Nationally, as well as at state and local level, 75% of students in Grades 4, 8 and 12 have been determined to be writing at the basic or below basic level. In 2012, the standards were made more stringent for the incorporation of details and adherence to customary English conventions. After that, students’ writing scores plummeted. Hispanic students scored more poorly than their White counterparts. Earlier studies indicated that students’ attitude towards writing becomes less positive as they progress through the grades. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of extra writing on 60 fourth-grade, Hispanic students’ writing, and their attitude towards writing through participation in a Writers’ Club versus an At Home Writing Group or a group with no extra writing. The study followed a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest, non-equivalent group design. The groups were the Writers’ Club (n = 22), the At Home Writing Group (n = 18 and no extra writing (n = 20). All students received regular writing instruction and homework. The Writers’ Club met 24 times for 30 minutes each meeting, over an 8-week period. Pretest and posttest writing samples were evaluated using Spandel’s Teacher Six-Point Writing Guide and attitude towards writing was evaluated using Kear, Coffman, McKenna, and Ambrosio’s Writing Attitude Survey. A univariate analysis of covariate was conducted on the pretest and posttest writing samples and responses to the Writing Attitude Survey protocol. The independent variable was group membership, the dependent variable was the posttest scores and the covariate was the pretest scores. The writing samples were examined for three conditions: incorporation of details (ideas), adherence to the conventions of customary English and overall writing skill. The results of the current study showed no significant difference in fourth-grade, Hispanic students’ writing or their attitude towards writing based on group membership. The conclusions of the study are that the results were potentially compromised by a variety of limitations and that it may have been conducted over too short a period for positive effects to be seen. The conclusion is that further research is warranted with adjustments to the setting and the timeframe.

La qualité et la gestion des risques sont devenus, au cours de la dernière décennie, les enjeux principaux au sein des démarches d'amélioration des soins au sein des pratiques médicales et paramédicales.L'enseignement doit constituer un socle solide sur lequel viendront s'échafauder ces différentes démarches. Dans le domaine de la santé, la simulation s'impose comme l'un des outils les plus performants contribuant à l'amélioration des pratiques de soin. Notre travail concerne plus particulièrement le secteur très spécialisé que représente la chirurgie cardiaque. Il propose un modèle d'enseignement basé sur la simulation à partir d'un modèle animal vivant.Après une première étape visant à concevoir l'outil de simulation et sa pertinence, deux modèles de formation ; initiale et continue, sont proposés et évalués.Dans la perspective d'améliorer la qualité et la gestion des risques en France, une comparaison avec les démarches déjà instaurées à l'étranger, et notamment au Canada, est proposée.Enfin, l'École de la CEC vient illustrer ce que pourrait être, en France, un exemple de formation initiale et continue basé sur la simulation et dédié aux professions médicales et paramédicales dans le domaine de la chirurgie cardiaque. / The quality and the risk management became, during the last decade, the main stakes within the initiatives of improvement of medical and paramedical practices.Education and teaching have to constitute the basement on which these various steps can build. In the field of health, the simulation stands out as one of the most successful tools contributing to the improvement of the practices.Our work concerns more particularly the very specialized area represented by cardiac surgery. We propose an educational tool based on the simulation from an in-vivo animal model.After a first stage to design the model and its relevance, two curriculum of training, one concerning basics and the other concerning continuing medical education, are proposed and assessed.To improve the quality and the risk management in France, a comparison with the initiatives already established abroad, in particular in Canada, is depicted.Finally, the School of the CEC comes to illustrate what could be, in France, an example of training curriculum for medical and paramedical professions in the field of the cardiac surgery.

The presented diploma thesis discusses the framework of public extra-budgetary funds as an element of the system of public finance. Extra-budgetary funds inclusion to the system of public budgets and to the system of relations among them, as well as extra-budgetary funds institutional arrangement, the overview of their activities, the extra-budgetary funds economic results and especially impacts and consequences of all above appointed are extremely relevant topic in the period when increased attention to the stability and sustainability of public budget system is paid.

Devant le nombre croissant d’atteintes commerciales intentionnelles et la prétendue incapacité du droit à y faire face, les sociétés commerciales ne sont plus en mesure d’obtenir efficacement réparation du préjudice subi. Forts de ce constat, certains auteurs proposent l’instauration des dommages-intérêts punitifs, alors que d’autres préconisent ceux à caractère restitutoire. Cette étude a pour objet de démontrer que les sociétés commerciales peuvent subir des atteintes à leurs intérêts extra-patrimoniaux, et que celles-ci peuvent et doivent être réparées sur le fondement du préjudice au moins moral. Dans ce cadre, les notions d’image de marque,de savoir-faire, de culture d’entreprise, d’identité et de réputation seront au coeur de cet ouvrage. En outre, la distinction des termes de dommage et de préjudice est essentielle, en ce qu’elle permet de clarifier le régime juridique du préjudice moral. Les conséquences patrimoniales et extra-patrimoniales de l’atteinte doivent donc être envisagées distinctement.Il conviendra de faire une place importante aux règles relatives à la réparation du préjudice moral. Le rôle du juge et celui de l’expert seront mis en exergue, et nous tenterons de faire apparaître les critères utilisés par le juge. Une méthode alternative consistant à prendre en compte certains critères complémentaires sera proposée et nous observerons les conséquences de la réparation auprès des différents protagonistes. / As they face a growing number of commercial torts, and their inalility to manage them, companies are no longer able to obtain effective compensation for property and pecuniary losses. On the basis, some authors suggest the introduction of punitive damages, while others advocate restitutory damages.This study aims to desmonstrate that companies can suffer damage to their extra-patrimonial interests, and that in this case they should be compensated at least on the basis of moral damages. In this context, this thesis will focus on the concepts of brand, know-how, corporate culture, identity, and reputation. Furthermore, the distinction between the terms “damage” and“harm” is critical, as it clarifies the legal status of non-pecuniary damages suffered by acompany while the consequences of patrimonial and extra-patrimonial damages are considered separately. Hence, new rules regarding the moral damages should be considered. The role of judges and experts will be highlighted, as well as the criteria therefore used by the judge. An option isalso to consider some additional criteria. It is also worth mentionning the results of redress onthe various protagonists.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:55:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ELIANA CALEIRO.pdf: 253117 bytes, checksum: 0eda751d2cc1aabee05828e353b87704 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-22 / This study aimed to evaluate the supplementation effects of extra virgin coconut oil (EVCO) on lipid parameters, weight, and body fat deposit of male and female rats with obesity induced by cafeteria diet. Were studied 48 rats divided into 3 groups (8 males and 8 females): CONTROL group: fed with commercial ration; OBESE Group: fed with cafeteria diet or palatable hyperlipidic diet (PHD); OBESE+COCO Group: PHD and supplemented with EVCO. The animals were weighed weekly, and in weeks 5 and 12 were assessed measures of body length and girth. After 12 weeks blood was collected for determination of total cholesterol and fractions (HDL and LDL), triglycerides (TG), collection and weighing the retroperitoneal and scrotal fat.It was noted that different effects were observed in obese and supplemented males and females. Females in OBESE group had significant elevation of total cholesterol, effect not attenuated by supplementation with EVCO. In TG, oil supplementation has proved beneficial, causing a reduction in serum levels in males and females. In the OBESE group, marked increase in LDL in females, and slightly increased in males were observed, and the supplementation with EVCO was more effective in lowering LDL in males than in females. In relation to HDL, the OBESE group revealed decrease in males but not in females, while in the OBESE + COCO group increased HDL occurred for both genders. The CONTROL and OBESE+COCO groups showed weight gain starting in the fourth and sixth weeks in males and females, respectively, while the OBESE group had won the starting third week in males and at the sixth week in females. Males had weights higher than females at twelve weeks evaluated. In weighing the retroperitoneal fat was observed lower values in CONTROL group, males showed higher values for females of all groups. The scrotal fat weight in the OBESE+COCO group was superior to CONTROL, and as well as circumference. In conclusion, the EVCO supplementation inobese rats showed lipid-lowering effects, mainly in males. However, the practice was not effective in reducing body weight in both genders, and promotes greater accumulation of abdominal fat in males, a risk factor for heart disease. Therefore, when performing EVCO supplementation should be considered where the desired benefit, gender and the possible effects that this supplement can produce. / Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da suplementação do óleo de coco extra virgem (OCEV) sobre os parâmetros lipídicos, peso, medidas e depósito de gordura corporal de ratos machos e fêmeas com obesidade induzida por dieta de cafeteria. Foram estudados 48 ratos Wistar, divididos em 3 grupos (8 machos e 8 fêmeas): Grupo CONTROLE: alimentados com ração comercial; Grupo OBESO: alimentados com dieta de cafeteria ou palatável hiperlipídica (DPH); Grupo OBESO+COCO: alimentados com DPH e suplementados com OCEV. Os animais foram pesados a cada 7 dias, e nas semanas 5 e 12 foram aferidas medidas de cintura corporal. Após 12 semanas foi realizada coleta de sangue para determinação do colesterol total e frações (HDL e LDL), triglicérides (TG) e glicose, bem como coleta e pesagem da gordura retroperitoneal e escrotal nos machos. Tanto a obesidade, quanto a suplementação do OCEV, produziram diferentes efeitos em machos e fêmeas. Fêmeas do grupo OBESO apresentaram importante elevação do colesterol total, efeito não atenuado pela suplementação com OCEV. No TG, a suplementação do óleo revelou-se benéfica, causando redução dos níveis séricos em machos e fêmeas. No grupo OBESO houve acentuado aumento do LDL nas fêmeas, e discreto aumento em machos, sendo que a suplementação com OCEV foi mais eficaz na redução do LDL em machos que em fêmeas. Em relação ao HDL, o grupo OBESO apresentou redução em machos, mas não em fêmeas, enquanto no grupo OBESO+COCO houve aumento do HDL para os dois gêneros. Os grupos CONTROLE e OBESO+COCO apresentaram ganho de peso a partir da quarta e sexta semanas do estudo em machos e fêmeas, respectivamente, enquanto o grupo OBESO apresentou ganho a partir da terceira semana nos machos e sexta semana nas fêmeas. Os machos tiveram pesos superiores aos das fêmeas nas 12 semanas avaliadas. Na pesagem da gordura retroperitoneal observou-se valores inferiores no grupo CONTROLE, e os machos apresentaram valores superiores ao das fêmeas de todos os grupos. O peso da gordura escrotal no grupo OBESO+COCO foi superior ao CONTROLE, assim como a circunferência abdominal. Conclui-se que a suplementação do OCEV em ratos obesos demonstrou efeitos hipolipemiantes, predominantemente em machos. Entretanto, a prática não foi eficaz em reduzir o peso corporal em ambos os gêneros, além de promover maior acúmulo de gordura abdominal em machos, fator de risco para doenças do coração. Portanto, ao realizar suplementação com OCEV deve-se considerar qual o benefício desejado, o gênero e os possíveis efeitos que este suplemento pode produzir.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:53:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ELIANA CALEIRO.pdf: 253117 bytes, checksum: 0eda751d2cc1aabee05828e353b87704 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-22 / This study aimed to evaluate the supplementation effects of extra virgin coconut oil (EVCO) on lipid parameters, weight, and body fat deposit of male and female rats with obesity induced by cafeteria diet. Were studied 48 rats divided into 3 groups (8 males and 8 females): CONTROL group: fed with commercial ration; OBESE Group: fed with cafeteria diet or palatable hyperlipidic diet (PHD); OBESE+COCO Group: PHD and supplemented with EVCO. The animals were weighed weekly, and in weeks 5 and 12 were assessed measures of body length and girth. After 12 weeks blood was collected for determination of total cholesterol and fractions (HDL and LDL), triglycerides (TG), collection and weighing the retroperitoneal and scrotal fat.It was noted that different effects were observed in obese and supplemented males and females. Females in OBESE group had significant elevation of total cholesterol, effect not attenuated by supplementation with EVCO. In TG, oil supplementation has proved beneficial, causing a reduction in serum levels in males and females. In the OBESE group, marked increase in LDL in females, and slightly increased in males were observed, and the supplementation with EVCO was more effective in lowering LDL in males than in females. In relation to HDL, the OBESE group revealed decrease in males but not in females, while in the OBESE + COCO group increased HDL occurred for both genders. The CONTROL and OBESE+COCO groups showed weight gain starting in the fourth and sixth weeks in males and females, respectively, while the OBESE group had won the starting third week in males and at the sixth week in females. Males had weights higher than females at twelve weeks evaluated. In weighing the retroperitoneal fat was observed lower values in CONTROL group, males showed higher values for females of all groups. The scrotal fat weight in the OBESE+COCO group was superior to CONTROL, and as well as circumference. In conclusion, the EVCO supplementation inobese rats showed lipid-lowering effects, mainly in males. However, the practice was not effective in reducing body weight in both genders, and promotes greater accumulation of abdominal fat in males, a risk factor for heart disease. Therefore, when performing EVCO supplementation should be considered where the desired benefit, gender and the possible effects that this supplement can produce. / Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da suplementação do óleo de coco extra virgem (OCEV) sobre os parâmetros lipídicos, peso, medidas e depósito de gordura corporal de ratos machos e fêmeas com obesidade induzida por dieta de cafeteria. Foram estudados 48 ratos Wistar, divididos em 3 grupos (8 machos e 8 fêmeas): Grupo CONTROLE: alimentados com ração comercial; Grupo OBESO: alimentados com dieta de cafeteria ou palatável hiperlipídica (DPH); Grupo OBESO+COCO: alimentados com DPH e suplementados com OCEV. Os animais foram pesados a cada 7 dias, e nas semanas 5 e 12 foram aferidas medidas de cintura corporal. Após 12 semanas foi realizada coleta de sangue para determinação do colesterol total e frações (HDL e LDL), triglicérides (TG) e glicose, bem como coleta e pesagem da gordura retroperitoneal e escrotal nos machos. Tanto a obesidade, quanto a suplementação do OCEV, produziram diferentes efeitos em machos e fêmeas. Fêmeas do grupo OBESO apresentaram importante elevação do colesterol total, efeito não atenuado pela suplementação com OCEV. No TG, a suplementação do óleo revelou-se benéfica, causando redução dos níveis séricos em machos e fêmeas. No grupo OBESO houve acentuado aumento do LDL nas fêmeas, e discreto aumento em machos, sendo que a suplementação com OCEV foi mais eficaz na redução do LDL em machos que em fêmeas. Em relação ao HDL, o grupo OBESO apresentou redução em machos, mas não em fêmeas, enquanto no grupo OBESO+COCO houve aumento do HDL para os dois gêneros. Os grupos CONTROLE e OBESO+COCO apresentaram ganho de peso a partir da quarta e sexta semanas do estudo em machos e fêmeas, respectivamente, enquanto o grupo OBESO apresentou ganho a partir da terceira semana nos machos e sexta semana nas fêmeas. Os machos tiveram pesos superiores aos das fêmeas nas 12 semanas avaliadas. Na pesagem da gordura retroperitoneal observou-se valores inferiores no grupo CONTROLE, e os machos apresentaram valores superiores ao das fêmeas de todos os grupos. O peso da gordura escrotal no grupo OBESO+COCO foi superior ao CONTROLE, assim como a circunferência abdominal. Conclui-se que a suplementação do OCEV em ratos obesos demonstrou efeitos hipolipemiantes, predominantemente em machos. Entretanto, a prática não foi eficaz em reduzir o peso corporal em ambos os gêneros, além de promover maior acúmulo de gordura abdominal em machos, fator de risco para doenças do coração. Portanto, ao realizar suplementação com OCEV deve-se considerar qual o benefício desejado, o gênero e os possíveis efeitos que este suplemento pode produzir.

O sistema Holter é considerado padrão ouro para detecção de arritmias cardíacas, possibilitando o seu diagnóstico e sua relação com os sintomas do paciente. As novas gerações de marcapassos (MP) detectam e registram eletrogramas intracavitários e poderiam dispensar o Holter no seguimento dos pacientes. Os diferentes MP dispõem de algoritmos de detecção de arritmias ventriculares (AV) que variam de acordo com o modelo e sua correlação diagnóstica com Holter foi pouco estudada. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar 1. a correlação entre o monitor de eventos dos MP e do Holter na detecção de AV e 2. a concordância das AV detectadas nos dois sistemas. Foram estudados129 pacientes portadores de MP com função de detecção de arritmias, com idade média de 68,6+19.1 anos (entre 19 e 94), 54,8% do sexo feminino. Os pacientes foram submetidos à monitorização com Holter por 72 horas. Assim que o sistema foi ligado, os contadores de eventos dos marcapassos foram reiniciados e os relógios sincronizados, para que ambos os sistemas detectassem os eventos simultaneamente. Os MP foram programados para detecção de eventos com o menor valor de frequência ventricular (FV) e o menor número de batimentos sequenciais (BT) possíveis. Depois de 72 horas, os sistemas Holter foram retirados e os registros analisados, assim como os registros simultâneos dos gravadores dos MP. Foram qualificados como eventos arrítmicos no Holter e MP, respectivamente: EV isoladas e \"PVC\"; extra-sístoles em pares e \"couplets\"; TVNS (> 3BT) e \"triplets\"(3BT), \"runs\"(3 a 8 ou > 8 BT) e \"HVR\" (3 ou 4 BT). As correlações de Spearman foram utilizadas para avaliar se o marcapasso acompanha a detecção dos parâmetros do Holter. Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse e os respectivos intervalos com 95% de confiança, calculados para avaliar a concordâncias entre os parâmetros equivalentes do marcapasso e do Holter. Foram calculados os coeficientes Kappa para avaliar a concordância na detecção de > 10 \"PVC\"/h com > 10 EV/h. Resultados: Os monitores dos marcapassos subestimaram o Holter. Os registros de \"PVC\", \"triplet\" e \"HVR\" por TVNS apresentaram correlações positivas em relação aos parâmetros do Holter, sendo a mais alta aquela entre \"PVC\" e EV (r=0,501). Porém, a concordância entre os tipos de arritmias detectadas foi baixa (CCI < 0,5), exceção feita à concordância de \"triplet\" com TVNS de três batimentos (CCI=0.984). A concordância na detecção de mais de 10 PVC/h e mais de 10 EV/h foi moderada (kappa= 0,483), embora para os MP da Medtronic, o coeficiente de concordância foi alto (kappa=0.877). Para os MP com algoritmo de detecção de sequências de três batimentos com FV menor que 140bpm ( < 140/3), a correlação entre HVR e TVNS foi expressiva (r = 1), sendo a concordância entre esses parâmetros também bastante alta (CCI = 0,800). Conclusões: A correlação e a concordância na detecção de AV registradas nos MP e no Holter foram inconsistentes. Padronização dos algoritmos de detecção de AV, semelhantes os do sistema Holter, é necessária para que os pacientes portadores de dispositivos implantáveis possam se beneficiar dessa função para seguimento clínico e estratificação de risco / The Holter monitoring is considered the gold standard method for detection of cardiac arrhythmias, enabling its diagnosis and its correlation with the patient\'s symptoms. New generations of artificial pacemakers can detect and record intracavitary electrograms and, theoretically, could discard the Holter during the follow-up of the patients. Pacemakers have different ventricular arrhythmias (VA) detection algorithms, varying according to the model. Their diagnosis capacity comparing to Holter monitoring has been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate 1. the correlation between the event monitor of the pacemaker and the Holter in VA detection and 2. the agreement between the VA detected in both systems. We studied 129 patients with implanted pacemakers, which had arrhythmia detection function, mean age of 68.6 + 19.1 years (19 to 94), 54.8% female. The patients underwent Holter monitoring for 72 hours. Once the system was connected, event counters of pacemakers were reset and the clocks synchronized, so that both systems could detect the arrhythmic events simultaneously. The pacemakers were programmed to detect events with the lowest ventricular rate and lowest number of sequential beats allowed for each model. After 72 hours, Holter systems were removed and the records analyzed, as well as the simultaneous records of the pacemakers. Were considered as arrhythmic events: PVC isolated (in the pacemaker described as \"PVC\"); premature beats in pairs (pacemaker described as \"couplets\"); NSVT (pacemaker described as \"triplets\"- 3beats, \"runs\"- 4 to 8 or > 8 beats and \"HVR\"- 3 to 4 beats). Spearman rank correlations were used to assess whether the pacemaker and Holter identified the same parameters. The intraclass correlation coefficients and the respective intervals with 95% confidence were calculated to evaluate the concordance between the equivalent parameters of the pacemaker and Holter. Kappa coefficients were calculated to assess the agreement in the detection of > 10 PVC/h by the pacemakers and by the Holter. Results: The pacemakers underestimated the arrhythmias detection of Holter. Records of \"PVC\", \"triplet\" and \"HVR\" by NSVT showed positive correlations with the Holter parameters, and the highest one was among \"PVC\" and EV (r = 0.501). The agreement between the types of arrhythmias detected was quite low (CCI < 0.5), except for \"triplet\" detected by pacemakers and three beats NSVT by Holter (ICC = 0.984). The correlation detection for more than 10 PVC /h was moderate (kappa = 0.483), except for Medtronic pacemakers (kappa=0.877). When the pacemaker was programmed to detect sequences of three beats with heart rate lower than 140bpm ( < 140/3), the correlation between HVR and NSVT was perfect (r = 1) and the agreement between these parameters was also quite high (ICC = 0.800). Conclusions: The correlation and agreement between pacemakers and Holter monitoring in the detection of VA were not consistent. A standardization of the pacemakers\' detection algorithms is necessary before using this function for clinical follow-up and risk stratification of the patients

Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient de définir le retard de croissance intra-utérin chez le nouveau-né prématuré, d’étudier ses conséquences en terme de morbidité néonatale et de pronostic à long terme et d’évaluer les liens existant entre retard de croissance intra-utérin, croissance extra-utérine et pronostic des prématurés. Nous avons mis en évidence dans un premier temps que le seuil strict de définition d’un « nouveau-né petit pour l’âge gestationnel» ne pouvait se limiter dans le cadre de la prématurité au 10ème percentile mais s’étendre au-delà, au moins jusqu’au 20ème percentile. Par ailleurs, se limiter au poids n’était pas suffisant et qu’une définition par l’association entre poids et périmètre crânien était pertinente en terme de pronostic tant à court qu’à long terme.Nous avons montré que la restriction de croissance intra-utérine était associée au pronostic neurologique des grands prématurés en terne de déficience cognitive et difficultés scolaires essentiellement et ce même pour des prématurés modérés et une restriction de croissance peu sévère et que l’effet du retard de croissance était modulé selon l’âge gestationnel de naissance. Concernant la croissance extra-utérine, nous avons montré qu’elle était elle-même associée au pronostic neurologique des prématurés mais que cet effet était variable selon la croissance anténatale.Enfin, nous nous sommes interrogés sur les conséquences à court terme des efforts faits par les néonatologistes afin d’optimiser la croissance post-natale des prématurés par une revue de la littérature et montré qu’ils existaient des anomalies métaboliques engendrées par une nutrition agressive qu’il convenait de surveiller. / Our main objectives were to define intrauterine growth restrictions in preterm infants to study its consequences in terms of neonatal morbidity and long-term prognosis and also assessment to study the relationship between intrauterine growth restriction, extra-uterine growth and neurological outcomes.We showed initially that strict threshold definition of a "small for gestational age" preterm could not be limited in the context of prematurity in the 10th percentile, but extend beyond, at least to the 20th percentile. Furthermore, to define growth restriction studying, weight was not enough. A definition by the association between weight and head circumference was relevant in terms of prognosis in both the short and long term.We found that growth restriction in very preterm and neurological outcome were significantly associated. Small for gestational age preterm infants were more likely to have cognitive impairment and school difficulties even for moderate preterm and moderate growth restriction. Gestational age was an important factor that modulates the association between growth restriction and outcome. Concerning extra-uterine growth, we have shown that it was associated with neurological outcome but this effect varied with antenatal growth pattern.Finally, we studied by literature review, the short-term consequences of optimized postnatal growth of premature infants and showed metabolic abnormalities caused by an aggressive nutrition that required necessary monitoring.

Il y a près de deux décennies, l'utilisation des modèles à dimensions supplémentaires pour résoudre le problème de hiérarchie des théories de jauge a reçu beaucoup d'attention, au travers d'élégantes propositions : des dimensions supplémentaires (DS) étendues et plates - le modèle d'Arkani-Hamed-Dimopoulos-Dvali, ou ADD - ainsi que des DS courbées - le modèle de Randall-Sundrum, ou RS. Dans cette thèse, nous discutons plusieurs modèles inspirés de tels scénarios extra-dimensionnels. Pour commencer, nous introduisons des éléments-clés de la théorie des champs en cinq dimensions, et nous montrons comment de tels scénarios apportent une réponse au problème de hiérarchie. Ensuite, dans une première partie, nous adoptons une approche ``de bas en haut'' et étudions plusieurs modèles contenant des fermions vectoriels (FV), prédits génériquement dans les modèles de DS. Nous montrons qu'en ajoutant des quarks vectoriels (QV) au Modèle Standard (MS), on peut expliquer en même temps les anomalies (i) d'asymétrie avant-arrière des quarks b, mesurée au Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP) et (ii) de section efficace de production de tth mesurée au Large Hadron Collider (LHC). En utilisant des rapports de taux de désintégration du Higgs, nous estimons aussi la sensibilité du LHC amélioré, le LHC à haute luminosité, à la présence de QV. Puis nous considérons un modèle à deux doublets de Higgs (2HDM), accompagné de leptons vectoriels (LV) pour expliquer le mystérieux excès à 750 GeV observé au LHC fin 2015. Dans un modèle similaire, nous expliquons également l'abondance de matière sombre (MS) dans l'Univers, notre candidat pour la MS étant un LV neutre, stabilisé par une symétrie Z2 appropriée. Par la suite, dans une deuxième partie de la thèse, nous nous penchons sur le scénario plus concret des DS courbées dotées d'une symétrie custodiale dans l'espace cinq-dimensionnel, qui protège le modèle vis-à-vis de larges corrections électrofaibles. Dans ce cadre, nous interprétons tout d'abord la bosse à deux bosons observée à 2 TeV au LHC comme une superposition de bosons de jauge de Kaluza-Klein, produits en canal s. Dans un deuxième temps, nous étudions la phénoménologie du secteur scalaire du modèle susdit, qui mêle le Higgs et le radion. En particulier, nous estimons la sensibilité du LHC et d'un futur collisionneur électron-positron (l'International Linear Collider - ILC) à l'existence d'un radion, via la production de celui-ci en association avec un boson Z. / Almost two decades ago, the paradigm of extra-dimensional models addressing the gauge hierarchy problem attracted much attention through the elegant proposals of large, flat extra dimensions (EDs) - the Arkani-Hamed-Dimopoulos-Dvali or ADD model - and warped EDs - the Randall-Sundrum or RS model. In this thesis, we discuss several models inspired from such extra-dimensional scenarios. We start by introducing some key elements of field theory in five space-time dimensions and showing how such scenarios provide a solution to the hierarchy problem. Afterwards, in a first part of this work, we adopt a bottom-up approach and study several models containing Vector-Like Fermions (VLFs), which are typically predicted in ED frameworks. We show how adding Vector-Like Quarks (VLQs) to the Standard Model (SM) allows one to simultaneously explain the anomalies in the (i) b-quark forward-backward asymmetry measured at the Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP) and (ii) the tth production cross section measured at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Using the so-called Higgs decay ratios, we also estimate the sensitivity of the upgraded LHC, the High-Luminosity LHC, to the presence of VLQs. Then, we consider a Two-Higgs Doublet Model (2HDM) extended with Vector-Like Leptons (VLLs) in order to fit the mysterious 750 GeV excess observed at LHC in late 2015. Within a similar model, we also explain the Dark Matter (DM) abundance in the Universe, our DM candidate being a neutral VLL, which is rendered stable by a suitable Z2 symmetry. Later on, in a second part of the thesis, we focus on the more concrete warped ED scenario endowed with a bulk custodial symmetry, which protects the model from large electroweak (EW) corrections. In this framework, we first interpret the 2 TeV diboson bump observed at LHC in 2015 as a superposition of Kaluza-Klein (KK) gauge bosons produced in the s-channel. Afterwards, we study the phenomenology of the mixed Higgs-radion scalar sector of the aforementioned model. In particular, we estimate the sensitivity of the LHC and of a future electron-positron collider (the International Linear Collider - ILC) to the existence of a radion via its production in association with a Z boson.

Sammanfattning Jaros, Karolina &amp; Magnusson, Josefin (2021). Möjligheter, utmaningar och hinder vid starten på gymnasiet för elever i behov av stöd. Specialpedagogprogrammet, Institution för skol­utveckling och ledarskap, Lärande och samhälle, Malmö universitet, 90hp.  Förväntat kunskapsbidrag  Arbetet kan bidra med kunskap kring hur mottagandet- och den första tiden på gymnasiet fungerar för elever i behov av stöd och därmed synliggöra möjligheter, utmaningar och hinder. Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien är att synliggöra hur elever i behov stöd upplever sin första tid på gymnasiet samt specialpedagogers erfarenheter av mottagandet på gymnasieskolan. Ett övergripande mål är att i förläng­ningen bidra med kunskap om hur gymnasieskolor på olika sätt kan underlätta övergången från grundskolan för elever i behov av stöd. Hur upplever eleverna i behov av stöd den första tiden på gymnasiet ur ett lärande- samt socialt perspektiv? Vilka möjligheter respektive hinder och utmaningar framträder i eleverna i behov av stöds- samt specialpedagogernas berättelser gällande övergången till- och mottagandet på den nya gymnasieskolan?  Teori Den teoretiska utgångspunkten är Bronfenbrenners (1979) utvecklingsekologiska modell samt tolkningar av denna. Även andra systemteoretiska koncept med koppling till den utvecklings­ekologiska modellen används. Metod Studien utgår ifrån kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Tre special­pedagoger och fem elever på gymnasiet har intervjuats. Samtliga intervjuer spelades in och transkriberades med informanternas samtycke. Vi har inspirerats av hermeneutiken för att tolka empirin.  Resultat Resultatet i studien visar att samtliga elever upplevde sig få stöd och trivdes på sin nya skola men att det var ett stort steg att börja på gymnasiet. Fastän eleverna i studien inte ansåg sig ha några större svårigheter vid starten på gymnasiet visar resultatet på diverse utmaningar. Ett glapp tycks finnas mellan högstadiet och gymnasiet. En utmaning för eleverna efter stadiebytet var bland annat den höjda akademiska arbetsbördan samt det ökade egna ansvaret med studieplanering och läxor.  Specialpedagogerna ansåg sig använda olika metoder för att snabbt identifiera vilka elever som behöver stöd. Något de såg som positivt för arbetet vid mottagandet av nya elever. Det framkom dock brister med arbetet som behöver utvecklas vidare för att förbättra övergångsprocessen från högstadiet.  Specialpedagogiska implikationer  Resultatet visar bland annat på vikten av en helhetssyn kring elevernas skolsituation. Detta kräver ett, för eleverna, gynnsamt samarbete i organisationen samt mellan gymnasie- och högstadieskolor.