les décideurs politiques et le secteur de la recherche. Dans ce but des programmes à long terme doivent être conçus ; la création des réseaux de chercheurs et de décideurs pour le choix du sujet de recherche, le classement des priorités, et le fait de renforcer la confiance réciproque entre les chercheurs et les décideurs politiques semblent être efficace. / The establishment of knowledge based societies, the advancements of communication technologies and the better exchange of information at global level allows better utilization of produced knowledge in the health system’s decision makings. Some studies have been conducted on the barriers to development of evidence-based decision-making (EBDM) in developed countries, but similar studies in developing are very rare. Iran is a country that has had the greatest growth in its scientific publications in recent years, but the question was what barriers are there to the utilization of this knowledge and also of global evidence. This study consists of three consecutive papers. The purpose of the first paper study was to find a model for assessing the status of knowledge utilization in Iran’s circumstances through an extensive systematic review followed by a qualitative study of grounded theory nature. Then, in the second and third papers the barriers to evidence based decision making in Iran asked through the qualitative study on the health sector’s directors and policy makers and also the researchers working to produce scientific evidence for EBDM. Upon reviewing the available existing models and conducting a qualitative study the first paper came out entitled 'Design of a Knowledge Translation Model' as the framework of two other papers that assess the push and pull side barriers of EBDM in Iran. As a developing country, in Iran the problems lie in all the stages of the process of producing, sharing and using evidence in health system decision making. There are various barriers to evidence-based decision making at different levels, and multi-dimensional solutions are required to strengthen the impact of scientific evidence on decision makings. These solutions should result in changes in culture and the decision making environment’s value system for the purpose of valuing evidence-based decision making. Unsuitable selection and appointment criteria of managers, their rapid replacements and payment differences in public and private sectors can weaken EBDM through two channels, one is through affecting decision makers' incentives and the other is by destroying program continuity. In the similar situation, while selection and replacement of researchers is not same as the managers, there is no criterion for encouraging them to support decision making in the health sector and subsequent changes. The selection and promotion of policy makers should be based on their performance regarding EBDM and the efforts of academicians for strengthening EBDM should be accounted in their personal promotion and institutional ranks. The attitudes and capabilities of both decision makers and researchers should be promoted through their empowerment regarding different components of the decision making cycle. The study revealed that the managers do not have enough access to both domestic and international evidence. Shortening the gap between researchers and decision makers is a crucial milestone which should be dealt through providing communications between the two sides. This issue is very crucial since the utilization of knowledge can be strengthened only with the close cooperation of policy makers and the research sector, and long-term programs need to be designed with this objective. Establishing networks for researchers and decision makers in choosing the research topic, priority setting, and building trust among researchers and policy makers seem effective.

Evidence-based guidelines are important sources of knowledge in everyday clinical practice. In 2005, the German Society for Urology decided to develop a highquality evidence-based guideline for the early detection, diagnosis and treatment of the different clinical manifestations of prostate cancer. The guideline project started in 2005 and involved 75 experts from 10 different medical societies or medical organizations including a patient organization. The guideline was issued in September 2009 and consists of 8 chapters, 170 recommendations, and 42 statements. Due to the broad spectrum of clinical questions covered by the guideline and the high number of participating organizations and authors, the organizers faced several methodological and organizational challenges. This article describes the methods used in the development of the guideline and highlights critical points and challenges in the development process. Strategies to overcome these problems are suggested which might be beneficial in the development of new evidence-based guidelines in the future. / Evidenzbasierte Leitlinien sind wichtige Quellen komprimierten Wissens für die tägliche klinische Praxis. Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Urologie beschloss im Jahr 2005, eine qualitativ hochwertige evidenzbasierte Leitlinie zur Früherkennung, Diagnose und Behandlung der verschiedenen klinischen Manifestationen des Prostatakarzinoms zu erstellen. Das Leitlinienprojekt begann im Jahr 2005 unter Mitwirkung von 75 Experten und Patientenvertretern aus 10 verschiedenen Fachgesellschaften und Organisationen. Die Leitlinie wurde im September 2009 veröffentlicht und besteht aus 8 Kapiteln mit insgesamt 170 Empfehlungen und 42 Statements. Das breite thematische Spektrum der Leitlinie und die hohe Zahl teilnehmender Autoren und Organisationen stellten die Organisatoren vor verschiedene methodische und logistische Herausforderungen. Dieser Beitrag stellt die angewendete Methodik bei der Leitlinienerstellung dar und betont kritische Punkte und Probleme der Erstellung. Die beschriebenen Lösungsansätze können bei der Planung und Durchführung künftiger evidenzbasierter Leitlinienprojekte hilfreich sein. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Background: The speech- and language deficit aphasia affects 12 000 persons annually in Sweden. Aphasia is caused by injury in the brain and the most common etiology is stroke. According to the tool for describing and assessing aphasia, A-FROM (Kagan et al., 2008), the four following aspects of aphasia need to be considered: severity of aphasia, participation in life situations, communication and language environment and personal factors. Several different interventions and treatments can be performed in every domain. There is scientific evidence for interventions performed by speech and language pathologists; however, the question is yet being discussed since results are unambiguous. Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to investigate which aphasia interventions performed by speech and language pathologists that are supported by evidence. A further purpose is to visit clinical practices to obtain data concerning how speech and language pathologists work with persons with aphasia. Method: Systematic search for literature was executed in seven medical databases. Articles that met certain criteria were graded regarding evidence. The authors additionally made visits to speech and language pathologists at a hospital Svealand, Sweden, for observation and interviewing of speech and language pathologists. Results and conclusions: The level of evidence for interventions varies. No intervention is investigated in more than three included studies and the number of participants is often small. Recommendations for clinical work can be given based on evidence from the included studies. The one intervention that was being studied by the most studies is CIAT/CILT. Interventions targeting expressive language, in particular word retrieval, have the strongest support in evidence. / Bakgrund: Språkstörningen afasi drabbar 12 000 personer årligen i Sverige. Afasi är en förvärvad språkstörning och orsakas av en skada i hjärnan, vanligaste orsaken är stroke.  Enligt ett verktyg för att beskriva och bedöma afasi, A-FROM (Kagan et al. 2008), kan man se till fyra aspekter av afasin: afasisvårigheter, delaktighet i vardagliga situationer, språklig och kommunikativ omgivning samt personliga faktorer. Inom varje domän kan flera olika typer av logopedisk intervention och behandling genomföras. Vetenskaplig evidens stödjer effekt av logopedisk intervention men diskussion pågår då resultaten inte är entydiga. Forskning på området är inte heller entydig kring vilken typ av intervention som har mest evidens att ge effekt. Syfte: Studiens huvudsyfte är att genom granskning av de senaste årens forskning besvara vilka logopediska afasiinterventioner som stöds av evidens. Ett ytterligare syfte är att göra besök i klinisk verksamhet för att inhämta data kring hur logopeder arbetar med personer med afasi. Metod: Systematiska litteratursökningar genomfördes i sju medicinska databaser. Artiklar som uppfyllde uppsatta inklusionskriterier evidensgraderades. Vidare besöktes ett sjukhus i Svealand för auskultation på och intervjuer med legitimerade logopeder. Resultat och slutsats: Studien visade på att afasiinterventioner har varierande grad av evidens. Varje typ av intervention behandlades av endast en eller ett fåtal inkluderade artiklar som ofta hade få försöksdeltagare. Förslag på rekommendationer för kliniskt arbete kan utfärdas utifrån inkluderade studier och deras evidensgrad. Den enskilda interventionen som studerats av flest inkluderade studier (tre studier) är CIAT/CILT. Starkast stöd i evidens har träning av expressiva förmågor, främst ordmobilisering.

Thesis (MMed) -- Stellenbosch University, 2010. / Bibliography / Background: Evidence-based medicine (EBM) involves the care of patients using the best available evidence from the results of good quality clinical research to guide clinical decision making 1 – 3. By incorporating the principles of Evidence-based Medicine (EBM), the family practitioner would be able to treat a patient according to the best clinical research available. This principle is implemented widely in the USA, Canada, the United Kingdom and Europe. In South Africa, however, EBM is not yet as widely incorporated into family practice. This is so despite the plethora of websites available to practitioners and the relative ease with which applicable research evidence can be found. Very few published studies are available regarding EBM or Evidence–based Practice (EBP) in the South African context. The findings of this study would thus highlight reasons and/ or barriers preventing family practitioners from implementing EBM in their respective practices. This could also lead to further research into possible methods of implementation of EBM into South African family practices. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the perceptions, knowledge and attitudes of private practitioners regarding evidence based practice and to identify the barriers encountered in evidence based practice. Methods A questionnaire survey of general practitioners in Gauteng, South Africa, was conducted. Questionnaires were distributed to a random sample of practitioners in the Gauteng region. Two hundred and twenty one (221) practitioners participated in the survey and responded to questionnaires mailed to them. The questionnaire was mailed, faxed or e-mailed to the practitioners, which they then completed and returned for statistical analysis. Study design The study design is that of quantitative, statistical analysis (descriptive cross-sectional survey). Setting General practitioners were randomly selected from a list of practitioners in the Gauteng Province. Doing a nationwide survey would have been a mammoth undertaking. It was therefore decided to limit the research to one province and therefore it was only concentrated on practitioners practicing in the Gauteng area. Results It is interesting to note that of the two hundred and twenty one participants in this study; only 10% of the practitioners were against using EBM in their practices. This, however, stands in stark contrast to the 56% of practitioners who do not implement EBM in their practices or make use of the EBM principle at all. The major barriers preventing practitioners from implementing EBM is depicted in the following graph: Lack of time and the training in aspects of Evidence-based medicine were the main barriers preventing the full scale implementation of EBM in family practices in Gauteng. Conclusion Participating Gauteng doctors were in principle, very positive towards the implementation of EBM in their respective practices. Most of the participants agreed that EBM would benefit their patients’ care and treatment. Very few of the participants, however, make use of EBM in practice. A lack of training and time constraints were the main barriers with regards to the implementation of EBM. Proper training of medical students at undergraduate level at faculties of health sciences, would go a long way assisting prospective doctors in mastering the concept of EBM and increasing their overall awareness of EBM. Further definitive research would assist in establishing whether such awareness would be associated with improved implementation of evidence in the form of evidence based guidelines in practice.

L’émergence de la logique de performance marque un changement majeur dans les stratégies publiques ou privées de management des ressources humaines. La relation médicale est exemplaire de cette évolution. Alors qu’historiquement les négociations entre l’Etat et les médecins portaient exclusivement sur des problématiques de prix, depuis le début des années 1990, la régulation publique se fait par les pratiques. L’objectif du contrôle est alors de promouvoir la qualité des soins – notamment sur les enjeux de santé publique – et la réduction des dépenses – en évitant le développement des maladies chroniques et en favorisant la prescription de médicaments génériques. L’introduction d’un dispositif de paiement à la performance médicale, en 2011, est l’étape ultime de ce tournant métrologique de la profession qui conduit à multiplier les dispositifs d’évaluation chiffrée de la pratique médicale et à mettre en indicateurs le travail du médecin. Dans une perspective institutionnaliste, notre thèse propose d’interroger la pertinence de cette réforme visant à instituer la performance.Nous montrons que cette institution de la performance n’est ni efficace ni efficiente. En conduisant à de nombreux effets pervers, elle se fait au détriment des intérêts des patients et des médecins de première ligne. L’injonction à la performance ne conduit pas à améliorer la qualité des soins et à renforcer la maîtrise des dépenses de santé, contrairement aux objectifs annoncés. Par contre, dans l’esprit du néolibéralisme contemporain, la santé est assimilée à un bien comme un autre autour duquel il est possible de mettre en concurrence les producteurs et les consommateurs. / The emergence of the logic of performance illustrates a major change in public or private human resources management strategies. The health care relation is exemplary of these evolutions. Historically, negotiations between the State and physicians exclusively focused on prices. However, since the beginning of the 90’s, public regulation is carried out through professional norms. The goal is to improve the quality of care and to control public spending (avoiding chronic diseases and encouraging the use of generic drugs). The introduction of pay-for-performance in France in 2011 is the ultimate stage in this metrological turning point defined by a numerically-based assessment of medical work. In an institutionalist viewpoint, our thesis seeks to question the relevance of this reform which aims at instituting performance.We show that this project is neither effective nor efficient. Leading to numerous perverse effects, it is implemented regardless of the patients’ interests and of the general practitioners. Contrary to what was proclaimed, this injunction for performance did not achieve the improvement of quality in medical care and the control of health expenditures. Yet, in the contemporary neoliberalism spirit, health is associated with a good as any other, surrounding which it is possible to generate competition among producers and consumers.

A insatisfação dos médicos está associada ao distanciamento entre sua prática e as imagens idealizadas do médico-sacerdote e do médico-cientista. Investiguei como os ideais de cuidar humanamente dos indivíduos doentes e de conhecer cientificamente os processos de doença e de cura se apresentam na medicina moderna. Para tanto, fiz uma leitura das cinco principais revistas científicas de medicina, de 1990 a 2009. Privilegiei os temas do conhecimento médico e do cuidado relacionados à clínica, e não à saúde pública. Iniciei a leitura por uma amostra sistemática, para aprofundá-la, a seguir, em questões que julguei exemplares, ou especiais. Minhas observações estão entremeadas com citações indiretas de artigos das revistas, para oferecer ao leitor as bases de minhas impressões. Observei que o discurso sobre o conhecimento ocupa maior espaço, é mais complexo e mais elaborado do que o discurso sobre o cuidado. Ao lado de impressionantes avanços da ciência médica e do otimismo positivista da maioria dos artigos, as revistas apresentam incertezas, contradições e limitações dos métodos e das teorias. Há uma tensão entre a fé na ciência, os esforços para tornar a medicina científica, e as dificuldades lógicas e metodológicas de adequar decisões médicas singulares às evidências apresentadas pelas pesquisas. O conhecimento médico se apresenta como um mosaico em permanente reconstrução, incapaz de produzir certezas. E sua produção e divulgação são influenciadas por interesses e crenças de pesquisadores, financiadores e editores. O discurso sobre o cuidado, embora consistente, só ganha proeminência onde falta conhecimento, como em relação ao doente em fase terminal. Os médicos-cientistas, enredados em protocolos e estatísticas, não se ocupam do cuidado. Mas, se adoecem, queixam-se da falta de cuidado. É possível ler propostas de unir evidências científicas e narrativas de doentes e médicos, na construção de uma prática de conhecimento-cuidado curativa para ambos. Mas essas propostas não parecem merecer atenção sequer dos demais autores das próprias revistas. / Dissatisfaction with medical practice is related to the discrepancy between the reality of the practice and the physicians expectations of working like a dedicated priest and like a well-trained scientist. I investigated how the ideals of caring compassionately for the patients and of using all knowledge about disease and cure are presented in modern medicine. In this intent, I read a sample of the Big Five medical journals, from 1990 to 2009. I privileged themes about medical knowledge and care in relation to clinic and not to public health. I began by reading a systematic sample, and then I extended it, studying some points I considered to be special or illustrative. My commentaries are intercalated with citations of articles from the journals, to offer the reader the bases of my impressions. I observed that the discourse on knowledge was given a bigger space, and it is more complex and elaborated than that on care. Beside the impressive advances in medical science, and the optimistic positivism in most papers, the journals show the uncertainties, the contradictions, and the limitations of methods and theories. There is a tension between the faith in science, the efforts to turn medicine into a science, and the logical and methodological difficulties to adequate single medical decisions to the scientific evidence. Medical knowledge appears as a mosaic, permanently reconstructed, and not capable of producing certainties. And the production and divulgation of knowledge are influenced by the beliefs and interests of researchers, supporters and editors. The discourse on care shows consistency; but gains prominence only where knowledge is lacking, as when discussing terminal care. The medical scientists, imprisoned in a labyrinth of guidelines and statistics, do not care about care. But, whenever they get sick, they complain about lack of care. There are also proposals of joining scientific evidence and narratives from patients and doctors in the construction of a knowledge-and-care practice that may be curative for both. But these proposals get no attention, not even from other authors of the same journals.

Estudos revelam uma prevalência do refluxo gastroesofágico (RGE) em bebês no Brasil entorno de 11,5% a 18,2%, semelhante aos dados internacionais, trazendo sintomas que podem se perpetuar até a infância e adolescência. Os protocolos de tratamento atuais são em resumo medicamentosos. Poucos estudos referem evidências sobre terapias complementares no tratamento do refluxo. A osteopatia poderia ser utilizada neste contexto para tratar as causas do refluxo, porém, estudos que determinem Protocolos Osteopáticos de Tratamento (POT) são limitados e não são específicos para este diagnóstico. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a aplicação de um POT desenvolvido para bebês de zero a um ano através de um método quantitativo. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo longitudinal com 59 bebês com idade entre zero e um ano de idade diagnosticados com refluxo e em tratamento medicamentoso. Inicialmente todos foram avaliados com o questionário I-GERQ-R. Trinta e três crianças foram selecionadas para o grupo A, que foi submetido ao POT em paralelo ao tratamento farmacológico, ou durante dois meses ou até atingir um score mínimo no questionário, o que ocorresse primeiro. O grupo B foi acompanhado pelo mesmo período, sendo reavaliado após dois meses. Foram analisados os dados coletados do questionário e os sintomas associados de cólica e tosse. No grupo A, a média inicial do score I-GERQ-R foi de 14,57 ±3,65 e a final 1,39 ±2,09 pontos (p=0,001). No grupo B estes valores foram respectivamente 17,23 ±4,78 e 8,46 ±7,41, caracterizando uma permanência do grupo B no diagnóstico de refluxo (escore>7) apesar da melhora com significância estatística (p=0,043). No grupo A 13 indivíduos chegaram ao escore final zero (“0”), enquanto que no grupo B nenhum indivíduo atingiu este escore. A redução da prevalência no uso de medicação ao final do estudo no grupo A foi de 75,76% enquanto que no grupo B esta redução foi de 11,54%. A melhora no grupo A ocorreu em um tempo médio de 28,76 ± 11,43 dias, independente da idade, onde o número médio de sessões foi 3,91 ±0,80. O sintoma de vômito apresentou melhora significativa no grupo A (p=0,001) mas não no grupo B (p=0,063). O sintoma de azia apresentou uma melhora significativa em ambos os grupos A e B (p=0,001 e p=0,002 respectivamente), bem como o soluço (p=0,001 e p=0,001 respectivamente). O sintoma de choro apresentou melhora significativa para o grupo A (p=0,001), porém não para o grupo B (P=0,123). Da mesma forma, os episódios de engasgos apresentaram redução estatisticamente significativa no grupo A (p=0,001) e não no grupo B (p=0,105). A tosse no grupo A foi reduzida em 94,45% (p=0,001) e a cólica em 75% (p=0,001). No grupo B a tosse permaneceu com a mesma incidência (14 casos) (p=1,000) e o sintoma de cólica aumentou 88,89% (de nove para 17 casos) (p=0,008). Conclui-se, portanto, que o POT proposto se mostrou eficaz na redução dos sintomas do refluxo em bebês e sintomas de tosse e cólica associados, em um tempo aproximado de 29 dias a níveis próximos à zero, tempo inferior ao descrito na literatura. Entende-se que o protocolo tenha atingido os mecanismos de causa do RGE, e, portanto a associação do POT com o tratamento medicação pode ser sugerido na abordagem do RGE em bebês de zero a um ano de idade. / The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in infants in Brazil is about 11.5% to 18,2%, similar to international data, bringing symptoms that can be perpetuated into childhood and adolescence. Current treatment protocols are medicated summary, and few studies have reported evidence for complementary therapies in the treatment of reflux. Osteopathy could be used in this context to treat the causes of reflux, however, studies evaluating Osteopathic Protocols Treatments (OPT) are limited and are not specific for this diagnosis. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the application of a OPT developed for infants less than one year through a quantitative method. A longitudinal descriptive study of 59 babies aged under one year of age diagnosed with reflux and in a drug treatment was performed. Initially all were evaluated with I-GERQ-R questionnaire. Thirty- three children were selected for group A, which was submitted to OPT parallel to pharmacological treatment for two months or until it reaches a minimum score on the questionnaire, whichever came first. Group B was accompanied by the same period of two months and after that being re-evaluated. Data collected from the questionnaire and the associated symptoms of colic and cough were analyzed. In group A, the initial average score I-GERQ-R was 14.57 ±3.65 and 1.39 ±2.09 points at the end (p = 0.001). In group B these values were 17.23 ±4.78 and 8.46 ±7.41 points, featuring a stay of group B in the diagnosis of reflux (score>7) despite improvement with statistical significance (p = 0.043). In group A, 13 subjects reached the final score zero ("0"), while in group B no individual reached this score. Reduced use of medication in group A was 75.76% while in group B this reduction was only 11.54%. The improvement in group A occurred at a mean time of 28.76 ±11.43 days, regardless of age, where the average number of sessions was 3.91 ±0.80. The symptom of vomiting improved significantly in group A (p = 0.001) but not in group B (p = 0.063). The symptom of heartburn showed a significant improvement in both groups A and B (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002 respectively), as well as hiccup (p = 0.001 and p = 0.001 respectively). The symptom of crying showed significant improvement in group A (p = 0.001), but not for group B (P = 0.123). Likewise, choking episodes exhibited statistically significant reduction in group A (p = 0.001) and not in group B (p = 0.105). Coughing in the group A was reduced by 94.75% (p=0,001) and 75% in colic (p=0,001). In group B the cough remained with the same incidence (14 cases) (p=1,000) and colic increased significantly from nine to 17 cases (p=0,008). Therefore, it is concluded that the proposed OPT was effective in reducing symptoms of reflux in infants and symptoms of cough and colic associated in an approximate 29 days to levels close to zero, time lower than that described in the literature. It is understood that the protocol has reached the causal mechanisms of GER, and therefore the association of OPT with a medication treatment may be suggested in the approach of GER in infants less than one year old.