1 Abstract in english: The aim of this thesis is the particular legal act n. 143/1947 Sb., on the transfer of the assets of the Hluboka's branch of Schwarzenbergs to Czech country, also known as "Lex Schwarzenberg". The purpose of this work is to describe this unusual case (in Czech law an extraordinary case), especially from the point of view of the context of its creation. For this reason, the thesis deals with the political background in the time of adoption of this legal regulation and then wiith the predominant basis of legal theory. An important part of the thesis is also the analysis of the act itself. The basis for writing the presented work was mainly archival materials from the second half of the 1940s, for example from the Archives of the Office of the President of the Republic or from the private Schwarzenberg Archives in Murau. Some of the presented archive materials have been published in the past, others not. Another important source is specialized historical-legal and theoretical-legal literature. The thesis also try to describe what led to the adoption of this legislation, and try to theoretically enlighten the meaning of the issue of such a special expropriation law for our legal system. The work is divided into a general and special part. In general part, the work focuses on defining the...

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[pt] A separação entre propriedade e controle abre espaço para importante assimetria de informação e, consequentemente, surge o problema de risco moral associado à perspectiva de expropriação dos investidores (outsiders ou principais) pelos controladores e executivos da empresa (insiders ou agentes). O objetivo desta tese é, por meio de uma análise qualitativa, ilustrar em que medida os Fundos de Pensão, enquanto importantes investidores institucionais no Brasil, são capazes de mitigar o chamado risco de agência incentivando as chamadas boas práticas de Governança Corporativa e agregando valor nas empresas que compõem seus portfólios. / [en] The separation of ownership and control leads to information asymmetry and, consequently, to a moral hazard problem related to the perspective of expropriation of investors (outsiders or principals) by managers and controlling shareholders (insiders or agents). Based on case studies, this thesis aims at assessing Brazilian institutional investors capability to mitigate the so called agency risk notably in related parties transactions. More specifically, it will use a qualitative analysis to investigate to which extent Pension Funds activism has effect on companies` corporate governance rules and value.

Chapter 1. 1 § jordabalken (1970:994) defines property as land that includes area, which is divided into properties. A three-dimensional property must be firm with a closed volume where top and bottom are specified. The property boundaries are described clearly according to Chapter 4. § 27 fastighetsbildningslagen. A three-dimensional property can undermine a traditional property, as well as a three-dimensional property. The benefits of an intrusion, done by property in form of three-dimensional property compared to an easement, is mainly the matter of justice. An easement is defined as usufruct, where proprietorship means having the right of use will be stronger and clearer by title by three-dimensional intrusion of the property. An intrusion can, with reference to Chapter 2. expropriationslagen, be done by authority including expropriation. A building or portion of property may be used for the benefit of the firm expropriating. For the implementation of such an intrusion an adjustment, regarding several factors between the individual and the public is taken into account. The benefits have to exceed the costs of the expropriation. Referring to the tunnel intrusion, City Line in Stockholm, the benefit will be time saved for a large number of passengers in public transport. Referring to Chapter 4. 1 § ExL, property owners who are affected by intrusion on their property are entitled to compensation for lost market value of their property. The compensation should cover damage in terms of loss in market value of the property. Additional factors that affect property can serve as a basis for reimbursement.

Vindkraftsutbyggnaden i Sverige har ökat i hög takt de senaste åren. Mellan år 2008 – 2011 ökade produktionen av el från vindkraft med 209 %.  Under år 2011 motsvarade detta en energiproduktion på 6,1 TWh, vilket tyder på att Sverige ligger i god fas för att uppnå det av riksdagen antagna utbyggnadsmålet att produktionen år 2020 ska uppgå till 30 TWh. Vid etablering av vindparker är en väl genomförd projektering av stor vikt för att uppnå lönsamhet och minimera riskerna i projektet. De olika faserna i projekteringen innefattar en viktig förprojektering där förutsättningarna för etableringen utreds, projektering med samråd och upprättande av en miljökonsekvensbeskrivning, ansökan om de tillstånd och lov som krävs, upphandling av verk och entreprenadarbeten samt den avslutande byggnationen där vägar anläggs, verk uppförs och starkströmsledningar ansluts till elnätet.  I arbetet ges en generell modell för hur man kan gå tillväga och vilka faktorer som ska beaktas. Syftet med arbetet är att utreda hur rätt till väg kan säkerställas i samband med vindkraftsetablering på arrenderad mark. Frågan är viktig i sammanhanget och behöver lösas för att kunna uppföra, underhålla och nedmontera verken. Då arrendeupplåtelse föreligger ges arrendatorn i avtalet vanligtvis rätt att inom arrendeområdet nyttja och anlägga de vägar som behövs för etableringen. Utom arrendeområdet är det inte alltid lika självklart hur rätten till väg ska säkerställas. Vanligtvis behöver breddning och förstärkning ske av de befintliga vägar som ska nyttjas samt även nya vägsträckningar anläggas. Beroende på vilka förutsättningar och behov som föreligger i det enskilda fallet kan nyttjanderätt, gemensamhetsanläggning eller i vissa fall officialrättigheter bli aktuella. Den faktor som är av störst betydelse för vilket alternativ som kan användas är om vindkraftsanläggningen är uppförd eller inte. Eftersom vindkraftbolaget i arrendefallet inte äger någon fastighet som en rättighet kan knytas till kan endast nyttjanderätt användas då anläggningen inte är uppförd. Om berörda fastighetsägare motsätter sig åtgärden finns även möjlighet till att tvångsvis expropriera nyttjanderätt. När anläggningen är uppförd är även alternativen att inträda i en gemensamhetsanläggning eller upplåta ett officialservitut enligt anläggningslagen möjliga. Dessa kan tillämpas både när fastighetsägarna är positiva till åtgärden men även i vissa fall utan deras medgivande. I arbetet utreds de olika alternativens innebörd och tillämplighet för att i slutändan analyseras och sammanfattas. / The expansion of wind power in Sweden has increased at a rapid pace in the recent years. Between the years 2008 – 2011, the productions of electricity from wind power were increased by 209%. During 2011, this corresponded to an energy production of 6,1 TWh, which suggests that Sweden is in a good phase to achieve the environmental objectives, adopted by the Parliament. The objectives purpose is that the production in 2020 will amount to 30 TWh. When a wind farm is to be establish a well-executed project is of great importance for achieving profitability and minimize the risks in the project.  The different phases of the project includes an important pre-planning where the conditions for establishment are investigated, the planning with consultation and preparation of an environmental assessment, the application of needed authorizations and permissions, procurement of works and construction works and the final construction where roads and wind turbines are constructed and power lines connects to the mains. This thesis provides a general model for how to proceed and what factors should be considered in the establishment of wind farms. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how the right of roads can be ensured in the case when the wind park shall be established on leased land. The question is important and needs to be solved in order to construct, maintain and decommission the wind turbines. When lease tenure is hold, the lessee in the contract usually gives the right to use and construct roads within the leased area. Outside the leased area it’s not always as obvious how the right of roads should be ensured. Usually needs widening and strengthening of the existing roads that will be used as well as new roads are to be constructed. Depending on the circumstances and requirements of the particular case, tenancies, joint facility, easements or expropriation can be present in order to secure the right of roads. The factor of most importance for when the options can be used is if the wind park is built or not. Since the wind power company in a lease case doesn’t own any property only tenancies can be used when the wind park isn’t built. If the property owners oppose the measure it’s also possible to forcibly expropriate tenancies. When the wind park is built it’s also possibly to enter into a joint facility or grant an easement. These can be applied both when the property owners are in favor of the action, but also in some cases without their consent. This thesis investigates the various options, their meaning and applicability to finally be analyzed and summarized.

Dissertation. / Bibliogr. p. 165-177.

South Africa's water law dispensation has changed dramatically with the promulgation of the National Water Act 36 of 1998. The previous distinction between public and private water has been abolished and the Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry has been appointed to act as trustee of the nation's water resources. Through the working of section 4(4), exclusive rights of water use, which were in force before 1998, were replaced by water allowances, granted in the discretion of the relevant authority. The key issue, which is investigated in this article, is whether the state, through the provisions of the National Water Act, expropriated vested rights in property or whether such infringement merely constituted a deprivation. The new concept of property in terms of section 25 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the distinction between deprivation and expropriation are examined. It is indicated that the concept of property in South African law has been extended to include not only ownership but also rights in property. Although no definition of property has been formulated in the Constitution, it appears from applicable authority, that this development in the law of property is supported by the Constitution and that the protection granted by the property clause will stretch as far as the inclusion of rights in property. It is for this reason that the existing water use rights, which were available to certain individuals in terms of the 1956 Water Act, can be classified as property. Section 25(1) authorises the infringement of private property in certain defined instances. Despite the many academic works which define the difference between deprivation and expropriation as described in section 25(2), the Constitutional Court clarified this matter in First National Bank of SA Ltd Va Wesbank v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Services 2002 7 BCLR 702 (CC). Expropriation is described as a sub-category of deprivation. Section 25(1) must thus be used as the starting point in all cases in which an investigation is conducted into the constitutional validity of an infringement of property. Only when it has been established that the requirements of section 25(1) have been complied with, is the question of whether deprivation constitutes expropriation, asked. The requirements for deprivation, expropriation and inverse condemnation are discussed with reference to applicable case law. After the aim of the National Water Act was weighed up against the disadvantages which individuals suffer through the infringement of their vested rights, the conclusion was reached that the nation's need for sustainable water resources carries more weight than the individual's exclusive right of use of water. A constitutionally valid deprivation has thus occurred. Due to the fact that the state did not appropriate any rights in this process, the conclusion was reached that this provision does not amount to an expropriation. It does however appear that the provisions of the National Water Act can give rise to inverse condemnation or constructive expropriation in specific circumstances. / Thesis (LL.M. (Estate Law))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003.

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South Africa's water law dispensation has changed dramatically with the promulgation of the National Water Act 36 of 1998. The previous distinction between public and private water has been abolished and the Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry has been appointed to act as trustee of the nation's water resources. Through the working of section 4(4), exclusive rights of water use, which were in force before 1998, were replaced by water allowances, granted in the discretion of the relevant authority. The key issue, which is investigated in this article, is whether the state, through the provisions of the National Water Act, expropriated vested rights in property or whether such infringement merely constituted a deprivation. The new concept of property in terms of section 25 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the distinction between deprivation and expropriation are examined. It is indicated that the concept of property in South African law has been extended to include not only ownership but also rights in property. Although no definition of property has been formulated in the Constitution, it appears from applicable authority, that this development in the law of property is supported by the Constitution and that the protection granted by the property clause will stretch as far as the inclusion of rights in property. It is for this reason that the existing water use rights, which were available to certain individuals in terms of the 1956 Water Act, can be classified as property. Section 25(1) authorises the infringement of private property in certain defined instances. Despite the many academic works which define the difference between deprivation and expropriation as described in section 25(2), the Constitutional Court clarified this matter in First National Bank of SA Ltd Va Wesbank v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Services 2002 7 BCLR 702 (CC). Expropriation is described as a sub-category of deprivation. Section 25(1) must thus be used as the starting point in all cases in which an investigation is conducted into the constitutional validity of an infringement of property. Only when it has been established that the requirements of section 25(1) have been complied with, is the question of whether deprivation constitutes expropriation, asked. The requirements for deprivation, expropriation and inverse condemnation are discussed with reference to applicable case law. After the aim of the National Water Act was weighed up against the disadvantages which individuals suffer through the infringement of their vested rights, the conclusion was reached that the nation's need for sustainable water resources carries more weight than the individual's exclusive right of use of water. A constitutionally valid deprivation has thus occurred. Due to the fact that the state did not appropriate any rights in this process, the conclusion was reached that this provision does not amount to an expropriation. It does however appear that the provisions of the National Water Act can give rise to inverse condemnation or constructive expropriation in specific circumstances. / Thesis (LL.M. (Estate Law))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003.

Thesis--University of Oregon. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 332-356).