This master´s thesis deals with a legal regulation of expropriation for construction of traffic infrastructure. Basic related terms such as ownership, property, a building, public works etc. are defined in the first part. The second part deals with the historic development of expropriation. The third part discusses the purposes and aims of expropriation, the term “public interest” and harmony of the aims and tasks of zoning. A special part is devoted to the expropriating proceedings, the principles of the expropriating proceedings, the participants of the proceedings etc. The last part deals with the possibility of expropriation for the purpose of construction of traffic infrastructure and the specifics related to this issue.

I Sverige är äganderätten skyddad i grundlagsstiftningen där ingen ska behöva avstå mark. Trots detta får expropriation ske vid byggande av järnväg ochfastighetsägaren har rätt till full ersättning för förlusten. Vid värdering avvärdefulla miljöer kan värdet uppskattas felaktigt vilket bidrar med enproblematik gällande värdering. Utveckling av järnväg är viktigt för etteffektivt och hållbart transportsystem. I samband med utveckling av järnvägkan skogsmark behöva tas i anspråk. I studien utreds vilka faktorer som är inkluderade vid en värdering av enskogsfastighet och vilka faktorer som inte är inkluderade. Även vilken hänsynsom tas vid fragmentering av en skogsfastighet utreds. Syftet med studien äratt öka förståelsen kring vilka faktorer som kompenseras vid intrång iskogsmark på grund utav byggande av järnväg. Frågeställningarna somutformats är: ”Vilka faktorer kompenseras inte vid intrång på grund utavbyggande av järnväg men som påverkar skogsfastigheten och borde detkompenseras? “ och ”Vilken hänsyn tas i värderingen om en skogsfastighetexproprieras för specifikt järnvägsändamål?”.  Studien baseras till stor del på intervjuer med markförhandlare ochauktoriserade lantbruksvärderare. Intervjuerna sammanställdes där deauktoriserade lantbruksvärderarnas intervjusvar jämfördes med varandra ochmarkförhandlarnas intervjusvar jämfördes med varandra. Vidare granskadesvärdeutlåtande för att förstå vad som sker i praktiken.  Studien har visat på att det finns stor utvecklingspotential vidintrångsvärderingar på grund utav byggande av järnväg. Det finns faktorer sominte räknas med i värdering men som trots allt påverkas av intrången. Främstsociala faktorer som rekreation, friluftsliv och jakt behöver ses över. / The property rights in Sweden are protected in constitutional law where noone should have to give up land. This may happen after all; expropriation cantake place when the railway is developing but the landowner is entitled to fullcompensation for the loss. The value of valuable environments can sometimesbe estimated wrongly, and this can be problematic. Developing railways isimportant to achieve an efficient and sustainable transport system.  The study investigates which factors that are included in an evaluation andwhich factors that aren’t included. It also includes which considerations aretaken when a wood property is fragmented. The purpose of the study is toacknowledge the factors that are compensated when woodland is expropriatedfor developing railways. The problem specifications are: “Which factors arenot compensated when developing railways on woodland even if it affects theproperty and should it be compensated?” and “Which consideration is takenwhen valuing woodland if it is expropriated specific for developing railway”.  The study is based on interviews with land negotiators and authorizedagricultural valuers. The interviews were complied, the authorizedagricultural valuers' answers were compared to each other, and the landnegotiator's answers were compared to each other. Furthermore, thevaluation papers were reviewed to get knowledge of what is done in reality.  The study has shown that there is a big development potential in the valuationof land intrusions due to railway construction. There are factors that are notconsidered in the valuation but are affected by the intrusion. In particular,social factors such as recreation, outdoor activities and hunting need to bereconsidered.

The word expropriation is used in South Africa to describe the process whereby a public authority or institution takes property from a private person for public purposes against payment of compensation. The current Act regulating expropriations in South Africa is known as the Expropriation Act 63 of 1975. However, it has three primary inconsistencies with the Constitution. Firstly it predates the Constitution - therefore, it does not infuse the values of equality, human dignity and the achievement of freedom. Secondly it is not consistent with comparable modem statutes elsewhere in the world. The last issue is that this Act is inconsistent with the Constitution in the sense that the Act only provides for expropriation for public purposes and the Constitution provides for expropriation in the public interest as well as for a public purpose. For these reasons it is crucial to establish a new legislative framework. In an attempt to rectify the above difficulties, an expropriation policy and a draft Bill were introduced. The primary purpose of the Bill is to harmonise the considerable amount of legislation in South Africa on the subject of expropriation, and to fill the gaps of the current Act. However, the new proposed Bill was referred back to cabinet as it had various difficulties. According to newspaper commentators, one of these reasons was that market value would not be used when determining the amount of compensation. This is not true, as market value is one of the listed factors in section 25(3) of the Constitution, and it is provided for in the Bill. Another reason was that the role of the courts will also be restricted in the new Bill. Parties will no longer be able to refer disputes concerning the amount of compensation to court. Once again this is not true, the courts role is only restricted in the sense that it would no be able to determine the amount of compensation as provided for in the Constitution, but will only be allowed to approve or decline the amount the Minister determined. This is one of the aspects that may be debatable constitutionally. After an in-depth study of the proposed Bill, the author came to the conclusion that there are actually only three aspects that might be unconstitutional namely; the definition of public interest which is to be included that widens the capacity to expropriate; departure from the notice procedure; and the fact that the courts may no longer determine the amount of compensation, but only approve or decline. Expropriation is one of the most important tools to speed up land reform in South Africa, and it is, therefore, of the utmost importance that the procedure must take place in a fair, equitable and constitutional manner. The purpose of this study will be to identify the aspects which result in expropriations that is not done on this basis, to scrutinize them and to make recommendations to these aspects. / Thesis (LL.M. (Law)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The word expropriation is used in South Africa to describe the process whereby a public authority or institution takes property from a private person for public purposes against payment of compensation. The current Act regulating expropriations in South Africa is known as the Expropriation Act 63 of 1975. However, it has three primary inconsistencies with the Constitution. Firstly it predates the Constitution - therefore, it does not infuse the values of equality, human dignity and the achievement of freedom. Secondly it is not consistent with comparable modem statutes elsewhere in the world. The last issue is that this Act is inconsistent with the Constitution in the sense that the Act only provides for expropriation for public purposes and the Constitution provides for expropriation in the public interest as well as for a public purpose. For these reasons it is crucial to establish a new legislative framework. In an attempt to rectify the above difficulties, an expropriation policy and a draft Bill were introduced. The primary purpose of the Bill is to harmonise the considerable amount of legislation in South Africa on the subject of expropriation, and to fill the gaps of the current Act. However, the new proposed Bill was referred back to cabinet as it had various difficulties. According to newspaper commentators, one of these reasons was that market value would not be used when determining the amount of compensation. This is not true, as market value is one of the listed factors in section 25(3) of the Constitution, and it is provided for in the Bill. Another reason was that the role of the courts will also be restricted in the new Bill. Parties will no longer be able to refer disputes concerning the amount of compensation to court. Once again this is not true, the courts role is only restricted in the sense that it would no be able to determine the amount of compensation as provided for in the Constitution, but will only be allowed to approve or decline the amount the Minister determined. This is one of the aspects that may be debatable constitutionally. After an in-depth study of the proposed Bill, the author came to the conclusion that there are actually only three aspects that might be unconstitutional namely; the definition of public interest which is to be included that widens the capacity to expropriate; departure from the notice procedure; and the fact that the courts may no longer determine the amount of compensation, but only approve or decline. Expropriation is one of the most important tools to speed up land reform in South Africa, and it is, therefore, of the utmost importance that the procedure must take place in a fair, equitable and constitutional manner. The purpose of this study will be to identify the aspects which result in expropriations that is not done on this basis, to scrutinize them and to make recommendations to these aspects. / Thesis (LL.M. (Law)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

This diploma thesis presents a comprehensive overview of the issue of land valuation for expropriation. The work includes a comparison of the frequency of the process of expropriation and the variance amount of compensation for expropriation in the Czech Republic and Austria. They were approached by employees of institutions that deal with the subject of this work. There was a consultation with ŘSD, Ministry for Regional Development, the Department of expropriation office, torts and state supervision in the České Budějovice, and others. The territory of Austria were approached eg. company employees Asfinag. In chapter Results are placed proposals improvement measures that can assist in potential future adjustment problems being solved.

The theme of this work is expert activities in the expropriation proceedings. In the first part of this paper will focus generally on expropriation and on terms that are associated with this institute. I will also consider the purpose of expropriation and the laws under which it is possible to carry out the expropriation. A description of the actual course of the dispossession, respectively. expropriation under the Expropriation Act. In the next section I will deal with expert activities in the expropriation proceedings, ie the status of an expert in the expropriation proceedings, the structure of the expert report and its appurtenances and eventually own appreciation for the expropriation proceedings. In the last part of this work create a training expert opinion for the purpose of expropriation, which is evident from its structure.

En 1969, le gouvernement de Pierre Elliott-Trudeau réalisa la plus grande expropriation de l’histoire du pays au nom du développement, pour construire le plus grand aéroport au monde : Mirabel. Le projet fut un cuisant échec pour plusieurs raisons sociales, politiques et économiques. Ce mémoire se concentre surtout sur les impacts post-expropriation sur la population de Mirabel et le positionnement politique de ces-derniers. / In 1969, the government of Pierre Elliott-Trudeau made the biggest expropriation of all time in the history of the country. The project was a total failure for social, political and economic reasons. This study focuses on the post-expropriation impact on the population of Mirabel and their political positioning.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the problematics of expropriation by construction lines in the area of energetics and telecommunications, which are considered to be strategic net branches of industry. Expropriation itself is regarded as an utmost intervention in the law of property, whose guarantee is secured with the highest legal power in the constitutional order of the Czech republic. As far as the structure of this thesis is concerned, it is divided into three main chapters described as following: The first chapter deals with basic definitions of the key words of this work, namely: construction, construction line and expropriation. Construction can be perceived in the sense of not only Civil code, but also Building act and it is crucial to differ these two regulations one from another. Construction line seems to be the source of a wide range of complications due to the fact that there is no legal definition of this term in the Building act. It should be taken into serious consideration to define this term in the future. The term of expropriation has two different meanings in the czech legal system, the first meaning represented by the widely acknowledged legal theory, the second one expressed in the key regulation of this institute - the Act of expropriation. The regulation of expropriation itself...

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2018-11-14T16:50:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Francine Delfino Gomes.pdf: 48847877 bytes, checksum: ed5bc8d68c468ca38c10f6bf98fdd865 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-14T16:50:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francine Delfino Gomes.pdf: 48847877 bytes, checksum: ed5bc8d68c468ca38c10f6bf98fdd865 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-20 / Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2018-11-14T16:50:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Francine Delfino Gomes.pdf: 48847877 bytes, checksum: ed5bc8d68c468ca38c10f6bf98fdd865 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-14T16:50:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francine Delfino Gomes.pdf: 48847877 bytes, checksum: ed5bc8d68c468ca38c10f6bf98fdd865 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O Ato Expropriatório pode ser conceituado como um ato administrativo, pelo qual o Poder Público adquire a propriedade de um bem para efetivação de um interesse coletivo, por intermédio de um procedimento denominado de desapropriação. O referido instrumento perdura ao longo de décadas no direito brasileiro, trazido inicialmente pelo Decreto de 21 de maio de 1821, anterior à independência do Brasil, o qual teve influências nos princípios que embasaram a Revolução Francesa. Ao longo dos anos muitas adequações legais vieram após a edição do referido dispositivo legal, eis que em 1941, houve a edição do até então vigente, Decreto-Lei 3.365, disciplinando o método de aplicação da desapropriação constitucionalmente prevista. Após a promulgação da constituição de 1988 muitos regramentos legais necessitaram de mudanças interpretativas, tendo vista a incompatibilidade com o texto maior. No caso do Decreto-Lei expropriatório a modificação interpretativa ainda não é um fato consumado, principalmente no que tange á autonomia municipal trazida pelos artigos 18, 23, 24 e 30, da Constituição Federal não compatíveis com o disposto no Artigo 2º, Parágrafo 2º, da Legislação Infraconstitucional, pois não prevê a possibilidade do ente municipal desapropriar Estado ou União. Assim como houve o reconhecimento da autonomia municipal no texto constitucional de 1988, houve também a adesão na norma constitucional da defesa do meio ambiente, a partir do contido no artigo 225 do referido texto. Tais elevações de status aos temas citados ¿ autonomia municipal e defesa do meio ambiente ¿ começam a ser aplicados com maior prioridade e mais respeitabilidade. Mais flagrante se torna a preocupação na correta aplicação dos dispositivos legais citados quando a tratativa se condensa na aplicação do Saneamento Básico para a defesa do meio ambiente, pois os projetos e as obras para implantação dessa importante proteção à saúde pública são, via de regra, de altos valores financeiros e de proporções gigantescas, ou seja, caso não haja a interpretação constitucional da autonomia municipal, não será possível desapropriar qualquer bem pertencente ao Estado ou à própria União que esteja no planejamento da efetivação do saneamento básico, contando, desta forma, o Município, apenas com a boa vontade dos demais entes federados. Sendo assim, até que haja uma efetiva mudança legal no texto da norma que cuida do tema será preciso fazer a correta interpretação da temática, visando a defesa do meio ambiente e do interesse local. / The expropriatory act can be considered as an administrative act, by which the Public Power acquires an property to do effect a collective interest, through a procedure called expropriation. The instrument is for decades in Brazilian law, began in Decree of May 21, 1821, before the independence of Brazil, which had influences on the principles that motivated the French Revolution. Over the years many legal adjustments came after the edition of this legal up until 1941, because there was the edition of Decree-Law 3.365 regulated the method of application of the constitutionally foreseen expropriation. After the promulgation of the 1988 constitution many legal regulations required interpretative changes, towards of the incompatibility with the Federal Constitution. In the case of the expropriatory Decree-Law, the interpretative modification is not yet a consummate fact, especially as regards the municipal autonomy brought by Articles 18, 23, 24 and 30 of the Federal Constitution, not compatible with the provisions of Article 2, Paragraph 2, of the Infraconstitutional Legislation, since it does not foresee the possibility of the municipal entity to expropriate state or Union. Just as there was the recognition of the municipal autonomy in the Constitutional Text of 1988, there was also the adhesion in the constitutional norm of the defense of the environment, from the contained in the article 225. Such elevations of status of the themes cited - municipal autonomy and environmental protection - begin to be applied with greater priority and more respectability. More important becomes the concern in the correct application of the legal provisions cited when speak of the Basic Sanitation for the defense of the environment, because the projects and the works for implantation of this important protection to the public health are, as a rule, of high financial values and gigantic proportions, therefore if there is no constitutional interpretation of municipal autonomy, it will not be possible to expropriate any property belonging to the State or to the Union itself that is planning the implementation of basic sanitation, the municipality, only with the good will of the other federated entities. So, until there is an effective legal change in the text of the norm that takes care of the theme will have to make the correct interpretation of the subject, aiming at the defense of the environment and the local interest.

Det har blivit vanligt att kommuner måste hänvisa en ny hämtningsplats pga. att sophämtningsentreprenörens skyddsombud har belagt hämtningen med skyddstopp. Därmed kan inte hushållsavfallet hämtas på den befintliga hämtningsplatsen utan kommunen måste hitta en ny hämtningsplats för hushållsavfallet. Ny hämtningsplats får inte meddelas hur som helst utan detta måste ske i enlighet med lagstiftning och förordningar. Syftet med denna uppsats är att få fram riktlinjer för vad som gäller när en ny hämtningsplats för hushållsavfall måste utfärdas och hur kommuner runt om i landet har löst problem som har uppstått i samband med detta. För att kunna upprätta en hämtningsplats måste Kommunen ha rådighet över eller avtal med ägaren till den mark som skall användas för hämtningsplatsen. Kommunerna som svarade på enkäten har löst problemet på olika sätt men i regel har det varit antingen kommunens eller den berörda fastighetsägarens mark som använts till hämtningsplats för hushållssoporna. Avståndet mellan bostaden och hämtningsplatsen kan variera från fall till fall men Avfall Sverige har tagit fram riktlinjer för fritidshus om 400-500 meter. I den enkät som skickats ut så har detta arbete erhållit några exempel från verkligheten, det visade sig att kommunerna har hänvisat hämtningsplats upp till 800 meter från bostaden. Vi anser att riktlinjerna om 400-500 meter till hämtningsplatsen är ett skäligt avstånd för fritidshus men inte för permanentbostäder. Förutsatt att man alltid passerar denna plats när man skall till och från fritidshuset. För permanentbostäder i typiska 70-tals områden anser vi att avståndet inte skall vara längre än 100-200 meter. Utformningen av hämtningsplatsen kan lösas på många sätt, med eller utan fasta installationer. I de fall hämtningsplatsen skall användas av flera fastigheter kan förvaltningen av hämtningsplatsen ske genom en gemensamhetsanläggning. En gemensamhetsanläggning kan förvaltas genom delägarförvaltning eller föreningsförvaltning. / It has become common that municipalities must refer a new waste disposal site due to garbage collection contractor's safety officer has established waste collection with protective stops. Hence the household waste can't be collected at the existing waste disposal site and the municipality must find a new waste disposal site for household waste. A new garbage collection site may not be issued just anyhow because it must be done in accordance with the laws and regulations. The purpose of this paper is to develop guidelines for what happens when a new garbage collection site for household waste must be issued and how municipalities across the country have solved the problems that have arisen in this context. In order to establish a waste disposal site the municipality must have control over the land or have an agreement with the owner of the land for it to be used as a garbage collection site. Municipality respondents have solved the problem in different ways, but generally it has been either the municipality or the property owner's land used for waste collection site for household waste. The distance between home and garbage collection site may vary from case to case but Waste Sweden has developed guidelines for the homes of 400-500 meters. Through the questionnaire this work has received some real-life examples, it turned out that municipalities have referred garbage collection location up to 800 meters from the residence. We believe that the guidelines about 400-500 meters to the garbage collection site is a reasonable distance for holiday cottages but not for permanent housing. Provided that you always pass this location to and from the holiday cottage. For permanent housing in typical '70s areas, we believe that the distance should not be more than 100-200 meters. The design of the garbage disposal site can be solved in many ways, with or without fixed installations. In cases where the garbage disposal site will be used by multiple properties the management of the garbage disposal site can be through a joint facility. A joint facility can be managed through Partnership maintenance or association management.