Orientador: Pedro Ramos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T20:44:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_LeonamBueno_M.pdf: 630241 bytes, checksum: e5d3564372dcbf365f3b4642848b7bdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: A presente pesquisa apresenta uma contribuição sobre a questão agrária brasileira no sentido de identificar os limites e obstáculos que se apresentam para a sua resolução, em especial aqueles que se colocam no decorrer do processo de reforma agrária.Nesse sentido, busca-se argumento teórico que permita identificar nexos existentes entre o campo do direito e o da economia, ressaltando-os no âmbito da análise do desenvolvimento da economia brasileira e seus entraves. Assim, também é desenhado um percurso evolutivo das transformações pelas quais passa a propriedade privada da terra no país, principalmente, no seu sentido jurídico estabelecendo-se uma periodização a partir do surgimento dos diferentes institutos jurídicos que ordenam as relações agrárias no Brasil, com destaque para a função social da propriedade da terra.Finalmente, é apresentado o caso concreto do processo de desapropriação para fins de reforma agrária, e são identificados no seu curso, os principais elementos limitadores e obstaculizadores para que se obtenha um ritmo mais acelerado de acesso a terra / Abstract: This research presents a contribution about the brazilian agrarian question in arder to identify the limits and constraints presented for it's resolution, in special those placed in the agrarian reform trajectory.In this direction theoretical argument that allow identifying the nexus between law field and economic field are searched, specially in the scope of the brazilian economic development and its impediments. Thus, also an evolutive trajectory of the transformation passed by land property in the country. Mainly, on it's legal sense, establishing a periodization from the arising of the different legal codes in special the land owning social function, that ordinates the agrarian relations in Brazil.Finally, the concrete case of dispossession process for agrarian reform purpose is presented, and identified in its trajectory the limiting and obstaculating elements for a more accelerated rhythm in land access / Mestrado / Economia Agricola e Agraria / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-08-25T13:04:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Elaine C O F Archanjo.pdf: 2848475 bytes, checksum: dfa280ff139b9fef19dd24d27f73fb28 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-26T19:07:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Elaine C O F Archanjo.pdf: 2848475 bytes, checksum: dfa280ff139b9fef19dd24d27f73fb28 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-26T19:16:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Elaine C O F Archanjo.pdf: 2848475 bytes, checksum: dfa280ff139b9fef19dd24d27f73fb28 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-26T19:16:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Elaine C O F Archanjo.pdf: 2848475 bytes, checksum: dfa280ff139b9fef19dd24d27f73fb28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper aims at the struggle of the Boa Vista Quilombo reminiscence community, located in the Trombetas River, municipality of Oriximiná for their ownership of land, according to the article 68 of ADCT of the 1988 Constitution. It has sought by the social memory, the oral narratives of community inhabitants, to analyze the historical process of the Boa Vista Quilombola community formation for the labors, men and women striving from that location. It also has searched to comprehend how these subjects register historically their experiences and life trajectories on struggle for land evidencing either the enclusure process or the genesis of the quilombola movement of trombetas and their social and political confrontation and finally to analyze the organization around its identity of Quilombo reminiscent. The methodology of the oral History is the theoretical support which it has given sustainment to this study. Boa Vista was the first Quilombo reminiscent community recognized and represented in Brazil and its organizational pattern will be used for other communities. At the end of the study it has established along its history, the Boa Vista community faced clashes which expressed as expropriation, struggles and contestation for right of permanency and uses of the areas, new regulations and rules. From the expropriation actions which was submitted the Quilombola community of Boa Vista, it resulted the subtraction of a large part of the territory historically occupied, losing its work, leisure and memory spaces, besides the survival guarantee by proper ways of each way of life. / Este estudo versa sobre a luta da comunidade remanescente de quilombo Boa Vista, localizado no rio Trombetas, município de Oriximiná, para titulação de suas terras, com base no artigo 68 do ADCT da Constituição de 1988. Buscou-se por meio da memória social, as narrativas orais de moradores da comunidade, analisar o processo histórico de formação da comunidade quilombola de Boa Vista pela luta de trabalhadores, homens e mulheres daquela localidade. Procurou-se compreender como esses sujeitos historicizam suas experiências e trajetórias de vida na luta pela terra, evidenciando o processo de cercamento, bem como a gênese do movimento quilombola do Trombetas e suas estratégias de enfrentamento social e política e por fim analisar a organização entorno de sua identidade de Remanescente de Quilombo. A metodologia da História Oral é o aporte teórico que deu sustentação a este estudo. Boa Vista foi à primeira comunidade remanescente de Quilombo reconhecida e titulada no Brasil e seu modelo de organização será utilizado por outras comunidades. Ao finalizar o estudo constatou-se que, ao longo de sua história, a comunidade de Boa Vista enfrentou conflitos que se manifestaram sob a forma de expropriações, de luta e contestação pelo direito de permanência e usos das áreas, de novas regras e normas. Das ações expropriadoras, a qual foi submetida à comunidade quilombola de Boa Vista, resultou a subtração de grande parte do território historicamente ocupado, perdendo seu espaço de trabalho, lazer e de lembranças, além da garantia de sobrevivência por meios próprios de todo um modo de vida.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:07:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GRACIELA MACULAN.pdf: 1828512 bytes, checksum: b91a39a257736e91daa51b834ad1d43e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-03 / This dissertation analyzes and discusses the differences, disputes and strategies used on the arguments presented at different legal degrees of jurisdiction and courts, specifically the 4th Region Regional Federal Appellate Court in Porto Alegre (TRF-4), the Superior Court of Justice (STJ), the Federal Supreme Court (STF), INCRA National Institute of Agricultural Reform and the Ocoy real state condemnees , arousing from the legal conflict regarding the condemnation money of such real estate that was expropriated in 1971 by INCRA National Institute of Agricultural Reform. In order to understand the reasons that lead to such expropriation and to the legal dispute that arouse from that, this dissertation presents the land situation on the frontier area related to the creation and the connection between the Brazilian land situation, the legal dispute between the Union and the States, specifically, the State of Parana, in control of the land, and later, the broadening of the land conflict since the second half of the 20th Century in the west of the state of Parana. Sources used for this research were bibliographic references: books, thesis, dissertations, newspapers and papers related to the discussion, and documents issued by legal sources on the condemnation money suit of expropriates against the Brazilian Union. The results obtained in this research aim to verify the arguments used on each legal degree of jurisdiction hereinabove mentioned, INCRA National Institute of Agricultural Reform and the media, in determining the categories in which each expropriate belong to and consequently, if they are victims of the legal system conflict entitled to condemnation money, or guilty with no right to be indemnified by the expropriation of the land. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar e discutir divergências, disputas e estratégias estabelecidas nos argumentos entre o Tribunal Regional da Justiça Federal da 4a Região de Porto Alegre (TRF-4), o Supremo Tribunal de Justiça (STJ), o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), o INCRA e os expropriados do imóvel Ocoy, quanto ao conflito judicial sobre a indenização desse imóvel que foi desapropriado em 1971 pelo INCRA. Para se compreender os motivos que levaram a essa desapropriação e ao conflito judicial, será discutida a questão fundiária na faixa de fronteira relatando a sua criação e relação com a estrutura fundiária brasileira, e o conflito judicial entre a União e os Estados membros, no caso específico, o Estado do Paraná, no controle dessas terras, e, posteriormente, a ampliação dos conflitos agrários na metade do século XX no oeste do Paraná. As fontes utilizadas na pesquisa serão as referências bibliográficas: livros, teses, dissertações, jornais e monografias que se referem a essa discussão, e documentais sobre as fontes judiciais do processo de indenização dos expropriados contra a União. Os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa buscam verificar o jogo de argumentações entre as instâncias judiciais citadas, o INCRA e os meios de comunicação, ao determinar em que categorias os expropriados se inserem e, consequentemente, se são vítimas do conflito judicial com direito à indenização, ou culpados e sem direito à indenização pela desapropriação do imóvel rural.

A metrópole de São Paulo revela inúmeros conflitos com diferentes conteúdos permeados por distintas lógicas de ocupação da terra. Um desses conflitos sobre o qual se pretende refletir a partir de uma leitura geográfica envolve a lógica de ocupação capitalista, pautada na mercadoria, no lucro e na acumulação das riquezas, e está fundamentada na propriedade privada capitalista da terra; por outro lado, a lógica de ocupação indígena Guarani está alicerçada no uso e na apropriação comunitária de suas terras baseados em sua cultura, no seu modo de ser/viver (nhandereko) e na sua compreensão cosmológica sobre o mundo. Para revelar esse conflito parte-se da hipótese de que são lógicas de ocupação antagônicas, distintas, que se opõem, não se isolam e se realizam contraditoriamente ao se constituir uma pela forma da outra. Isto porque atualmente a ocupação indígena se faz cada vez mais possível, diante da hegemonia da lógica capitalista, pelas demarcações de Terras Indígenas (TI) ou pela aquisição de terras decorrentes das compensações pelos impactos das grandes obras de infraestrutura que atingem os Guarani. Enquanto que a lógica capitalista se desenvolve por um movimento desigual e contraditório permitindo que existam ocupações com lógicas e conteúdos diferentes que se articulam. Movimento que contempla também seu fundamento, a propriedade privada capitalista, que se constitui historicamente pela utilização de relações não capitalistas como as diferentes formas de apropriação privada das terras, das quais se destaca a tomada das terras dos indígenas, por exemplo. Fica explícito que a propriedade privada capitalista da terra se coloca como barreira à reprodução dos Guarani, em um contexto em que ela possui importância inegável tanto no plano econômico como no plano político. Contudo, ao mesmo tempo os Guarani resistem e lutam para permanecer e retomar suas terras. O caminho proposto para análise das contradições e do contínuo processo de luta pela terra dos Guarani em São Paulo se fará por meio da tríade: expropriação, resistência e retomada. Mostra-se que o processo de expropriação traz inelutavelmente consigo a sua negação, a resistência, que se realiza pelos indígenas enquanto prática e pelas estratégias de continuidade de sua existência (física e espiritual). Na superação dos dois termos (expropriação/resistência) se apresenta a retomada de suas terras, enquanto ação prática e devir, porque guarda um contínuo de ameaça de expropriação de suas terras e ações de resistência indígena. / The metropolis of São Paulo reveals several conflicts with different contents pervaded by different logics of land occupying. One of these conflicts about which a reflection on geographical basis is intented involves a logic of capitalist occupation, based on commodity, profit and wealth accumulation, and has as foundation the capitalist private property of the land; on the other hand, the logic of the Guarani indigenous occupation is sustained by the use and communitary appropriation of their lands based on their culture, their way of living/being (nhandereko) and their cosmological comprehension of the world. In order to reveal this conflict, it is assumed that they are antagonist and distinct logic of occupation, that oppose each other, arent isolated and are contradictorily fulfilled by their constitution on one another. This is due to the fact that, nowadays, the indigenous occupation is increasingly possible, in face of the hegemony of capitalist logic, whether because of indigenous land demarcation or land purchase resulting from impacts of huge infrastructure work that affect the Guarani. Meanwhile, the capitalist logic develops through an unequal and contradictory movement, allowing occupations with different logic and contents, in conjoint articulation. This movement contemplates as well its foundation, the capitalist private property, that is historically constituted by the use of non-capitalist relations as distinguished ways of private appropriation of land, from which is highlighted, for instance, the taking of land from the indigenous people. It is explicit that capitalist private property of land is an obstacle to the Guaranis reproduction, a scenery in which it has undeniable importance, in the economic scope, as well as in the political scope. However, at the same time, the Guarani resist and fight to stay in their lands. The path proposed for this analisis of the contradictions and continuous process of struggle for land of the Guarani from São Paulo will be presented by the following triad: expropriation, resistance and recovery. It is shown that the expropriation process brings ineluctably with it its denial, resistance, that is accomplished by the indigenous people as practice and by continuity strategies of their existence (physical and spiritual). On the overcoming of both terms (expropriation/resistance), it is presented the recovery of their lands, while practical action and transformation, because it retains a continuous expropriation threat of their lands and actions of indigenous resistance.

A dissertação aqui apresentada teve por finalidade principal problematizar o processo de formação das categorias sociais capitalistas terra, trabalho e capital e seus consequentes processos de autonomização (MARX, 1985) na particularidade do Vale do Ribeira/SP, com especial atenção às comunidades remanescentes quilombolas localizadas nas cidades de Eldorado/SP e Iporanga/SP. Para tanto, em um primeiro momento, a fim de problematizar o processo de formação e transformação dessas categorias ao longo dos séculos XIX e XX, nos apoiamos nos relatos obtidos em trabalhos de campo junto à comunidade de São Pedro (Eldorado/SP) e os presentes nos Relatórios Técnicos Científicos realizados pela Fundação Instituto de Terras do Estado de São Paulo (ITESP), bem como em trabalhos acadêmicos com os quais debatemos nesta dissertação (PETRONE, 1966, R. QUEIROZ, 2006). Após isso, nos detemos no fim do século XX e início do XXI, momento em que são delimitadas as reservas ambientais que restringiam a possibilidade do uso do solo pelos agricultores; seguido, aparentemente, na contramão desse processo, pelo reconhecimento das comunidades como remanescentes quilombolas e sua atual reprodução pelo acesso ao crédito PRONAF (Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar), voltado para a produção. Neste segundo momento, problematizamos o que é hoje entendido diferentemente por cada autor como momento de dominância financeira (PAULANI), financeirização (HARVEY, 2014) ou dessubstancialização do capital (KURZ, 1995 e SCHOLZ, 2004), a partir de uma pesquisa de campo detida na atual reprodução dos agricultores quilombolas, somada a entrevistas junto aos representantes do Estado (funcionários da Coordenadoria de Assistência Técnica Integral CATI , ITESP e da Secretaria da Agricultura do Município de Eldorado/SP) e da instituição financeira Banco do Brasil (principalmente das agências localizadas nas cidades de Jacupiranga, Pariquera-Açu e Registro) responsáveis, estes últimos (funcionários e agentes financeiros), pela articulação entre os recursos liberados para o programa e os agricultores. Vale por fim destacar que partiu-se do pressuposto de que nada está dado de forma absoluta: intentamos desnaturalizar o trabalho, a terra e o capital, entendendo-os como formados historicamente. A particularidade, seu conteúdo, no caso em questão, as relações sociais na hoje compreendida como comunidade de São Pedro, foram assim discutidas como não generalizáveis, não dedutíveis de conteúdo referencial, e, simultaneamente, não apartadas da totalidade: tentamos (e sabemos que sempre de maneira insuficiente) manter a tensão entre o particular e a totalidade, um permanente questionamento, o que também devemos tributo à Roswitha Scholz (2005) e sua crítica teórica do valor-dissociação como forma de ser da relação social capitalista. / The main objective of this Master thesis was to problematize the formation process of capitalist\' social categories land, labor and capital and its consequent processes of autonomization (MARX, 1985), in the particularity of Ribeira\'s Valley/ SP, with special attention to the remnant quilombolas\' communities sited in the cities of Eldorado/ SP and Iporanga/ SP. Initially, in order to problematize the process of formation and transformation of these categories throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, we have leaned on the reports obtained through fieldworks in São Pedro\'s community (Eldorado/ SP), as well as on those found in the Technical Scientific Reports carried out by the Institute of Lands of the State of São Paulo Foundation (ITESP), among other academic works which we have debated with (PETRONE, 1966, R. QUEIROZ, 2006). For then we have reflected at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21rst, when the environmental reserves that have restricted the possibility of land use by farmers are delimited; this moment is followed, apparently in the opposite direction of this process, by the recognition of the communities as \"remnants of quilombolas\" and their current reproduction by the access to PRONAF (National Program for Strengthening Family Farming), focused on production. In this second moment, starting from the field surveys that were focused on the current reproduction of quilombola farmers, we have problematized what is now understood, in a different way by each author, as a moment of \"financial dominance\" (PAULANI), \"financialization\" (HARVEY, 2014) or \"desubstantialisation of capital\" (KURZ, 1995 and SCHOLZ, 2004); together with interviews made with the State\'s representatives officials from the Coordination of Integral Technical Assistance (CATI), ITESP and the Secretariat of Agriculture of Eldorado\'s county, SP, as well as with Bank of Brazil (mainly the branches sited in the cities of Jacupiranga, Pariquera-Açu and Registro), these last ones responsible (employees and financial agents) for the articulation between the resources released to the program and the farmers. At last, it is important to emphasise that we are based of the assumption that nothing is given in an absolute way: we intent to criticize the naturalization of work, land and capital, understanding them as historically formed. The particularity, its content, in the present case the social relations in todays São Pedro\'s community, were thus discussed as non generalizable, non deductible of referential content, and simultaneously, not segregated from the totality: we try (aware of its insufficiency) to maintain the tension between the particular and the totality, a permanent questioning, which we should also pay tribute to Roswitha Scholz (2005) and her theoretical critique of value-dissociation, as the form of capitalist social relation on its own.

Cette thèse de doctorat repose essentiellement sur notre analyse critique des études et des projets menés par différents consultants (syriens, européens, internationaux) et sur nos enquêtes de terrain à Damas, capitale de la Syrie. En 2004, près de 40 % de la population de l’agglomération de Damas vivaient dans des zones non-réglementaires. Celles-ci représentent donc une composante essentielle de l’expansion urbaine. Premièrement, la thèse analyse le phénomène de l’habitat non-réglementaire à Damas. Elle explique le marché foncier et les caractéristiques des lotissements clandestins dans trois études de cas, deux quartiers: Assad Al Din et Daf Al Chok et un village : Al Bahdalya. Elle montre également comment le maître d’œuvre effectue les étapes de sa construction. Deuxièmement, la thèse traite de la politique urbaine. Elle présente les consultants : MAM, Cities Alliance, Al Diwan, qui ont mené des études et des projets pour les zones étudiées. Elle examine ici leurs études et projets dans une analyse critique approfondie. Troisièmement, la thèse traite de la politique urbaine à l’épreuve des usagers. Elle étudie les caractéristiques socioéconomiques des habitants interviewés des zones étudiées, leur mobilité résidentielle et leurs attitudes à l’égard des projets et des études proposés. Certains des chefs de ménage interviewés pensent qu’ils seront logés, mais beaucoup pensent qu’ils seront expulsés. C'est pourquoi la thèse traite finalement la question du relogement en s’appuyant sur notre enquête de terrain dans une banlieue de relogement Al Hussainyah. / This dissertation is mainly based on our critical analysis of studies and projects by different consultants (Syrian, European, international) and on our fieldwork in Damascus, capital of Syria. In 2004, nearly 40 % of the population in the urban district of Damascus lived in informal settlements. Therefore, these settlements represent an essential component of urban expansion. Firstly, the dissertation analyzes the phenomenon of informal habitat in Damascus. It explains the land market and the characteristics of illegal settlements in three case studies, two neighborhoods: Assad Al Din and Daf Al Chok and a village: Al Bahdalya. It also shows how the builder performs the different phases of construction. Secondly, the thesis deals with urban policy. It presents the consultants: MAM, Cities Alliance, Al Diwan, who have undertaken studies and projects for the areas mentioned above. Here, the dissertation examines their studies and projects to provide critical, in depth analysis. Thirdly, the dissertation deals with the urban policy as perceived by the citizens. It studies socioeconomic characteristics of the interviewed inhabitants in the areas studied here, residential mobility and their attitudes towards projects and studies proposed to them. Some of interviewed household’s heads think they will be given a house, but many think they will be evicted. That is why the dissertation finally addresses the issue of relocation which is based on our fieldwork in the re-housing suburb of Al Hussainyah.

Resumé Public interference with the right of real property ownership in the course of arrangements and operation of technical infrastructure Truly exclusive in the meaning of absolute and unqualified property rights would be contradiction in terms. The technologic and mostly social development implies continually higher demands on real property owners. A legal possibility of the public interference with the right of real property ownership is clearly necessary in the course of arrangements and operation of technical infrastructure which forms an essential physical back-bone of energy, electronic communications and water management industries. Specific technical infrastructure and construction laws need to reflect both the already existing property relationships between real property owners and technical infrastructure operators and the emerging ones. The private settlement of those relationships in compliance with Civil Code is generally preferred. Because of the obvious public interest on technical infrastructure development the public law supports technical infrastructure operators with respect to real property owners' rights to gain and exercise the right of way which is necessary to arrange and operate relevant elements of technical infrastructure. The thesis identifies various forms of public...

The aim of this diploma thesis is to give a comprehensive view of the legal regulation of compensation for withdrawal and limitation of the ownership right to land. This thesis is divided into eight chapters, where the introductory part is followed by six chapters and the conclusion. The first chapter briefly explains the basic institutes with an emphasis on the uniqueness of the land. The second chapter discusses the conditions of expropriation. The third chapter focuses on compensation for land expropriation. The fourth chapter deals with the limitation of the ownership right to land. The fifth chapter analyzes compensation for the limitation of the ownership right to land. The sixth chapter describes selected Acts of environmental law in the perspective of fourth and fifth chapter. In conclusion, this diploma thesis summarizes the main findings. As regards compensation for expropriation, the legislation is not stable and allows unjustified differences between landowners. As for the limitation of the ownership right to land, the situation regarding the provision of compensation is not always clear and there are some gaps in the legislation. However, these can be overcome by case-law.

The thesis consists of a short introduction and three self-contained analytical chapters on land policy in developing countries. Chapter 1 examines the agricultural investment choices of small-scale farmers in Ethiopia whose land will be expropriated to provide space for a large factory. I use data from a survey of households conducted before expropriation occurred, but after the policy was announced. I identify the anticipation effects of land expropriation using variation in whether households own plots located inside or outside the proposed project boundary. Households facing immediate expropriation hedge against future income risk by using less fertilizer on their plots, and and growing less risky crops. These households are more likely to grow sorghum (a safe crop) and less likely to grow wheat (a relatively riskier crop). Households also respond to the threat of expropriation by reducing long-term investments in soil quality. Using two-stage least squares I show that subjective beliefs about the likelihood of expropriation act as a channel through which the threat of expropriation affects investment decisions. The results are robust to a number of other specifications, including some that account for unobservable geographic variation in plot characteristics. Chapter 2 explores the consequences of land expropriation for small-scale farmers in Ethiopia. Expropriation of farmland is used by all levels of government in Ethiopia as a tool for providing new land for industrial investors, commercial agriculture and expanding cities. Farmers usually receive a cash payment in exchange for their land based on a fixed formula to establish the price of land. I evaluate the impact of such a policy on a group of small-scale farmers and assess the extent to which they make the transition to new livelihoods. On average, households lose 70% of their land and receive compensation payments that are about 5 times the value of their annual consumption expenditure. Using data collected before and after the intervention I examine the impact of expropriation and compensation on household consumption, productive assets, livestock holdings, savings and labour market participation. Households in the treatment group increase their consumption, start more businesses and participate more in non-farm activities than households that do not lose farmland. These households also reallocate livestock portfolios away from oxen and towards small ruminants and cattle, reflecting a shift away from growing crops. However, these shifts to new livelihoods are relatively small compared to the amount of compensation kept as savings: with the exception of a few households, most of the compensation payment is left in commercial banks earning a negative real return. Chapter 3 focuses on the recent increase in large-scale agricultural land deals across Africa and the nature of the contracts reached by governments and foreign investors. In recent years, multi-national firms and foreign governments have entered into long term contracts with host countries in which large tracts of land are purchased or leased for commercial agricultural production in exchange for promises of infrastructure development, job creation and rural infrastructure improvement. The profitability of these projects is uncertain, especially at a time of increased agricultural commodity price volatility in world markets. Based on stylized facts about land deals I present a theoretical model of land contracts reached by host governments and foreign investors that explains the policy tradeoff between investment timelines, revenue generation and uncertainty. When agricultural projects require fixed infrastructure investment and yield uncertain payoffs, firms benefit from being able to complete the fixed investment in stages. If firms can learn more about payoffs by holding off on investment, they effectively hold an option to abandon the project. The value of this option provides a channel by which uncertainty affects the terms of the land contract. When host governments determine the terms of the contract by setting an income tax, a royalty rate and an investment timeline, the value of this option will affect government's optimal policy choice. In particular, I find that if governments benefit a great deal from investment spillovers the optimal contract will be designed to encourage firms not to abandon a project. But, if governments benefit relatively little from investment spillovers, governments will choose contract parameters to extract the value of the firm's option to abandon the project. I end by examining the effect of increasing uncertainty on the government's optimal policy choice.

The thesis is focused on state interventions and regulation on field of stock exchanges. On special examples I show for and against argumentation of real precautions. I repeal the questions of public konvenience of these precautions. In the first part of the thesis I begin with historical genesis of exchange especially in our area including the origin -- private or state. The first part continue with theoretical functions of stock exchange and its fulfilment in case of The Stock Exchange in Prague. In the second part I present dilemma of squeeze-out or expropriation of minority shareholders.There will be arguments of proposers, opponents and also neutral arbiter representing by The Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic. In the third part of the thesis I present an example of foreign regulation. It is Sarbanes-Oxley Act with its impact on different entities. In conclusion I propose some changes and I want to give a support to discussion about state admission to regulation of stock markets.