Este estudo teve como meta propor uma metodologia que permitisse avaliar, quantitativamente, os impactos de barreiras não-tarifárias (BNTs), em especial as técnicas e sanitárias, sobre os volumes e preços das vendas externas de carne bovina brasileira. O período de análise compreendeu desde o mês de janeiro de 1992 a dezembro de 2000, tendo-se considerado dois mercados especificamente: o dos cortes especiais de traseiro e dianteiro destinados à União Européia e o do corned beef para os EUA. Os dados básicos utilizados foram cedidos pela Associação Brasileira de Indústrias Exportadoras de Carnes Industrializadas (ABIEC). A hipótese deste trabalho foi a de que as questões técnicas/sanitárias interferem nas vendas externas de carnes bovinas do Brasil. Essa interferência dá-se sobre os volumes transacionados, os preços de negociação ou sobre ambos. Para a consecução do objetivo exposto foi, inicialmente, realizado um levantamento dos métodos já utilizados para mensurar efeitos de barreiras comerciais. Não foi encontrado um instrumental específico que atendesse à proposta deste trabalho. Assim, optou-se por construir um modelo reduzido para vendas externas desses produtos. Foram estimadas regressões visando identificar a influência das principais variáveis de oferta e demanda domésticas e da demanda internacional. A partir desses modelos, foi conduzida uma análise do comportamento dos resíduos, para identificação de outliers que pudessem refletir impactos de eventos de natureza sanitária ou de outros com caráter exógeno, não captados pelas variáveis explicativas. Uma vez constatados resíduos anormais, associados a eventos de interesse para este estudo, foram ajustados modelos de intervenção, de forma a permitir obter estimativas desses impactos diretamente sobre as séries de preços e volumes e estabelecer o padrão de influência da intervenção. Para a seleção das variáveis explicativas e dos eventos de interesse elaborou-se uma descrição detalhada sobre o mercado exportador do produto e seus fatores determinantes, domésticos e externos. Além da revisão de literatura, foram aplicados questionários e realizadas entrevistas junto ao setor exportador dessas carnes. Verificou-se que grande parte das variações nos volumes e preços das vendas externas foram explicadas pelas variáveis representativas dos fundamentos do mercado, como taxa de câmbio, preço do boi gordo, renda do Brasil, preços de países concorrentes, entre outras. Foram obtidos coeficientes de determinação elevados tanto para os modelos para cortes especiais quanto para os de corned beef. Para o volume e preços de exportação do corned beef destinado aos EUA também mostraram-se significativos os coeficientes dos preços médios de exportação brasileira desse produto para a UE. A maior parte da variação naqueles preços foi explicada por variáveis da demanda externa. No caso do modelo de intervenção para preços dos cortes especiais, a intervenção em março de 1995 mostrou-se significativa, com efeito de reduzir os preços, durante três meses. Este efeito pode estar relacionado à proibição das importações européias de carne de São Paulo e Minas Gerais naquele período. De modo geral, as intervenções relacionadas a eventos sanitários não se mostraram significativas ou não apresentaram resultados conclusivos. Possivelmente, a utilização de dados regionalizados para Circuitos Pecuários poderia gerar resultados mais claros sobre os impactos desses eventos. / This research aimed to develop a methodology to evaluate quantitatively non-tariff barriers impacts, mainly technical and sanitary, on the quantities and prices of Brazilian beef foreign sales. The analysis was implemented for the period from January/1992 to December/2000, considering two specific markets: European Union market for special beef cuts (chilled or frozen.) and the United States market for corned beef. Export basic data were provided by Associação Brasileira de Indústrias Exportadoras de Carnes Industrializadas (ABIEC). This study’s hypothesis was that technical/sanitary issues influence the Brazilian beef exports. The impact is expected either on transaction volumes, prices or both. In order to reach the objective the methods already employed to measure trade barriers effects were reviewed. No specific instrument to apply to this study proposition was found. Then, a reduced form model was built to explain the products external sales. Regressions were estimated in order to identify the influence of main domestic supply and demand variables as well as international demand factors. The residuals of those models were analyzed to indentify the outliers that could reflect impacts of sanitary and other exogenous events, not measured by the explanatory variables. Since abnormal residuals were found, that could be related to relevant events. Intervention models were adjusted to permit to obtain impact estimates directly on prices and quantities series and stablish the intervention influence pattern. A detailed description on beef export market and its determinants, both internal and external was presented. Besides the literature review, questionnaires were applied to beef exporting industries. Results show that a great part of external sales volume and price variations were due to market fundamental variables, like exchange rate, cattle price, Brazil income, prices of competitive countries and others. High determination coefficients were observed both for special cuts and corned beef models. Coefficients for average prices of Brazilian corned beef exports to European Union were significant to explain prices and volumes of corned beef exports to USA. Most of those prices variations were due to external demand variables. In the intervention model analysis for special cuts, the 1995 March point was significant, indicating a reduction effect on those product prices, for three months. This effect can be related to the embargo of European imports to the São Paulo and Minas Gerais States beef exports, during that period. In general, interventions results related to sanitary events were not significant or conclusive. Possibly, data regionalization for Cattle Circuits could generate clear results on those events impacts.

Pour résoudre le problème de déclin de la biodiversité, l'économie de la biodiversité, une branche de l'économie de l'environnement, suggère le recours aux mécanismes marchands. Lors de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur l'Environnement et le Développement (CNUED) de Rio en 1992, notamment durant les négociations de la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique (CDB), cette idéalisation du marché en faveur de la conservation de la biodiversité influe fortement les décisions. Les pays riches en biodiversité, paradoxalement les plus pauvres, vont alors mettre en place des politiques basées sur la conciliation entre marché, développement soutenable et préservation de la biodiversité. Madagascar, un des hotspots en biodiversité, va prioriser dès la ratification de cette Convention, la valorisation de sa biodiversité par les marchés. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'analyser les retombées de ces marchés pour les populations locales et les impacts sur la conservation de la biodiversité. Basé sur l'étude de deux dispositifs marchands, à savoir les contrats de bioprospection et la filière huiles essentielles, ce travail montre que compte-tenu des objectifs de soutenabilité visés, intégrer la question de la redistribution permet de mieux répondre aux attentes des différents acteurs, en particulier celles des acteurs locaux, et de prendre en compte la diversité des enjeux. La première partie est axée sur l'analyse institutionnelle de la bioprospection et de la filière huiles essentielles. La seconde partie analyse les retombées économiques et les impacts de ces deux activités sur la conservation de la biodiversité, et propose l'utilisation d'une approche par les scénarios pour traiter de la question de redistribution.

L'art « touristique » est une forme d'art à but commercial distribué dans le pays hôte pour la consommation des touristes et représentant des images stéréotypées du pays visité et de sa nation.<br />Ce qu'on appelle les arts « touristiques » africains diffèrent des arts touristiques occidentaux en trois points. Tout d'abord il s'agit essentiellement d'une production locale, souvent réalisée par des petites structures de production comme l'atelier. De ce fait le producteur d'objets « touristiques » africain a souvent la possibilité de rencontrer directement l'acheteur étranger et, il peut alors l'interroger pour tenter d'identifier ses goûts et ses envies. Par cet échange symbolique esthétique, l'acheteur étranger participe à l'introduction de nouveaux matériaux, formes et techniques dans la création d'objets. Deuxièmement, les objets issus de cet échange sont hybrides car influencés par les goûts des étrangers qui sont, et c'est là la dernière particularité, dans leur grande majorité des Occidentaux.<br />Mais, ces consommateurs occidentaux que les spécialistes du sujet ont trop facilement jugés comme étant des « touristes » ne sont pourtant pas uniquement des voyageurs de passage mais aussi des expatriés et des consommateurs en Occident. De ce fait les arts « touristiques » africains ne peuvent être exclusivement abordés comme un révélateur des goûts des touristes pouvant intéresser certaines problématiques révélées par la sociologie du tourisme mais doivent plutôt être appréhendés comme un révélateur des rapports entre l'Occident et le reste du monde.

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T19:00:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003 / This job intends to identify and study the main technical, administrative and bureaucratic hindrances that challenge the Manaus Free Zone consolidation as an Industrial Exportation Pole. Such study has been based on technical bibliography, federal legislation and field research. The hypothesis states that administrative, technical and bureaucratic hindrances exist and that they are really challenging, making difficult the consolidation of the industrial park located in the Free Zone, in Manaus. Thus, this hypothesis allows a tactful study on the challenges, which are to be faced by the current and potential exporters. / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de identificar e estudar os principais entraves técnicos, administrativos e burocráticos que desafiam a solidificação da Zona Franca de Manaus como Pólo Industrial Exportador. O levantamento da bibliografia técnica, legislação federal e a pesquisa de campo realizada constituem-se na sustentação do estudo. A hipótese de que existem entraves administrativos, técnicos e burocráticos que se estabelecem como os principais desafios que dificultam a consolidação do Distrito Industrial instalado na Zona Franca de Manaus permite buscar o mapeamento desses desafios a serem enfrentados pelos atuais e potenciais exportadores.

Este estudo teve como meta propor uma metodologia que permitisse avaliar, quantitativamente, os impactos de barreiras não-tarifárias (BNTs), em especial as técnicas e sanitárias, sobre os volumes e preços das vendas externas de carne bovina brasileira. O período de análise compreendeu desde o mês de janeiro de 1992 a dezembro de 2000, tendo-se considerado dois mercados especificamente: o dos cortes especiais de traseiro e dianteiro destinados à União Européia e o do corned beef para os EUA. Os dados básicos utilizados foram cedidos pela Associação Brasileira de Indústrias Exportadoras de Carnes Industrializadas (ABIEC). A hipótese deste trabalho foi a de que as questões técnicas/sanitárias interferem nas vendas externas de carnes bovinas do Brasil. Essa interferência dá-se sobre os volumes transacionados, os preços de negociação ou sobre ambos. Para a consecução do objetivo exposto foi, inicialmente, realizado um levantamento dos métodos já utilizados para mensurar efeitos de barreiras comerciais. Não foi encontrado um instrumental específico que atendesse à proposta deste trabalho. Assim, optou-se por construir um modelo reduzido para vendas externas desses produtos. Foram estimadas regressões visando identificar a influência das principais variáveis de oferta e demanda domésticas e da demanda internacional. A partir desses modelos, foi conduzida uma análise do comportamento dos resíduos, para identificação de outliers que pudessem refletir impactos de eventos de natureza sanitária ou de outros com caráter exógeno, não captados pelas variáveis explicativas. Uma vez constatados resíduos anormais, associados a eventos de interesse para este estudo, foram ajustados modelos de intervenção, de forma a permitir obter estimativas desses impactos diretamente sobre as séries de preços e volumes e estabelecer o padrão de influência da intervenção. Para a seleção das variáveis explicativas e dos eventos de interesse elaborou-se uma descrição detalhada sobre o mercado exportador do produto e seus fatores determinantes, domésticos e externos. Além da revisão de literatura, foram aplicados questionários e realizadas entrevistas junto ao setor exportador dessas carnes. Verificou-se que grande parte das variações nos volumes e preços das vendas externas foram explicadas pelas variáveis representativas dos fundamentos do mercado, como taxa de câmbio, preço do boi gordo, renda do Brasil, preços de países concorrentes, entre outras. Foram obtidos coeficientes de determinação elevados tanto para os modelos para cortes especiais quanto para os de corned beef. Para o volume e preços de exportação do corned beef destinado aos EUA também mostraram-se significativos os coeficientes dos preços médios de exportação brasileira desse produto para a UE. A maior parte da variação naqueles preços foi explicada por variáveis da demanda externa. No caso do modelo de intervenção para preços dos cortes especiais, a intervenção em março de 1995 mostrou-se significativa, com efeito de reduzir os preços, durante três meses. Este efeito pode estar relacionado à proibição das importações européias de carne de São Paulo e Minas Gerais naquele período. De modo geral, as intervenções relacionadas a eventos sanitários não se mostraram significativas ou não apresentaram resultados conclusivos. Possivelmente, a utilização de dados regionalizados para Circuitos Pecuários poderia gerar resultados mais claros sobre os impactos desses eventos. / This research aimed to develop a methodology to evaluate quantitatively non-tariff barriers impacts, mainly technical and sanitary, on the quantities and prices of Brazilian beef foreign sales. The analysis was implemented for the period from January/1992 to December/2000, considering two specific markets: European Union market for special beef cuts (chilled or frozen.) and the United States market for corned beef. Export basic data were provided by Associação Brasileira de Indústrias Exportadoras de Carnes Industrializadas (ABIEC). This study’s hypothesis was that technical/sanitary issues influence the Brazilian beef exports. The impact is expected either on transaction volumes, prices or both. In order to reach the objective the methods already employed to measure trade barriers effects were reviewed. No specific instrument to apply to this study proposition was found. Then, a reduced form model was built to explain the products external sales. Regressions were estimated in order to identify the influence of main domestic supply and demand variables as well as international demand factors. The residuals of those models were analyzed to indentify the outliers that could reflect impacts of sanitary and other exogenous events, not measured by the explanatory variables. Since abnormal residuals were found, that could be related to relevant events. Intervention models were adjusted to permit to obtain impact estimates directly on prices and quantities series and stablish the intervention influence pattern. A detailed description on beef export market and its determinants, both internal and external was presented. Besides the literature review, questionnaires were applied to beef exporting industries. Results show that a great part of external sales volume and price variations were due to market fundamental variables, like exchange rate, cattle price, Brazil income, prices of competitive countries and others. High determination coefficients were observed both for special cuts and corned beef models. Coefficients for average prices of Brazilian corned beef exports to European Union were significant to explain prices and volumes of corned beef exports to USA. Most of those prices variations were due to external demand variables. In the intervention model analysis for special cuts, the 1995 March point was significant, indicating a reduction effect on those product prices, for three months. This effect can be related to the embargo of European imports to the São Paulo and Minas Gerais States beef exports, during that period. In general, interventions results related to sanitary events were not significant or conclusive. Possibly, data regionalization for Cattle Circuits could generate clear results on those events impacts.

Les droits administratifs français et espagnol sont traditionnellement présentés comme des idéaux-types opposés dans leur rapport aux droits administratifs étrangers. Comme exportateur, le droit administratif français considère ses homologues étrangers comme un réceptacle de son influence ; comme importateur, le droit administratif espagnol les envisage comme source de son enrichissement. Si une telle présentation repose sur des raisons temporelles et culturelles qui ont fait du droit administratif français un modèle et du droit administratif espagnol un imitateur, et s’illustre par de nombreuses manifestations, elle se révèle être partiellement inexacte. Historiquement, elle est trop réductrice en envisageant l’exclusivité de ces deux postures. Elle est ensuite dépassée aujourd’hui, à l’heure de la globalisation, puisque les solutions juridiques circulent sans que l’on identifie clairement des exportateurs ou des importateurs. Cette recherche invite alors à poser un regard différent sur ces présupposés qui considèrent le droit administratif français comme un exportateur et le droit administratif espagnol comme un importateur. / French and Spanish Administrative Laws are, traditionally, presented as two opposed “ideal-types”. Indeed, their relations to foreign Administrative Laws and their way to think these relations are deeply different. While French Administrative Law is viewed as understanding its foreign equivalents as recipients of its own influence, Spanish Administrative Law is seen as using them as a way to enrich its own representations. A such picture is induced by temporal and cultural reasons that make French administrative law a model for other administrative laws and Spanish one an imitator. This observation has many manifestations but is partially inaccurate . Historically, these two positions are too reductive. Moreover, nowadays, in a time of globalization a such affirmation is outdated. The increase of interactions between legal systems makes difficult to identify which concept is derived from which legal system. Hence, the purpose of this study is to view in a critical way the assumptions that make French administrative law an exporter and Spanish administrative law an importer.

[pt] Os benefícios econômicos e sociais da exportação – para as próprias empresas e os países – têm sido amplamente abordados na literatura. Contudo, apesar da redução nas barreiras à exportação e do consequente aumento do fluxo internacional de comércio, muitas pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) não conseguem vender seus produtos no exterior, muitas vezes por falta de recursos ou de conhecimentos necessários para realizar com sucesso as atividades de exportação. Nesse contexto, os programas oficiais de promoção à exportação visam a auxiliar as PMEs em seus esforços de competir no exterior. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo é examinar um programa específico de promoção à exportação – o Programa PEIEX da Apex-Brasil – e verificar, sob os pontos de vista das empresas, da agência promotora do programa e de uma relevante entidade de representação empresarial, quais os benefícios atingidos e quais os problemas do programa que ainda precisam ser corrigidos. Os resultados das entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com diferentes públicos (cinco empresas atendidas por aproximadamente dois anos pelo programa, uma empresa recématendida e uma empresa que, embora convidada, optou por não aderir ao programa; dois gestores da agência promotora do programa, dois técnicos extensionistas responsáveis pelo atendimento às empresas; e um representante da entidade de representação empresarial) denotam respostas convergentes entre os diversos públicos e a literatura no tocante aos benefícios (potenciais e reais) deste tipo de programa. Apesar da satisfação com o programa – manifestada tanto pelas empresas-alvo quanto pela agência promotora do mesmo – algumas deficiências foram identificadas, as quais deverão merecer atenção por parte dos atores envolvidos. O estudo indica que os resultados do programa parecem ser impactados pela adequada seleção do perfil das empresas participantes, pelo alinhamento de suas expectativas quanto ao escopo do programa e pelo sequenciamento com outros programas de promoção à exportação ou de capacitação das empresas. O estudo propõe futuras melhorias na concepção e implementação do programa, além de adaptação às necessidades das empresas, bem como sugere algumas implicações para a modelagem conceitual em futuras pesquisas sobre os impactos de programas de promoção à exportação. / [en] The economic and social benefits of exports – both for firms and countries – have been widely discussed in the literature. However, despite the reduction in export barriers and the consequent increase in the international trade flow, many small and medium enterprises (SMEs) still do not sell their products abroad, oftentimes because of lack of resources or expertise to successfully carry out export activities. In this context, official export promotion programs seek to assist SMEs in their efforts to compete abroad. The objective of this study is to examine a specific export promotion program – the PEIEX Program of Apex-Brazil – and identify benefits achieved and deficiencies of the program that still need to be corrected, based on the views of the firms, the agency responsible for program and a relevant enterprise s representation entity. Semi-structured interviews conducted with different stakeholders (five firms enrolled in the program for approximately two years, one firm recently enrolled and another firm that chose to decline the invitation to join the program; two agency managers and two agency field workers responsible for firms training and support; and an enterprise representation entity) indicate convergent answers, between the various stakeholders and the literature, regarding the benefits (potential and real) of this type of program. Despite the satisfaction with the program – expressed both by the target companies as by the agency – some deficiencies were identified, which should be observed by the actors involved. The study indicates that results of the program seem to be impacted by the proper selection of the profile of participating firms, the alignment of firm s expectations with program scope and the sequential arrangement with other export promotion programs or competitiveness development programs. The study proposes future improvements in the design and implementation of the program as well as adherence to the needs of the companies. It also suggests some implications for conceptual modeling in future studies about the impacts of export promotion programs.

L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à déterminer si le Traité sur le commerce des armes (TCA) est effectif en ce qui concerne les dispositions relatives au transfert (art. 6) et à l’exportation (art. 7) dans leurs applications aux ventes d’armes à l’Arabie saoudite. Cette effectivité est appréciée en mesurant l’applicabilité du TCA dans les ordres juridiques des principaux fournisseurs d’armes à l’Arabie saoudite, à savoir, la Belgique, le Canada, la France et le Royaume-Uni. L’applicabilité du TCA comprend deux volets : l’examen de la justiciabilité du TCA, à savoir, comment le juge national lui donne-t-il concrètement effet; et l’examen de son opposabilité, à savoir, comment déterminer si les individus peuvent se prévaloir de ses dispositions devant un juge national. Notre thèse vise à démontrer que le TCA en ce qui concerne les obligations relatives au transfert (art. 6) et à l’exportation (art. 7) n’est effectif que partiellement. Cette ineffectivité s’explique par le fait qu’il ne soit pas applicable dans les ordres juridiques des principaux fournisseurs d’armes à l’Arabie saoudite, notamment, ceux de Belgique et de France. Dans l’ensemble, la situation ne tend pas à s’améliorer vu l’inefficacité même du TCA et les multiples obstacles placés par les autorités administratives. Cela n’empêche cependant pas le déclenchement d’un processus de renforcement de cette effectivité portant principalement sur la suppression des obstacles artificiels placés sur la voie de son applicabilité. Ainsi, l’applicabilité directe du TCA, dans les ordres juridiques belge et français, ne doit pas être interprétée de façon à ce qu’elle l’empêche de déployer pleinement ses effets en droit interne. Le renforcement peut également se faire, dans les ordres juridiques britannique et canadien, par une incorporation intégrale des dispositions de ce traité en droit interne et par une attitude des juges qui soit favorable à l’utilisation de celui. / The objective of this thesis is to determine whether the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) is effective with respect to the transfer (Art. 6) and export (Art. 7) provisions as they apply to arms sales to Saudi Arabia. This effectiveness is assessed by measuring the applicability of the ATT in the legal orders of the main arms suppliers to Saudi Arabia, namely Belgium, Canada, France and the United Kingdom. The applicability of the ATT is twofold: the examination of its justiciability, namely, how does the national judge give practical effect to it; and the examination of its enforceability, namely, how to determine whether individuals can rely on its provisions before a national judge. Our thesis aims to demonstrate that the ATT with regard to the obligations on transfer (Art. 6) and export (Art. 7) is only partially effective. This ineffectiveness is explained by the fact that it is not applicable in the legal orders of the main arms suppliers to Saudi Arabia, namely those of Belgium and France. Overall, the situation does not tend to improve given the very ineffectiveness of the ATT and the multiple obstacles placed by the administrative authorities. This does not, however, prevent the initiation of a process of reinforcing its effectiveness, mainly by removing the artificial obstacles placed in the way of its applicability. Thus, the direct applicability of the ATT in the Belgian and French legal orders must not be interpreted in such a way as to prevent it from having full effect in domestic law. In the British and Canadian legal orders, reinforcement can also be achieved by a full incorporation of the provisions of this treaty into domestic law and by an attitude of the judges that is favorable to the use of the treaty.

L’eau a longtemps été considérée comme une ressource commune non susceptible d’appropriation et accessible à tous. De nos jours, toutefois, face à l’inégale répartition de l’eau sur la planète, à l’augmentation constante de la population et à la multiplication des usages qui entraînent la surexploitation et la pollution des ressources hydriques, l’eau prend une valeur nouvelle. L’eau devient de plus en plus un enjeu stratégique, politique et commercial. En conséquence, la redéfinition du statut juridique de l’eau devient un objet de débat important. Ce débat est avant tout un débat rhétorique et une « bataille » idéologique entre des groupes qui soutiennent différentes approches et qui cherchent à obtenir le monopole de la nouvelle réalité et créer ainsi le nouveau droit. Deux grandes approches s’affrontent pour redéfinir la ressource. La première, celle qui envisage l’eau comme un bien économique, soutient que pour éviter les problèmes de gaspillage et de pollution, l’eau doit être soumise aux lois de l’offre et de la demande. La deuxième, celle qui considère l’eau comme une chose commune, non appropriable et hors commerce, soutient que la valeur d’une ressource aussi vitale que l’eau ne peut être établie par les lois du marché puisque cette alternative ne permet pas d’assurer l’accès à l’eau aux plus démunis de la société. Cette approche prône également la reconnaissance d’un droit humain à l’eau. Notre thèse tente de déterminer comment s’effectue le choix du statut juridique de l’eau, et ce, tant au Québec qu’au Mexique. Notre question de recherche est traitée selon une perspective constructiviste en vertu de laquelle le statut juridique de l’eau serait une réalité « construite » et le nouveau droit serait le résultat des luttes, des oppositions et des compromis entre les acteurs sociaux impliqués. Notre terrain d’étude est le Québec et le Mexique. En effet, ce sont des territoires intégrés économiquement par le biais de l’ALENA où l’on observe des variations importantes en termes de ressources, de prélèvements et de consommation. Au Québec, nous analysons le débat qui a eu lieu lors de la Consultation sur la gestion de l’eau au Québec (1999), notamment les discours concernant le statut de l’eau, la gestion publique/privée des services d’eau et l’exportation en vrac de la ressource. Au Mexique, nous analysons les représentations des acteurs sociaux à l’occasion de l’adoption de la Loi des eaux nationales de 1992, notamment les questions qui comportent un lien étroit avec la symbolique de l’eau. Or, nous avons remarqué que le résultat de ces constructions sociales au sein de ces territoires est complètement différent. Au Québec, on a confirmé le statut de l’eau en tant que chose commune, tandis qu’au Mexique, c’est plutôt la symbolique de l’eau en tant que bien économique qui a été adoptée dans la nouvelle législation portant sur l’eau. / Water has been considered for a long time as a common good not susceptible to appropriation and accessible to all. Nowadays, however, in front of the uneven distribution of water on the planet, the constant increase of the population and the increase of water uses which pulls the overexploitation and the pollution of water resources, water takes a new value. Indeed, it becomes more and more a strategic, political and commercial issue. Consequently, the redefining of legal status of water becomes an important object of debate. This is above all a rhetoric debate and an ideological "battle" between groups who support different approaches. Indeed, these ideologies are the fruit of different speeches conceived by social actors who have contrary interests and ideologies and that aim at having the monopoly of the new reality and creating the new law. There are two important approaches which are in confrontation. The first one, conceive water as an economic good, and considers that to avoid problems of wasting and pollution, water must be subjected to the laws of supply and demand. The second conceive water as a common good and supports that the value of a resource so vital as water cannot be established by the laws of the market, because this alternative does not allow to assure access to water to the most deprived of the society. This approach advocates the recognition of water as a human right. Our thesis aims at finding how the choice of the legal status of water is made in Quebec and in Mexico. This question will be treated according to a constructivist perspective according to which the legal status of water would be a "constructed" reality and, thus, the new law would be the result of fights, oppositions and also, compromises between the involved social actors. Our analysis covers Quebec and Mexico. In fact, those are territories economically integrated by NAFTA where we observe important variations in terms of resources, uses and consumption of water. In Quebec, we analyze the representations of different actors during the Consultation on Water Management held in 1999, and more particularly the speeches concerning the status of water, the privatization of water services and the bulk water exports. In Mexico, we analyze the representations of social actors surrounding the adoption of the National Water Law of 1992, and more particularly the questions concerning the symbolism of water. Now, we found that the result of these constructions within these territories is completely different. In Quebec, the status of water as a common good has been confirmed, whereas in Mexico, it is rather the symbolism of water as an economic good which was adopted in the new Mexican legislation. / El agua ha sido considerada por mucho tiempo como un bien común inapropiable y de libre acceso. No obstante, frente al aumento constante de la población, a la multiplicación de los diversos usos que provocan la sobreexplotación y a la contaminación de los recursos hídricos, el agua retoma un valor nuevo. Ésta es considerada cada vez más como un recurso estratégico, político y comercial. El tema de la redefinición del estatus jurídico del agua o su calificación jurídica es cada vez más importante en los debates que conciernen al manejo del agua. Al respecto, hay dos grandes enfoques que se enfrentan: el primero considera el agua como un bien económico y sostiene que para evitar los problemas de despilfarro y de contaminación, el agua debe estar sometida a las leyes de la oferta y la demanda. El segundo considera el agua como un bien común, inapropiable y fuera de comercio, este enfoque sostiene que el valor de un recurso tan vital como el agua, no puede ser establecido por las leyes del mercado ya que esta alternativa no permite asegurar el acceso al agua a los menos favorecidos de la sociedad. Este enfoque también preconiza el reconocimiento de un derecho humano al agua. Nuestra tesis pretende identificar cómo se efectúa la elección del estatus jurídico del agua, tanto en Québec como en México. Nuestra investigación tomara una perspectiva constructivista en virtud de la cual consideramos que la calificación jurídica del agua es una realidad "construida". El nuevo derecho corresponderá a las luchas, oposiciones y compromisos entre los actores sociales implicados. Tomamos como campo de investigación Québec (Canada) y México, territorios integrados económicamente por el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) donde se observa variaciones importantes en términos de recursos, de usos y de consumos. En Quebec, analizamos las representaciones de los actores sociales que participaron a la consulta pública sobre la gestión del agua que tuvo lugar en (1999), más particularmente los discursos que hacen referencia a la calificación jurídica del agua, al manejo público o privado de los servicios de agua y a la exportación del recurso a grande escala. En México, analizamos los discursos de los actores sociales que hubieran podido tener alguna incidencia en el contenido de la Ley de aguas nacionales de 1992. Observaremos que el resultado de estas construcciones sociales, al interior de estos Estados es completamente diferente: en Québec, se confirmará que el agua es un bien común, mientras que en México la Ley de aguas nacionales hace de ella un bien económico.

Au cours de cette étude, nous avons cherché à déterminer l’implication de Washington dans la sécurité de l’Indonésie. Nous nous sommes demandé comment les États-Unis pouvaient revenir dans le jeu politico-sécuritaire indonésien par le biais d’une cause devenue commune, la sécurité maritime. Après avoir examiné l’historique de la relation de l’Indonésie avec l’élément maritime et l’émergence de menaces liées au domaine maritime, nous avons conclu que la sécurisation du domaine maritime apparaît alors comme un leitmotiv sécuritaire commun pour Washington et Jakarta. Confrontée aux errements de la coopération régionale et aux difficultés relatives à sa géographie et à son déficit capacitaire, la sécurisation du domaine maritime indonésien passe donc par l’implication d’un acteur extérieur. En réussissant à convaincre leurs homologues de Jakarta de la nécessité de sécuriser le domaine maritime, les hommes et femmes du Ministère de la Défense, du Département d’État et des administrations américaines ont permis à Washington de revenir dans le jeu sécuritaire indonésien par le biais d’une coopération devenue essentielle pour les deux partenaires. / In this study, we tried to determine the exact level of involvement of Washington in Indonesia’s security. We wondered how United States could go back in Indonesian political and security games through a common cause, maritime security.. After considering indonesian maritime history and the rise of threats to maritime domain, we concluded that the securitisation of maritime realm appears as a security leitmotiv for both Washington and Jakarta. Facing with the vagaries of regional cooperation and with difficulties related to the archipelagic geography of the country and the lack of capacity, securising indonesian maritime domain requires the involvement of an external actor. By succeeding in persuading their counterparts in Jakarta of the necessity of securing the maritime domain, men and women of the U.S. Department of Defense, State Department and other agencies have allowed Washington to be back into Indonesia’s security game through an all-out cooperation.