<p>Muntlig kommunikation kan vara begränsad eller omöjlig när patienten är intuberad vid respiratorbehandling. Intuberingen hindrar talet och detta kan vara frustrerande för många patienter. Syftet med studien var att belysa hur intuberade intensivvårdspatienter upplever kommunikation. För att genomföra studien valdes systematisk litteraturstudie som metod. Resultatet baseras på 11 artiklar. I resultatet framträdde tre kategorier: negativa upplevelser, positiva upplevelser och patienters upplevelser av omgivande faktorers påverkan. Bland negativa upplevelser är frustration/ångest vanligt. Att inte bli förstådd skapar en stor känsla av beroende. Bekräftelse är en positiv upplevelse för patienterna, vilket kan uppnås bland annat av att patientens lidande uppmärksammas. Bland omgivande faktorers påverkan spelar hjälpmedel, intensivvårdspersonal och familj/anhöriga en stor roll. För att förbättra intuberade patienters möjligheter till kommunikation skulle fortsatt forskning om hur olika hjälpmedel påverkar patienterna vara intressant.</p> / <p>Verbal communication may be limited or impossible when the patient is intubated for mechanical ventilation. Intubation obstructs the speech and can be frustrating for patient. The aim of this study was to elucidate how intubated intensive care patients experience communication. A systematic literature review was chosen to implement the study. The results are based on 11 articles. Three categories emerged and materialized in the results: <em>Negative emotions</em>, <em>Positive emotions</em> and <em>Patients experiences of the influence of ambient factors</em>. Frustration and anxiety are common among the negative emotions. Not to be understood creates a great sense of dependency. Confirmation is a positive feeling for the patients, which can be achieved, among other things, by acknowledging the patients discomfort. Augmentative aids, the intensive care environment and staff in the intensive care unit are important components that play an important role of ambient factors category. Further research on how to improve intubated patients opportunities for communication with different augmentative aids would be interesting.</p>

<p>Målet med mitt arbete är att ta reda på vilka undervisningsmetoder som presenteras av forskare och lärare i litteraturen och sedan jämföra resultatet med lärares egna erfarenheter. Jag har fokuserat på litteraturundervisningen på högstadiet. Jag har använt böcker skrivna av bland annat Gerd och Gerhard Arfwedson, Ulla Lundqvist, Göran Ejenby & Gunilla Molloy, Olga Dysthe och Aidan Chambers. Jag genomförde sedan en enkätundersökning bland svensklärare på högstadiet för att få reda på hur de verkligen arbetar och vilka metoder de eventuellt använder sig av. Resultatet visade att de flesta av lärarna själva inte anser att de har någon specifik undervisningsmetod, men när jag läser deras svar kan jag tydligt se att de arbetssätt de beskriver är just delar av de metoder jag skrivit om. Alla lärare är dock överens om att förbättringar behövs i skolan för att arbetet ska kunna effektiviseras för eleverna och i vissa fall anser lärarna att byte av undervisningsmetod är en del av den förbättringen.</p>

<p>This thesis undertakes two main tasks; to explore, within the authentic educational context, variables that influence the quality and outcomes of the knowledge-constructing activity during the simulation exercise; and to find appropriate instruments and methods to measure these variables, processes and outcomes.</p><p>Closed-ended tasks that provided a high degree of structure, i.e., supported students’ regulation of learning during the simulation exercise, were more beneficial for perceived improvement of declarative knowledge and students’ motivation than open-ended tasks. Open-ended tasks did however lead to substantial shifts in students’ cognitive focus in subsequent laboratory exercises and improvement of students’ level of chemistry reasoning in interviews.</p><p>Student attitudes toward learning proved important in the first paper where significantly higher ability to apply chemistry knowledge in interviews could be found for students with relativistic attitudes compared to those with more dualistic perspectives on learning. In the subsequent papers, the effects of attitudes were not as clear, possibly due to too small differences in the learning situations that were compared.</p><p>Quality of the learning discourse during simulation was measured with three qualitatively different methods, focusing on partly different aspects. The different methods gave very similar results regarding the relative quality of the discourses. Thus, “quality” as such seems to be an underlying feature that permeates many aspects of the discourse and consequently could be targeted in different ways, e.g., focusing on quantitative as well as qualitative aspects. The analyses revealed several components of quality; co-operative activity, correctness and complexity of chemistry reasoning, discussion length and intensity, ability to realize cognitive conflict, and reference to theory while reasoning.</p><p>Doing the simulation exercise in a distributed learning setting (written e-communication), supported discussions with higher accuracy and complexity of chemistry reasoning and frequent references to theory while the face-to-face situation allowed for longer and more intense discussions and a higher degree of co-operative activity. Not very surprisingly, high-quality discussions were characterized by high scores in all these components. There were indications that relatively good pre-knowledge might be required to benefit fully from face-to-face discussions.</p><p>The validity of instruments and methods, used to measure flow experiences, attitudes (i.e., epistemological beliefs), knowledge accessibility (intuitive knowledge) and discourse quality are discussed thoroughly. Special interest has been devoted to whether qualitative data should be quantified or not, providing arguments in favor of quantitative methods for analyzing and reporting qualitative data.</p>

<p>According to the health care law and the national care guarantee, all individuals with mental illness have the right to good health care that is knowledge based as well as to rehabilitation where and when they need it. They also should be able to choose and have control over who is performing the care, including the design of these efforts. The purpose of this study is to investigate patients' experiences of general psychiatric emergency care and the cooperation between outpatient care, inpatient care and the municipality. This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted with a quantitative and qualitative method. The study is performed in collaboration with Akademiska Sjukhuset and is part of a larger quality improvement project. The participants in the study are patients who got in contact with the general psychiatric emergency care during a 6 weeks period. Data collection method consists of a questionnaire that was distributed to patients at discharge from different units. The questionnaire was designed by the project's principals, in collaboration with department managers, operations manager and the authors. The results show that the psychiatric care can be improved in all the areas this study has highlighted, where; encounter, information, participation and staff availability are included. The improvements, which need to be done, are not only between patients and health professionals, but also improvements between and within different professions in the mental health services.</p> / <p>Enligt hälso- och sjukvårdslagen och den nationella vårdgarantin ska alla individer med psykisk sjukdom ha rätt till en god vård som är kunskapsbaserad samt till rehabilitering där och när de behöver den. De ska även ha möjlighet att välja och ha inflytande över vem som utför vården samt utformningen av dessa insatser. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka patienters upplevelser av allmänpsykiatrisk vård samt av samarbetet mellan öppenvård, slutenvård och kommun. Denna studie är en deskriptiv tvärsnittsstudie, utförd med kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod. Studien utförs i samarbete med Akademiska Sjukhuset och är en del av ett större kvalitetsförbättrings-projekt. Deltagarna var de patienter som kom i kontakt med den allmänpsykiatrisk akutvården under en sex-veckorsperiod. Datainsamlingsmetoden bestod av en enkät som delades ut till patienterna vid hemgång från olika enheter. Enkäten utformades av projektets huvudansvariga i samarbete med avdelningschefer, verksamhetschef samt författarna. Resultatet visar att den psykiatriska vården kan förbättras i alla de områden som denna studie har belyst där; bemötande, information, delaktighet och personalens tillgänglighet ingår. Det inte bara förbättringar mellan patienter och vårdpersonalen som behöver göras, utan även förbättringar mellan och inom olika yrkeskategorier i den psykiatriska vården.</p>

<p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Att undersöka hur kvinnor med diabetes typ-1 upplever informationen före och i samband med graviditet samt omvårdnaden i samband med graviditet. <strong>Metod:</strong> Semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju kvinnor genomfördes och innehållet analyserades med tematisk analysmetod för att få fram kategorier och subkategorier. <strong>Resultat:</strong> Majoriteten av kvinnorna fick information gällande graviditet i samband med behandlingen av sin diabetessjukdom av hälsovården innan de blev gravida. Många av kvinnorna upplevde att fokus under graviditeten låg på blodsockerkontrollerna och att barnmorskorna på specialistmödravården fokuserade på diabetessjukdomen och glömde mödravården. Informationen på specialistmödravården upplevdes som bristande eller saknades helt och kvinnorna valde att söka information själva. Omvårdnaden och mottagandet var bra på specialistmödravården fastän det framkom att väntetiderna ibland var långa och att personalen var ostrukturerad. <strong>Slutsats:</strong> De flesta kvinnorna upplever att informationen på specialistmödravården är bristande eller att den kommer för sent, medan de upplever att omvårdnaden i de flesta fall är bra. Vi anser att det finns utrymme för förbättringar genom att exempelvis utforma en broschyr med information gällande graviditet i samband med diabetes typ-1. Vi tycker att det är viktigt att vårdpersonalen förklarar för kvinnorna hur de kan minimera riskerna och poängtera att många kvinnor med diabetes typ-1 idag får friska barn.</p> / <p><strong>Aim:</strong> To investigate how women with diabetes type-1 experienced information before and during pregnancy and nursing care during pregnancy. <strong>Method:</strong> Semi-structured interviews with seven women were carried out and the content was analyzed with a thematic analysis to generate categories and subcategories. <strong>Result:</strong> The majority of the women received information about pregnancy associated with diabetes type-1 in health care before they became pregnant. Many women felt that the focus during pregnancy was on blood sugar control and that the focused on diabetes and forgot about maternity care. The information received was seen as inadequate or missing entirely, and the women chose to seek information themselves. The care was good although it appeared that the waiting times were long and the staff was unstructured. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Most women feel that the information is inadequate or that it comes too late, while they experience that the care in most cases is good. We believe that there is room for improvement, for example by designing a brochure with information regarding pregnancy associated with diabetes type-1. We think it is important that health professionals explain to women how they can minimize risks and point out that many women with diabetes type-1 have healthy children.</p>

<p><em>Background: </em>An increasing number of operations on children are performed as day surgery and this experience of health care may affect future hospital stays.<em> </em>The aim of this qualitative study was to describe children´s experiences in connection with day surgery.<em> Method:</em> Ten children aged six to fifteen who had gone through general anesthesia at examinations or surgery were interviewed and the content was analyzed by systematic text condensation. <em>Result: </em>The core category <em>“From uncertainty to relief with newly </em><em>acquired</em><em> experience”</em> could summarize the result of this interview study.<em> </em>In the category <em>“Uncertainty creates </em><em>insecurity</em><em>” </em>all children expressed varying levels of anxiety for the anesthesia. The main causes for the worry were insufficient information or lacking experience from similar health care situation. <em>"The concrete experience different from the qualm”</em> describes that the discomfort the children expressed were different or slighter than expected. The anesthetization was easy and quick while the awakening was described as more unpleasant. In the category <em>“Good nursing care creates security and trust”</em> the children appreciated the staff and their way of informing and giving care<em>. </em>Many expressed an ease that the procedure had passed and would experience less anxiety before a possible future anesthesia;<em> “Relieved and strengthened through experience”. Conclusion: </em>The interviewed children had surprisingly little knowledge in advance of what would happen during the day and not to mention the procedure of anesthesia. Unpleasant experiences were described even during moments where it was not expected. To reduce the anxiety and discomfort the information in connection with day surgery needs to be substantially improved in this age group<em>. </em></p> / <p><em>Bakgrund: </em>Allt fler operationer på barn utförs polikliniskt och denna erfarenhet av sjukhusvård kan påverka upplevelsen vid framtida vårdtillfällen. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att beskriva barns upplevelser i samband med dagkirurgi.<em> Metod</em>: Tio barn sex till femton år som genomgått sövning i samband med undersökning eller operation intervjuades och innehållet analyserades med systematisk textkondensering. <em>Resultat: </em>Temat <em>”Från ovisshet till lättnad med nyvunnen erfarenhet” </em>kan sammanfatta resultatet av intervjustudien. I kategorin <em>”Ovisshet skapar otrygghet” </em>uttrycktes oro i varierande grad inför sövningen vilken främst orsakades av otillräcklig information eller saknad erfarenhet av liknande sjukvårdssituation. <em>”Den konkreta upplevelsen annorlunda än farhågan” </em>beskriver att obehagen barnen berättade om var annorlunda eller lindrigare än förväntat. Nedsövningen gick lätt och snabbt medan uppvaknandet beskrevs som mera obehagligt. Under kategorin <em>”God omvårdnad skapar trygghet och tillit”</em> gav barnen positiva omdömen om personalen och deras sätt att informera och ge omvårdnad. Många uttryckte en lättnad över att ingreppet var genomfört och uppgav att de skulle känna mindre oro inför en möjlig framtida sövning; <em>”Lättade och stärkta av erfarenheten”.</em> <em>Slutsats: </em>De intervjuade barnen hade överraskande lite kunskap i förväg om vad som skulle hända under dagen och inte minst narkosproceduren. Obehag upplevdes även under moment där det ej förväntades. För att minska oro och obehag behöver informationen i samband dagkirurgi förbättras avsevärt till denna åldersgrupp.</p>

<p><strong><p>Abstract</p><p><strong>Aim:</strong> The purpose of this study was to gain a deeper knowledge of how nurse anesthetists feel about their own profession. It was hoped that by gaining a deeper understanding of how the nurse anesthetist is experiencing its own profession, it will create better conditions for development and evolution of the nurse anesthesia profession and skills. <strong>Method:</strong> for the study a qualitative approach was used in which ten anesthesia nurses were interviewed, aged 27-55 years, four men and six women participated in the study. The interviews were processed and analyzed based on qualitative content analysis. As a theoretical framework Patricia Benner seven skill domains was used. <strong>Result:</strong> the analysis resulted in six themes: <em>1. Difficult working conditions which are handled by its own systematic controls. 2. The meaning of being a professional nurse anesthetist. 3. Satisfaction for professionals, has a good relationship with the patient, family, team and develop their professional role. 4. Poor health professionals, has its own misjudgements and situations are not self-control. 5. Prerequisites for a good teamwork, clear communication, trust with their colleagues and to be responsive within the team. 6. A characteristic of the lack of team co-operation is lack of communication and trust, and to feel redundant in the professional role. </em>The category <em>less important</em> remained at the category level. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> the results show that despite the anesthesia nursing regarded as an independent professional, anesthesia nurses were very dependent on the team around them. The conclusion is that much emphasis is placed on being able to work independently and to have good medical knowledge in the field, but it is also important to be able to cooperate and respected by other team members.</p></strong></p> / <p><strong><p>Sammanfattning</p><strong><p>Syfte:</p></strong>studiens syfte var att få en djupare kunskap om hur anestesisjuksköterskan upplever sin egen profession. Förhoppningen var att genom att få en djupare kunskap om hur anestesisjuksköterskan upplever sitt arbete skapa bättre förutsättningar för utveckling och vidareutveckling av anestesisjuksköterskans yrkesroll och kompetens. <strong>Metod:</strong> för studien användes en kvalitativ metod där tio anestesisjuksköterskor intervjuades i åldrarna 27-55 år, fyra män och sex kvinnor deltog i studien. Intervjuerna bearbetades och analyserades utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Som teoretisk referensram används Patricia Benners sju kompetensdomäner. <strong>Resultat</strong>: resultatet utmynnade i sex teman, <em>1. Svåra arbetsförhållanden hanteras med eget systematiskt kontrollsystem. 2. <strong></strong>3. Tillfredställande för professionen är god relation till patient, anhörig, teamet och att utveckla sin yrkesroll. 4. Otillfredsställande för professionen är egna missbedömningar och situationer man inte själv kan råda över.<strong> </strong>5<strong>. </strong>Förutsättningar för ett bra teamarbete är tydlig kommunikation, att känna tillit till sina kollegor och vara lyhörd inom teamet. 6. Utmärkande för bristande teamsamarbete är bristande kommunikation och tillit, samt att känna sig överflödig i yrkesrollen. Kategorin mindre betydelsefullt stannade på kategori nivå.</em> <strong>Slutsats:</strong> resultatet visar att trots att anestesisjuksköterskeyrket betraktas som ett självständigt yrke, var anestesisjuksköterskorna mycket beroende av teamet runt omkring dem. Slutsatsen är att stor vikt läggs på att kunna arbeta självständigt och att ha goda medicinska kunskaper inom området, men det är även betydelsefullt att kunna samarbeta och respekteras av övriga team medlemmar. </strong></p>

Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Little is known about the college adjustment of first-generation students, particularly those from various racial/ethnic groups. This study sought to describe the college adjustment of first-generation students from three different racial/ethnic backgrounds (White/non-Hispanic, Black and Hispanic) and to determine whether generational status and race/ethnicity jointly or separately affect college adjustment as measured by responses to the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ). A sample of 418 students (208 first-generation, 210 non-first-generation; 140 White, 138 Black, and 140 Hispanic) was drawn from a population of 4,718 degree-seeking, self-identified undergraduates at a research university in the Southeast. A 2 X 3 factorial ANOVA was used to assess the effects of generational status and race/ethnicity on college adjustment. There was no significant interaction between the independent variables on adjustment to college, nor were there significant main effects. Despite follow-up data collection efforts, a low response rate (34%) to the online administration of the instrument and consequent low number of respondents in each cell may have obscured existing differences. Other implications are discussed, including the question of SACQ sensitivity to racial/ethnic differences and difficulties of web-based survey administration in an institutional setting.

This phenomenological study was conducted in order to understand the everyday experiences of contemporary mystics in the Jewish traditions of Kabbalah. This author could find no available information about psychological research of this topic in psychological, educational or psychiatric databases. She used the applied phenomenological methodology of Howard Pollio and the Research Groups at the University of Tennessee. Interviews were conducted by this author with eight volunteer, living, adult participants who lived throughout the United States and ranged in age from 37 to 60+ years. These mystics were found through various means after they had described themselves, by their own definitions, as mystics in the Jewish traditions(s) of Kabbalah. There were six men and two women who participated; four were Jewish and four were not. The interviews ranged from one to three hours in length, were recorded, and later transcribed for confidential analyses. After analyzing the results, the Ground of the participants’ experience was determined to be Being Aware. The Thematic Structure of the participants’ everyday experiences of living with their mystical events and processes contained six themes: 1) Divine/Sacred, 2) Receiving/Calling/Gift, 3) Knowing/Realizing, 4) Practices/Body, 5)Developing/Stages, and 6) Struggling: Self/Others/World. Implications for this study suggest that the everyday experiences of these mystical participants are different in many ways from everyday experiences of non-mystics. There is some support for the ideas of spiritual intelligence, spiritual giftedness, consciousness advancement. Appreciating intuition, higher emotional states, and the deeper, yet usually hidden parts of human experience, along with learning to identify and support young people who are having mystical experiences is a worthwhile goal for psychologists.