Thèse - Bordeaux. / Bibliography: p. [483]-507.

Expropriation and investment protection Abstract This dissertation deals with the issue of protection of foreign investments, especially the issue of the expropriation of foreign investments. The basic terms related to investment protection and expropriation are defined. Legal expropriation and its conditions are described at first. In the case of illegal expropriation, the state is forced, besides compensation for expropriation, to cover the damage caused by the unlawful interference. The history of investment protection is briefly presented. The next chapter deals with the legal sources in which we can find conditions of expropriation and investment protection. Attention is paid to the legal regulation of expropriation in Czech law. The thesis also focuses on investment cases, where expropriation was the main issue. Finally, the disputes that are currently brought against Czech Republic by foreign investors are mentioned. The conclusion of the dissertation deals with the problems de lege ferenda and the expected development of the legal regulation. Key words: expropriation, investment protection, investment disputes

nÃo hà / construÃÃo do espaÃo urbano de Fortaleza à marcada por processos de segregaÃÃo socioespacial, expressando-se tambÃm pelos casos de desapropriaÃÃes/remoÃÃes de comunidades pobres localizadas, principalmente, em lugares que atraem a especulaÃÃo imobiliÃria. As medidas de desapropriaÃÃo/remoÃÃo tendem, normalmente, a considerar como relevantes as anÃlises dos impactos na vida dos moradores relacionadas aos aspectos jurÃdicos e estruturais das casas, sem considerar as implicaÃÃes afetivas e psicossociais das pessoas com o seu lugar de moradia. Tendo isso em vista, o objetivo geral do trabalho consistiu em analisar os afetos e as suas implicaÃÃes psicossociais envolvidas no processo de remoÃÃo/desapropriaÃÃo de uma comunidade. Para seu alcance, buscou-se I) descrever sobre o processo de segregaÃÃo socioespacial na cidade de Fortaleza, a partir do caso da Vila Vicentina da EstÃncia; II) compreender a afetividade presente na relaÃÃo pessoa-comunidade; e III) analisar as implicaÃÃes psicossociais decorrentes dos conflitos advindos do processo de desapropriaÃÃo. Com base na Psicologia Social e na Psicologia ComunitÃria latino-americana de base HistÃrico-Cultural, e suporte da Psicologia Ambiental de vertente transacionalista, a pesquisa foi orientada pelo compromisso Ãtico e polÃtico para com a realidade dos moradores da comunidade estudada, com a perspectiva de construÃÃo de conhecimento socialmente relevante. Ancorada na abordagem qualitativa, por meio da pesquisa-aÃÃo-participante, o pesquisador se inseriu no cotidiano da comunidade durante o processo de desapropriaÃÃo/remoÃÃo, caracterizando este como um momento contÃnuo em que os moradores se sentem ameaÃados pela efetivaÃÃo da remoÃÃo. Para a construÃÃo do corpus, utilizou-se como ferramentas principais I) DiÃrio de Campo; II) Instrumento Gerador de Mapas Afetivos, com entrevista acoplada; e III) CÃrculo de Cultura. A anÃlise de conteÃdo foi utilizada no tratamento e na interpretaÃÃo das informaÃÃes. Dentre os resultados, a imagem afetiva de contrastes se destacou no mapeamento afetivo, expressando indicadores de pertencimento e de agradabilidade decorrente de vivÃncia duradoura com a comunidade (plano de fundo emocional) que contrasta com indicadores afetivos de inseguranÃa e de destruiÃÃo, emergentes nÃo da vivÃncia em si com a comunidade, mas das ameaÃas externas de remoÃÃo (plano de frente emocional). Em consequÃncia dessa configuraÃÃo emocional, os moradores se organizaram em movimento de resistÃncia, composto, em sua maioria, por mulheres acima de 50 anos, que realizam diversas atividades comunitÃrias, revelando um processo marcado por uma estima de lugar de implicaÃÃo ativa e potencializadora. / The construction of Fortalezaâs urban space is marked by processes of socio-spatial segregation, also expressed by the cases of expropriations/removals of poor communities located mainly in places that draw estate speculation. Expropriation/removal decrees tend to consider the impacts on the life of the residents as relevant analyzes concerning to the legal and structural aspects of the houses, without considering the affective and psychosocial implications from the people regarding their place of residence. Therefore, this research aim was to analyze the feelings and emotions involved in the expropriation/removal process of communities and their psychosocial implications. In order to reach it, we sought to I) discribe the socio-spatial segregation process in the city of Fortaleza, based on the Vila Vicentina da EstÃncia case; II) understand the affectivity present in the person-community relationship; and III) Analyse the psychosocial implications of that conflict in the daily life of the residents. Based on Social Psychology and Community Psychology from Latin America within a Historical-Cultural base, and support from Environmental Psychology from a transactionalist perspective, the research was guided by the ethical and political commitment to the reality of the studied community residents, with the perspective of construction of socially relevant knowledge. Anchored in the qualitative approach, through participatory action research , the researcher inserted himself into the daily life of the community during the expropriation/removal process, characterizing this as a continuous moment in which the residents feel threatened by the effective removal. For the corpus construction, it was used as main tools I) DiÃrio de Campo; II) Affective Maps Generator Instrument, with coupled interview; and III) Culture Circle. Content analysis was used in the treatment and in the interpretation of the collected information. Among the results, the affective image of contrasts was highlighted in the affective mapping, expressing indicators of belonging and pleasantness resulted from a long lived experience with the community (emotional background) that contrasts with insecurity and destruction affective indicators, emerged not from the experience in itself with the community, but from external threats of removal (emotional front plane). As a consequence of this emotional configuration, the residents organized themselves in a resistance movement, composed mostly of women over 50 years old, who perform several community activities, revealing a process marked by an esteem for the place of active and potentioning implication.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:07:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Texto completo Kleber Melchior.pdf: 11050569 bytes, checksum: 7277534f026785106324a62a9266f451 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation aims to engage with the relations of territorial belonging, in order to understand how it presents itself and what its relevance with the local society. The Paraná western region is the starting point of this observation and the search for references on this telluric took from the experiences of the dispossessed in the region where today defines the artificial Itaipu Lake. For example the link between man and territory, we used the cemetery of the Alvorada do Iguaçu former village, that was border district of Foz do Iguacu city during the construction of the Itaipu binational dam. The memory of former residents of the locality, as well as their experiences, is explored in order to answer questions about the relevance of the relationship between the individual, their territory and the construction of their identity process, as well as the identity of the environment which it belongs. Dealing with the dead is studied for the understanding of potential territorial disruptions and changes in environment shared geographical and socioculturally. / A presente dissertação tem por objetivo dialogar com as relações de pertencimento territorial, visando compreender como ela se apresenta e qual a sua pertinência junto à sociedade local. O Oeste do Paraná é o ponto de partida dessa observação e a busca de referências sobre este telurismo se deu a partir de experiências vividas pelos expropriados da região onde hoje se delimita o lago artificial de Itaipu. Para exemplo da ligação entre homem e território, utilizou-se o cemitério da extinta vila de Alvorada do Iguaçu, então distrito do município fronteiriço de Foz do Iguaçu quando da construção da hidrelétrica Binacional de Itaipu. A memória dos ex-moradores da localidade, bem como suas experiências, é explorada a fim de responder sobre a relevância das relações entre o indivíduo, seu território e os processos de construção de sua identidade, bem como da identidade do meio em que pertence. O trato com os mortos é estudado para a compreensão de possíveis rompimentos territoriais e mudanças de ambientes de convívio geográfico e socioculturais.

"This dissertation will explore the socio-economic and political factors that have prevented the resumption of the human right to land by black Zimbabweans both during the colonial white minority rule and in independent Zimbabwe. It will also point out the international human rights instruments that justify government intervention in land tenure relations in Zimbabwe and conclude with recommendations. Chapter one is the introduction. It outlines the background of the research problem, the prolem itself, research questions, hypotheses, objectives and purpose of the research. It also outlines the theoretical framework, significance and the methodology. Chapter two is about the colonial land tenure relations in Zimbabwe. It discusses the foundations of the inequitable land tenure relations in Zimbabwe, together with the legal and extra-legal responses thereto during the colonial period. Chapter three is about legal responses in post-colonial Zimbabwe to land tenure imbalances. It examines legal responses Zimbabwe embarded upon after independence in 1980, the Lancaster Agreement and its Article 16 and the Land Acquisition Act from 1985-1992. Chapter four deals with the extra-legal resettlement processes in Zimbabwe and focuses on the non-legal resettlement processes including the squatter/war veterans' phenomenon. Chapter five looks at the available international human rights instruments relevant to Zimbabwe's resettlement processes. Chapter six sums up the key issues and illustrations raised in the research in relation to the objectives and hypotheses. It also offers recommendations towards viable policy options available to Zimbabwe." -- Chapter 1. / Prepared under the supervision of Mr. John Kigula, Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Uganda / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2001. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

1 Expropriation, Abstract Expropriation means withdrawal or limitation of someones property. This represents major interference into the fundamental right to property, as it this encorporated into the article 17 of European Union Charter of fundamental rights, as well as into the article 11 of the Charter of fundamental rights and freedoms, which is part of the Constitutional order of the Czech Republic. However, in the public interest, under the law and for compensation it is possible to initiated proceedings. Expropriation is permitted only in extreme cases where the public interest in the realization of a particular project outweighs private interest. Law sets out strict conditions for expropriation. The legal basis is the Charter of fundamental rights and freedoms according to which expropriation is possible only in public interest, under the law and for compensation. A specific regulation governing the whole process of expropriation is Act No. 184/2006 Coll., on expropriation. The partial regulation is also in the Act No. 416/2009 Coll., on accelerating transport, water, energy and electronic communication infrastructure. Expropriation is possible only for certain purposes, which are defined in specific laws, especially in Act No. 183/2006 Coll., Building act, Water act, Energy act and other. The...

Selling state-owned enterprises to the private sector has become a popular policy for governments all around the world. Chapter 1 provides an historical perspective on privatization, and it describes the objectives and the privatization techniques that have been adopted by many governments since the late 70s. The chapter then focuses on two important issues in the privatization debate, the underpricing of shares and the effect of ownership on performance. It reviews the most significant theoretical and empirical contributions to the analysis of these two issues, and it introduces the questions addressed in the remaining chapters of this dissertation. In Chapter 2 I consider a government that first privatizes a company and then competes for votes against a political opponent. The government's objective is to choose the price of shares and the level of promotional effort to maximize its total net revenues. After the sale of the company to the public there is an election and the two parties announce what expropriation rate they would implement if they win the political competition. I show that in this context it is optimal for the party in power in the first period to actively promote the sale and to underprice the stock with respect to its true value, in order to increase the size of the shareholders' interest group that will vote for the party announcing a low expropriation rate. In Chapter 3 I estimate the long-term impact of the British privatization program of the 70s, 80s, and 90s, on the government's finances. For a large sample of British companies that were privatized in the years 1979 to 1994, regression analysis shows no effect of change in ownership on company's gross profitability. This information is then combined with estimates of all relevant costs (implicit and explicit) and revenues for each sale, to assess the long-term effect of the privatization policies on the government's net worth. The results show that "Selling the State" generated considerable losses for the British Government. / Ph. D.

The poverty issues in South Africa is reaching unbearable levels. The land reform policy in place from 1994, which offered fair compensation for the land to be redistributed, had shown little results in dealing with the issue of poverty. In 2018 it was proposed that no compensation should be considered an option which eventually leads to the proposed bill to amend article 25 on property rights. The proposal saw a lot of outrage. This theory consuming study aims to give more context to the inclusivity of the proposal and how it contrasts to the original Article 25. By using inclusive institutions theory as a foundation, the study found that both the constitution under Article 25 and the proposed amendment can be explained and reasoned with inclusive institutions theory, but that the context of South Africa’s demographic and economic inequalities changes the justification for how radical the land reform should be according to the theory.

Le Vietnam connait un développement économique qui s’accompagne d’un phénomène d’expropriation des terres. Dans ce contexte, la puissance publique joue un rôle important de cadrage et d’accompagnement. Cette thèse s’intéresse à la délicate question de la mesure de l’impact de l’expropriation des terres sur le développement rural au Vietnam. L’étude se situe dans une logique d’intelligence territoriale. Elle consiste à mieux comprendre les réseaux d’acteurs (paysans, planificateur, investisseur), parties prenantes dans les logiques d’expropriation ainsi que les interactions entre variables (sociales, économiques, politiques) engagées dans le développement des zones rurales. L’approche est systémique. Elle cherche à rende compte de la complexité des interactions entre facteurs, aux jeux de pouvoirs et à l’asymétrie informationnelle entre acteurs. L’approche mobilise l’analyse structurelle qui comporte des outils dont l’objet est de clarifier le rôle des principaux acteurs et facteurs du territoire et leur influence sur le développement du territoire. Le travail s’appuie sur une étude de terrain de six mois qui a mobilisé un pluralisme méthodologique combinant approche quantitative par questionnaire et qualitative alimentant les matrices prospectives de l’analyse structurelle. Le travail de terrain a été difficile à réaliser en raison du caractère sensible du sujet. Il a porté sur deux districts ruraux du Nord et du sud Vietnam. Les résultats montrent que l’expropriation des terres, loin d’améliorer la situation des zones rurales, est un véritable choc dont les plus fragiles ont du mal à se remettre. L’asymétrie entre les acteurs du territoire, le déficit de communication entre les acteurs du territoire ont pu conduire à des conflits sociaux. Cette étude suggère d’établir des canaux de communication efficaces et montre que la clé est l’éducation des habitants des zones rurales. / Urban bias and rural industrialization are considered as two essential trends of rural development. In these processes, rural areas face with many problems such as the rural livelihood, the problems of economy and society. It creates which the controversy of how to develop rural areas and what is really suitable trend for rural development. This thesis contributes to the analysis of rural development against the land expropriation with the case study in Viet Nam. It analyses two main areas: (i) How does the land expropriation influence the rural development; (ii) what are the roles of major factors and actors that have influence on the development of rural areas. The study is based on six months of fieldwork during which both quantitative and qualitative research techniques were used. The research design combined the analysis of policy reform and policy performance, the scenarios of interaction between main actors/elements in the territory to highlight their influences on the rural development in the land expropriation process in two districts, the North of Viet Nam. The outstanding methods are Micmac method and Mactor method that are applied for the first time in research about rural development in Viet Nam.Fieldwork findings provide new and detailed evidences to support the view that the land expropriation for urban bias (urbanization) failed to spur rural economy and improve rural livelihood, contrary to what is argued in most of the literature and the planner’s view. They indicate that the land expropriation for urbanization may change quickly “the face” of rural areas such as modern infrastructure, high GDP, however the rural livelihood does not ensure in both capabilities, assets and activities required for means of living in the short term and long term. We found that the poor farmers were beggared gradually and they had lack of the assistants to cope and recover from the big shock in the land expropriation process. Thus, they led the increase of social conflicts. The survey showed that the main reason of social conflict in two villages are the limitation of policy, the unbalanced power between actors in the territory (use Mactor method) and the lack of efficient communication forum to exchange the actors’ needs. From above failures, it is vital to establish the efficient communication channels or program for actors in the development process and reform the policy by increasing the right of rural people who have the least power in the system. This study also proves that now the key asset to support rural livelihood is education instead of rice land as in the past. Finally, through the Micmac method, the thesis identifies the factor system and classifies the strongest power macro variables which influence the rural development into three groups: the variables of policy, the group of variables belonging to expression of urbanization and industrialization process, the group of variables with revolution characteristics. They are fundamental to suggest building the sustainable development strategy for rural areas.

La zone de Paris est une zone de servitude militaire de 250 m courant sur environ 35 km, grevée par une servitude non aedificandi qui, dès 1850, n’est pas respectée. En 1912, deux conventions sont signées entre l'Etat et Paris. La loi du 19 avril 1919 prononce le déclassement de l'enceinte, sa cession à Paris et le maintien d'une servitude non aedificandi dite d'hygiène sur la zone. Paris doit alors se lancer dans l'expropriation de la zone. La thèse étudie cette appropriation parisienne grâce à des sources variées (plans, dénombrements, photographies aériennes etc.), le plus souvent rentrées dans un système d'information géographique (SIG). Elle revient sur l'argumentaire du déclassement et l'histoire de la construction et étudie les textes et procédures d'expropriation. Loin du fantasme d'espace neutre qui parcourait l'administration parisienne, l'expropriation discrimine entre morceaux de zone. La zone ne présente pas un visage uniforme et les usages qui l'affectent (habitation en dur ou précaire, industrie, zones de stockage, jardins potagers) sont variés. La thèse cherche à déterminer des logiques d'organisation, en lien avec la banlieue, et souligne aussi, à une échelle plus fine, les critères qui orientent vers une destinée parcellaire. L'attractivité de la zone pour ses habitants est particulièrement étudiée : elle permettait, pour un moindre coût, d'avoir accès à la propriété des constructions et à une forme d'espace en plus. Zone et zoniers sont construits pour être en marge, le processus même de l'expropriation entraîne une précarisation des statuts et une dégradation accélérée du bâti et des conditions de vie, notamment dans les mois qui précèdent l'évacuation. Si cette disqualification à la ville est originelle du fait de la servitude et de l'obligation de précarité, tant matérielle que temporelle, elle s'accentue pendant l'entre-deux-guerres. En effet, la population zonière change. Les « nouveaux » venus ne motivent pas les mêmes discours de protection que les « petits zoniers » du début du siècle. Par ailleurs, la construction d'une urbanité normale et normée, celle des HBM des fortifications, permet, par contraste, la disqualification des zoniers et de leur mode de vie, jugé non-urbain ou mal-urbain. Ainsi, presque toute politique de relogement des habitants, une problématique centrale dans la résorption des taudis urbains, est abandonnée du fait de cette prétendue inadéquation à la ville et à ses valeurs, mais aussi d'un coût jugé excessif. / The Paris Zone was a 250m wide piece of land surrounding the capital where no one could live. Almost since 1850, this interdiction was not respected. In 1912, two agreements between Paris and the French State were signed. A law followed on the 19 april 1919 which proclaimed the reclassification of the zone, its transfer to Paris and the maintenance of an interdiction to build (« servitude non aedificandi ») because of health. Paris had to expropriate the zone. This thesis studies the history of the parisian ownership of the zone with the help of various materials (maps, census, aerial photographs etc.), most often studied in a geographical information system (GIS). The reclassification argument and the history of the zone construction are studied first, then the expropriation texts and procedures are considered. Far from the dream of a neutral space which ran through the Parisian administration, the expropriation process discriminated between people and places. The zone was not monotonous and its uses were varied (though or precarious building, industries, storage zones, vegetable gardens etc.). If the thesis aims to find some great logics of organization, often linked with the « banlieue » urbanization, other criterions can explain the destiny of a piece of land. The attractivity of the zone for its inhabitants is especially studied since the zone enabled very modest people to become owner of their house and to gain access to a form of spaciousness. Zone and Zoniers were necessarily on the margins, the very expropriation process leading to great insecurity and an accelerated decay of the constructions, especially during the few months before the evacuation. If this disqualification was original because of the interdiction to build and implied a forced precariousness, both material and temporal, it grew during the interwar. Indeed, the population changed. « Newcomers » did not motivate the same discourses of protection than the « petits zoniers », at the beginning of the century. Besides, the development nearby, in the HBM of the fortification, of a planned and controled urbanity, contrasted deeply with the zoniers' way of life, judged non-urban or mis-urban. Thus, almost every rehousing policy, an essential problematic in the slums resorption, was abandonned because of the so-called inadequation of the zoniers to the city and to urban values, but also because of the financial cost.