In the European Union asylum and migration policy, the expressions “exclusion” and “externalization” are often used and encountered because the EU transfers the responsibility of migration control to non-EU states through readmission agreements. The EU does not have the capacity to receive all migrants, refugees and asylum seekers that seek protection in Europe, hence the agreements are constituted between the EU and other countries outside the EU on the basis of returning nationals and third country nationals who have been denied asylum. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how and to what extent are human rights embedded in the readmission agreements and in the materials that constitute the basis for the decision to enter into readmission agreements. This thesis also tends to analyze if and on what basis the readmission agreements pose potential consequences for asylum seekers, refugees and migrants. In order to answer the posed research questions, I have used a qualitative research method of case study and text analysis. I have used a theoretical framework of externalization and studied the cases of the EU-Ukraine agreement and the EU-Pakistan agreement. Today, the EU cannot guarantee the safety individuals that are being returned to either Ukraine or Pakistan, because both Ukraine and Pakistan lack functional human rights institutions and cannot practice what human rights instruments ordain because they lack the capacity to do so. The EU’s failing of safe returns for asylum seekers, refugees and migrants has consequently created situations of orbit and chain refoulment where migrants, refugees and asylum seekers risks being returned to their country of origin or passed around between countries.

This thesis investigates the European Union’s response to the refugee crisis in the Mediterranean Sea, focusing on the strategy of externalizing border controls through agreements with Turkey and Libya. Employing a combination of qualitative textual analysis and interviews, the study examines the humanitarian and legal implications of these agreements, particularly in relation to the criminalization of NGOs’ activities on the Central Mediterranean Route. The findings reveal a dual process of criminalization, both at the European level through operational shifts and the implementation of Codes of Conduct, and at the national level through policies targeting NGOs, such as Italy’s “Codice di Condotta per le ONG” and “decreto Salvini-bis”. The examples of the SeaWatch-3 and IUVENTA boats demonstrate how these processes hinder NGOs’ operations and shape public discourse on migration. The thesis concludes by highlighting the ongoing challenges in the Mediterranean Sea and the need for further research to understand their implications fully.

Depuis un peu plus de dix ans, les règles de la responsabilité pénale en matière de crime de guerre ont connu d'importants changements en droits français et congolais. Les États affichent une certaine frilosité face à la réglementation internationale du crime de guerre. En effet, la mise en conformité des règles nationales aux instruments internationaux a entraîné dans les législations de ces Etats, comme dans certaines d'autres d'ailleurs, deux démarches successives : l'internalisation des notions du crime et du criminel de guerre ainsi que l'externalisation des structures et mécanismes d'établissement de la responsabilité. D'abord, le crime international de guerre est redéfini selon l'entendement et dans les concepts usuels internes des législations des Etats. Il est de ce fait, tantôt partiellement correctionnalisé et en conséquence soumis au régime juridique de tout autre crime ou délit interne, en l'occurrence les règles de la prescription. Tantôt, bien que conservant sa nature d'infraction internationale, ce crime se trouve consacré dans une législation militaire sans en préciser les faits constitutifs et sanctions applicables à l'auteur avéré. Ensuite, le criminel de guerre n'est plus que la personne physique. Lorsqu'il est établi qu'une personne physique a agi pour le compte de l'être moral, peu importe que celle-là soit le préposé de jure ou de facto de celui-ci, la législation française en vigueur punit aussi bien l'exécutant capable de discernement que le bénéficiaire, à l'exception de l'Etat. C'est vers cette solution que tend le droit pénal congolais dans son processus de réforme. / For a little over a decade, the rules of criminal responsibility for war crimes have been major changes under French and Congolese. States show a certain reluctance to face the international regulation of war crime. Indeed, the compliance of national rules with international instruments resulted in the legislation of these states, as in some others besides, two successive steps: the internalization of notions of crime and war criminal and outsourcing structures and mechanisms for establishing accountability. First, the international crime of war is redefined according to the understanding and the usual concepts of internal laws of the States. It is therefore sometimes partially correctionnalisé and therefore subject to the law of any other crime or misdemeanor domestic, namely the rules of prescription. Sometimes, though retaining its character as an international offense, this crime is enshrined in legislation military without specifying the facts constituting and penalties proved to the author.

L’exocytose est un mécanisme biologique fondamental qui permet la libération du contenu des granules de sécrétion dans le milieu extracellulaire. C’est un processus finement régulé par le calcium qui nécessite entre autre, la réorganisation de la membrane plasmique et la formation de domaines lipidiques. Dans les cellules chromaffines, l’annexine A2, protéine capable de lier les phospholipides et l’actine de manière calcium-dépendante, est responsable de la formation et de la stabilisation de ces plateformes lipidiques. Le résultat majeur de ma thèse concerne l’organisation tridimensionnelle et le rôle de l’actine au niveau des sites d’exocytose. Sachant que la phosphorylation de la tyrosine 23 de l’annexine A2 affecte sa liaison à l’actine et aux membranes, deux acteurs majeurs de l’exocytose, j’ai mis en évidence l’importance fonctionnelle de cette phosphorylation. Une autre conséquence de cette phosphorylation est le passage de l’annexine A2 de la face interne à la face externe de la membrane plasmique. Le mécanisme de sortie et le rôle de l’annexine A2 extracellulaire dans les cellules chromaffines ont également été étudiés. / Exocytosis is a fundamental biological mechanism which allows liberation of the contents of secretory granules into the extracellular medium. This calcium-regulated process requires the formation of lipid domains for the structural and spatial organisation of exocytotic sites. In the chromaffin cell, annexine A2, a calcium-, actin- and lipid-binding protein participates in the formation and stabilization of lipid microdomains. The major advance resulting from my thesis is the elucidation of the three-dimensional organization and the role of actin at the exocytotic site. Phosphorylation of the tyrosine 23 is known to affect the binding of annexin A2 to actin filaments and plasma membrane, two major actors of the exocytotic process and my results highlight the functional importance of this phosphorylation on exocytosis. Furthermore, tyrosine 23 phosphorylation also triggers a translocation of annexin A2 to the external face of the plasma membrane. The role and functional signification of this externalization was also examined.

This study contributes to the existing literature by combining the field of digitaltransformation of the finance function and interim management. To answer the researchquestion, a qualitative multiple case-study was conducted that consisted of 10 semi-structuredinterviews with interim CFOs that have over 10 years of experience in digital transformationsof the finance function. The collected empirical evidence was analyzed through the lens ofseveral expectations derived from the first 6 steps in Kotter's (1995) 8-step change model andthrough other findings that emerged from immersing into the two separate fields of literature.The conceptual framework highlights critical aspects that organizations need to carefullyprocess to successfully conduct organizational change.The results of this research show that there are several efforts from interim CFOs as digitalchange agents helping organizations looking towards digital solutions in their financefunctions. While the interim CFOs enter organizations with a lot of necessary experience andknowledge of the available market technologies, they have an inadequate organizationalspecific knowledge, materializing in an insufficient understanding of the organizationalculture, internal systems and processes. This insufficient knowledge, in combination withbeing an external change agent and conservative tendencies within organizations gives rise toresistance towards the transformation. The interim CFOs employ change sponsors as acomplementary mechanism by which the problems revolving around the aforementionedflaws are mitigated. The underlying effort of the interim CFO is to increase the transparency,involvement and commitment throughout the transformation process. This research is anearly contribution to the nascent state of combining these two streams of literature, and thereare multiple angles of approach for future research.

This paper analyzes two policies published by the Canadian Government, the Electronic Travel Visa and the Interactive Advance Passenger Information. These policies were initiated to close an integrity gap and to fight security issues resulting from globalization. These two documents are problematized by using Carol Bacchi’s analytical framework, What’s the Problem Represented to be, to dissect the underlying problem representations, the historical developments and the effects of these policies on migrants and travellers. Globalization, securitization and externalization in connection to Critical Border Studies are used for theoretical development. The results show that these policies have altered Canadian border management by pushing screening processes outside of physical sovereign boundaries and traps migrants in a web of offshore policing and securitization.

The research started in a school context where the teachers were severely affected by the changes in and closing of their school. In my qualitatively based research project, I embarked with the research participants on a pastoral, narrative- and appreciative inquiry approach which assist the teachers to deal more efficiently with the effects of the changes they experienced. By sharing and reflecting on their stories, a climate that's conducive to their well-being was constructed. I describe how my participatory action research invited the teachers to be active research participants, who are responsible for their own construction of richer or alternative meanings in their lives. / Practical theology / M. Th. (Pastoral Therapy)

O presente trabalho aborda a circulação de saberes em torno da profissionalização docente num programa de formação continuada de professores das séries iniciais, o PEC-Municípios, desenvolvido no Estado de São Paulo, por iniciativa da Secretaria de Estado da Educação, em parceria com algumas universidades, no período de 2006 a 2008. A pesquisa adotou as perspectivas teóricas mais recentes dos estudos comparados em educação, que podem ser classificados em duas tradições investigativas distintas: a primeira, representada por alguns autores vinculados à Universidade de Standford, dos quais se destacam Meyer e Ramírez, comumente citados nos trabalhos como neoinstitucionalistas; a segunda, modelarmente representada por Schriewer, por alguns, classificadas como tendência hermenêutica. Por meio do estudo do discurso e dos dispositivos didáticos presente no material produzido no âmbito do Programa para ser distribuído para os professores cursistas, foi possível identificar um conjunto de autores, textos e conceitos que têm circulado amplamente no contexto internacional das reformas educativas empreendidas desde os anos 1990. Foi notável na análise do material a presença das prescrições em torno da ideia de profissional reflexivo, que passa a ser o mote da reconstrução da identidade profissional docente nesse período, com ênfase nos saberes da prática e na apropriação das ideias centrais daquele conjunto de autores e textos que circulam internacionalmente. Nessa análise, os conceitos de externalização (Schriewer) e de estrangeiro indígena (Popkewitz) foram importantes ferramentas teóricas para compor um quadro analítico do discurso produzido no âmbito do PEC-Municípios. / The present paper discusses the circulation of knowledge about the professionalization of a program of continuous training of teachers in early grades, the PEC-cities, developed in the State of São Paulo, at the initiative of the Ministry of Education, in partnership with some universities in the period from 2006 to 2008. The research adopted the latest theoretical perspectives of comparative studies in education, which can be classified into two different investigative traditions: the first, represented by some authors linked to Stanford University, among which are Meyer and Ramirez, commonly mentioned in works like \"neo-institutionalists\", and the second is represented by modelarmente Schriewer by some tendency classified as hermeneutics. Through the study of speech and the devices in this didactic material produced under the program to be distributed to the participant teachers, it was possible to identify a set of authors, texts and concepts that have been circulating widely in the international context of educational reforms undertaken since 1990. In the present analysis of the material, it was noticed prescriptions around the idea of \"reflective practitioner\", which happens to be the theme of the reconstruction of professional identity of teachers in this period, with emphasis on the practical knowledge and ownership of the core ideas that set of authors and texts that circulate internationally. In this analysis, the concepts of externalization (Schriewer) and \"foreign native\" (Popkewitz) were important theoretical tools to compose an analytical framework of the discourse produced in the PEC-Cities.

Nesta tese, entendemos design como um processo criativo de busca por soluções para problemas complexos e mal definidos. Design é o ato projetual de busca por boas soluções em espaços contendo diversas soluções possíveis. O design de visualizações é o desenvolvimento de metáforas visuais para dados abstratos, é a transformação de dados em representações gráficas interativas. Visualizações têm o objetivo de auxiliar os processos cognitivos de compreensão de informação e tornar mais eficiente e efetiva a execução de tarefas envolvendo dados. A complexidade do design de visualizações está tanto na multiplicidade e impossibilidade de redução de seus problemas quanto na extensão e variação de seus dados. Para tratar dessa complexidade, o designer executa uma conversa reflexiva com externalizações materiais do projeto. Essas representações externas podem funcionar como entidades intermediárias de projeto, quando elas não são, em si, a descrição do problema, nem a representação de uma solução e, sim, uma entidade que opera entre esses espaços. As três principais atividades do desenvolvimento de visualizações são o entendimento, a transformação e o mapeamento gráfico dos dados. Transformação de dados é um componente ativo no design de visualizações, pois muitas das decisões tomadas sobre as marcas gráficas dependem da transformação e da derivação dos dados. Propomos que o uso de representações gráficas de estruturas de dados, quando abordadas como entidades intermediárias de projeto, pode auxiliar no processo de design de visualização de dados, ajudando a tratar sua complexidade e a produzir melhores soluções para problemas de visualização. Ao externalizar a representação de estruturas de dados, cria-se um suporte material para memória e raciocínio, que auxilia na compreensão dessas estruturas. Ao abordar essas representações como entidades intermediárias de projeto, é possível tratá-las como materiais que dão suporte para a definição, o entendimento e a navegação pelo espaço de possibilidades de um projeto. Elas passam a ser representações que auxiliam na compreensão das possíveis soluções de uma visualização e os meios para atingi-las. Nesta tese, defendemos essa proposição por meio de um embasamento teórico e do desenvolvimento e aplicação de uma técnica de representação de estruturas de dados. / In this thesis, we understand design as a creative process of searching for solutions to complex and ill-defined problems. Design is the act of search for good solutions in spaces containing several possible solutions. The design of visualizations is the development of visual metaphors for abstract data, is the transformation of data in interactive graphics. Visualizations are intended to assist the cognitive processes of understanding information and to make more efficient and effective the execution of tasks involving data. The complexity of visualization design is both in the impossibility of reducing their problems as in the extent and range of the data. To address this complexity, the designer performs a reflective conversation with project externalizations. These external representations can act as intermediary entities for the project when they are not a description of the problem or the representation of a solution, but rather an entity that operates between these spaces. The three main activities in the development of visualizations are the understanding, the transformation and the graphical mapping of the data. Data Transformation is an active component in visualization design because many of the decisions taken on the graphic marks depend on the processing and transformation of data. We propose that the use of graphical representations of data structures, when addressed as intermediary entities project, can assist in the process of data visualization design, helping to address its complexity and to produce better solutions for visualization problems. The externalization of the representation of data structures creates a support material for memory and reasoning, which helps in understanding these structures. In addressing these representations as intermediary project entities, you can treat them as materials that support definition, understanding and navigation of the possibilities of a project space. They become representations that help in understanding the possible solutions of visualization and the means to achieve them. In this thesis, we defend this proposition through a theoretical foundation and the development and implementation of a data structure representation technique.

A pesquisa tem como objeto o trabalho e as práticas de cuidado de crianças pequenas, a partir de diferentes processos e sujeitos que realizam essa atividade, gratuitamente nos domicílios ou como profissão. A tese se nutre da interdisciplinariedade própria à teoria feminista e, partindo dos estudos sociológicos sobre trabalho doméstico e de cuidado, constrói uma perspectiva de análise que integra contribuições da economia feminista. Apoia-se nas noções de divisão sexual do trabalho, imbricação das relações sociais de gênero, raça e classe, e na perspectiva da sustentabilidade da vida como instrumentos teóricos que orientam a análise. As diversas modalidades do trabalho de cuidar de crianças se manifestam em uma pluralidade de arranjos, interdependentes, mas também conflitantes e em permanente transformação. Em uma cidade profundamente desigual, como é São Paulo, Estado, mercados, família e comunidade integram a discussão a partir desta diversidade de arranjos, das conexões e dinâmicas entre os sujeitos, os trabalhos e as práticas sociais que sustentam o cuidado. Instituído na Constituição Federal de 1988, o direito à creche é uma reivindicação histórica que marcou a organização popular do feminismo brasileiro. De lá para cá, as creches foram integradas à política de educação, e verificou-se expansão significativa, mas aquém da demanda. Viu-se emergir uma camada profissionalizada de mulheres, com formação no ensino superior, que assumem o cuidado de crianças pequenas como professoras nas creches e pré-escolas. Estas são relativamente mais valorizadas e formalizadas que as que cuidam de crianças na vizinhança ou como trabalhadoras domésticas (babás). As mudanças relativas à composição do cuidado não transformam os princípios da separação, hierarquização e invisibilização nexos da divisão social, sexual e racial do trabalho , mas produzem deslocamentos: aproximam e distanciam mulheres e homens, e mulheres entre si. A análise confirma a indissociabilidade entre o cuidado direto e tudo o que precisa ser feito para garantir as condições de vida alimentação, limpeza , revelando permanências na dinâmica que separa e hierarquiza tais trabalhos, invisibilizando os trabalhos com menor valorização social e os sujeitos responsabilizados por eles. As dimensões do afeto, da dependência/autonomia, dos ritmos, atividades e da responsabilização pelo cuidar são aspectos com manifestações singulares no cuidar de crianças pequenas quando comparadas ao cuidado de idosos, que predomina nas análises contemporâneas sobre o trabalho de cuidado. A pesquisa evidencia que o ajuste entre as lógicas em conflito do capital e da sustentabilidade de vida se dá tanto no trabalho não remunerado (mulheres nas famílias), como no trabalho remunerado de diferentes responsáveis pelo cuidado que absorvem os impactos desse conflito em seus corpos e tempos. / This paper aims to investigate care practices and work with infant and toddler children, looking into several processes and individuals who carry out this activity, whether for free at households or as a paid occupation. The dissertation is established on the specific interdisciplinarity of feminist theory and, coming from sociological studies on care and domestic work, builds a perspective of analysis that integrates contributions from feminist economics. In this sense, the notions of sexual division of labor; the intersectionality of social relations based on gender, race, and class; and the sustainability of life constitute the theoretical framework of this research. The many different modalities of childcare is expressed in a myriad of arrangements that are interdependent, but also conflicting and continuously changing. In a deeply unequal city such as São Paulo, Brazil, the State, markets, the family, and the community integrate the conversation not as stagnant actors, but as part of this diversity of arrangements, the connections and dynamics between individuals, the works, and social practices that support care. Established in Brazils 1988 Constitution, the right to childcare has been historically on the agenda of peoples organization in Brazilian feminism. Since then, childcare centers have been integrated to education policies, and while there has been a significant increase in the number of daycare facilities, they are still not enough to satisfy the demand. A class of technically trained women with a higher education background take on the task of caring for infants and toddlers as teachers in childcare centers and preschools. They are relatively more appreciated and more formally employed than child caregivers who work in their own neighborhood or as domestic workers (nannies). The changes in care-related compositions do not change the principles of separation, hierarchization, and invisibilization as the nexus of social, sexual, and racial division of labor , but rather produce displacements: they bring women and men, and women with each other, closer together or drive them apart. The investigation demonstrates how care and everything that involves providing living conditions food, cleaning are intrinsically indissociable, showing what remains in the dynamics that separate and hierarchize those works, invisibilizing socially underappreciated works and the individuals who are responsible for them. The dimensions of affection, dependence/autonomy, paces, activities, and the assigning of responsibility for care are aspects that manifest in unique ways in childcare when compared to senior care, which prevails in contemporary investigations into care work. This research demonstrates that the adjustment between conflicting logics that of capital and that of the sustainability of life happens both in unpaid work (households) and paid labor of different caregivers who absorb the impacts of this conflicts between their bodies and times.