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No. of bitstreams: 1 MPFE DISSERTACAO FINAL.pdf: 1707887 bytes, checksum: 6ac3ae3cd5e8227b153ca18f3f0d264c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-09 / In this reseach we analyze the efficiency of signaling strategies in the context of extra-dyadic relationships. Aditionally, we measure both the declared preferences and revealed preferenced by individuals’ interactions in the virtual environment, comparing genders and countries. Previous researches about the extra-dyadic subject were based on methodologies with substancial gaps: low number of observations, samples restricted to college students, self-declared bias jeopardizing the precise interpretation of reality, and the absense of international comparisons. Suchs flaws were overcomed by this study. We analysed 100 thousand individuals, being 6 thousand men and 4 thousand women for each of the 10 countries of our sample: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Italy, Mexico, Spain, UK and USA. Therefore, we have a vast sample in terms os nations and number of observations. Empirical evidences here revealed show that men are more active in the extramarital conquest, rebutting the suggestion of an eventual behavioral convergence between genders. Men contacted an average of 30 different women during the time window of 3 months, against 13 in the opposite direction. In terms of physical preferences, we verified that individuals from both genders look for an idealized partner to consummate the relationship. Women show interest in tall and experienced men. Men desire good shaped and younger women. Shorter and younger men, as well as older and taller women, were the most rejected individuals from the sample. In relation to the declared and revealed preferences about the type of desired extra-dyadic encounter, both men and women showed more interest in a fast affair, indicating the will in a shallow, casual and physical-sexual contact only, with low emotional bonds. The least chosen option was a 'virtual affair', suggesting the effective intention to materialize the infidelity, and not to keep it restrict to the virtual environment. Finally, we verified that the analyzed signaling stratetegies (through photos, feedback and virtual gifts) were strongly effective. In all cases individuals that adopted such tactics achieved a substantial competitive advantage in relation to those who didn’t, and due to that were endowed with greater attractiveness, receiving a high portion of messages and contacts. / No presente trabalho analisamos a eficácia de estratégias de signaling no contexto do relacionamento extra-diádico. Adicionalmente, mensuramos tanto as preferências declaradas quanto as reveladas pelos indivíduos em suas interações no ambiente virtual, comparando gêneros e países. Pesquisas anteriores sobre a temática extra-diádica apoiaram-se excessivamente sobre metodologias com substanciais lacunas: baixo número de observações, universo amostral restrito a estudantes universitários, viéis auto-declaratório comprometendo a correta interpretação da realidade dos fatos, e ausência de comparativos internacionais. Todas essas ponderações foram superadas no presente estudo, no qual analisamos 100 mil indivíduos, sendo 6 mil homens e 4 mil mulheres para cada um dos 10 países da amostra: Argentina, Austrália, Brasil, Canadá, Chile, Itália, México, Espanha, Reino Unido e Estados Unidos. Assim, temos um universo amostral plúrimo em termos de nacionalidade e número de observações. As evidências empíricas aqui reveladas mostraram que indivíduos do sexo masculino são mais ativos na conquista extra-conjugal, refutando a sugestão de uma convergência comportamental. Homens contactaram em média per capita 30 mulheres diferentes no horizonte temporal de 3 meses, contra 13 na direção oposta. Em termos de preferências físicas, constatamos que indivíduos de âmbos os gêneros procuram consumar a relação com uma contraparte idealizada. Mulheres mostram interesse por homens altos e experientes. Os homens querem mulheres mais novas e em forma. Homens baixos ou novos, e mulheres altas ou velhas, foram os mais rechaçados da amostra. Com relação às preferências declaradas e reveladas sobre o tipo de encontro extra-diádico almejado, tanto homens quanto mulheres mostraram maior interesse por um 'caso rápido', indicando o intuito de estabelecer um contato pouco aprofundado, casual, de cunho físico-sexual e com baixa vinculação afetiva. A opção menos escolhida foi 'um caso virtual', sugerindo a efetiva intenção de concretizar a infidelidade, e não mantê-la restrita ao ambiente virtual. Por fim, verificamos que as estratégias de signaling analisadas (por meio de foto, feedback e presente virtual) foram fortemente eficazes. Em todos os casos indivíduos que adotaram tais sinalizações obtiveram substancial vantagem competitiva em relação aos demais e passaram a exercer maior atratividade, recebendo elevada parcela de mensagens e contatos.

Le droit peut rencontrer le non-droit. Ceci est possible et avéré car  le processus judiciaire de l’adéquation d’une solution juridique abstraite à un cas concret d’espèce impose au juge nécessairement une adaptation au droit applicable. Ceci est particulièrement vrai en droit international car l’adaptation du droit en vue de son application l’amène à glisser vers une ouverture vers des éléments étrangers au droit.Cette étude vise à fournir une systématisation théorique de la qualification et de l’utilisation par le juge international du facteur extra-juridiqueLa réflexion doit alors débuter par une première identification des facteurs extra-juridiques dans le raisonnement judiciaire, et cela, à travers une lecture exégétique de la jurisprudence consultative et contentieuse. L’identification de tels éléments étrangers au droit permettra ainsi la détermination et l’analyse des critères utilisés par le juge international et l’existence d’une éventuelle taxinomie entre les différents facteurs.Si le juge international accepte le recours au non-droit, une telle ouverture n’est pas sans signification. La portée des facteurs extra-juridiques sur la jurisprudence de la Cour doit alors être recherchée. Il s’agit d’une portée double, d’une part normative, et d’autre part substantielle. Les facteurs extra-juridiques ont en effet un rôle de structuration du discours juridique international, lorsqu’intégrés au droit, car ils facilitent le travail d’individualisation des différentes espèces à travers leur rôle adjuvant dans l’interprétation des faits et car ils facilitent également le travail de contextualisation des décisions à travers leur façonnage de la norme internationale. Les facteurs extra-juridiques disposent également d’un rôle dans l’évolution de la norme internationale car ils contribuent à la diversité culturelle des juges de la Cour, et de ce fait, sont eux-même vecteurs d’interdisciplinarité, tout en permettant une interprétation évolutive de la norme international et en contribuant à l’ouverture vers de tendances nouvelles. / Law can meet non-law. This is possible and true since the judicial process of adequacy of an abstract judicial solution to a concrete case imposes an adaptation to the applicable law. This is particularly correct in international law field because the law adaptation to its application brings it to open itself to foreign element of the law.This study intends to provide a theoretical systematization of the qualification and the use of extra-legal factor by the international judge.Reflexion must begin with a first identification of extra-legal factors in the legal thinking through an exegetic lecture of advisory proceedings and contentious cases. The identification of these elements strangers to law will allow the determination and the analysis of the criteria used by international judge(s) and the existence of an eventual classification between such different factors.If international judge accepts to have resort to lawlessness, this opening is not meaningless. Extra-legal factors’ scope on case law must be researched. It’s about a double scope, firstly normative and secondly substantial. Extra-legal factors do have indeed a role in the structuration of international law speech, once integrated to law, because they facilitate the different cases’ individualisation work through their helping role in facts’ interpretation and because they facilitate the decisions’ contextualization work as well, through an international rule shaping. They also have a role in the evolution of international rule since they contribute to the cultural diversity of the ICJ’s judges and, thereby, they become vectors of interdisciplinarity, while they allow an evolutive interpretation of international rule and they contribute to the opening to new tendances.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur svensklärare arbetar med extra anpassningar. Undersökningsområden är hur de resonerar om vem som är i behov av extra anpassningar, vilka extra anpassningar svensklärarna uppger sig arbeta med för att alla elever ska kunna nå så långt som möjligt i sin kunskapsutveckling samt hur de samarbetar med sina kollegor. Detta undersöks genom kvantitativ enkät och kvalitativa intervjuer, vars syfte var att fördjupa enkätsvaren. Totalt medverkade 47 respondenter i enkätundersökningen och tre av fyra genomförda intervjuer kom att användas i studien. Resultatet visar att extra anpassningar främst sker för lågpresterande elever och att lärarna i mån av tid och resurser anpassar för de högpresterande elever som är i behov av det. Konkreta extra anpassningar som svensklärarna gör beror på eleven, eftersom det är dennes behov som styr hur anpassningen ska utformas.

Les systèmes multi-planétaires détectés par la mission Kepler présentent un excès de paires de planètes proches de résonances de moyen mouvement d'ordre un (e.g. 2:1, 3:2) mais avec un rapport de périodes légèrement supérieur à la valeur résonante (e.g. Pext/Pint = 2.02 au lieu de 2). Différents mécanismes ont été proposés pour expliquer cette observation. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la possibilité que ces systèmes étaient initialement en résonance et ont atteint leur configuration actuelle à cause de la dissipation par effet de marée dans les planètes. De manière plus générale, nous établissons des critères analytiques permettant de prévoir l'évolution à long terme de systèmes en résonance d'ordre quelconque en présence de dissipation de marée. Nous montrons que cette évolution dépend de l'importance relative de la dissipation dans chacune des deux planètes. L'état final d'un système n'est pas le même suivant que la planète subissant la plus forte dissipation est la planète interne ou la planète externe. Ainsi, à partir de la configuration actuellement observée et plus spécifiquement du rapport de périodes de deux planètes proches d'une résonance, on peut déduire quelle planète a subi la dissipation la plus importante. Cela donne des contraintes importantes sur la nature des planètes considérées, car il est communément admis que les planètes rocheuses dissipent plus fortement par effet de marée que les planètes gazeuses. / Multi-planetary systems discovered by the Kepler mission present an excess of planet pairs close to first-order mean-motion resonances (e.g. 2:1, 3:2) but with a period ratio slightly higher than the resonant value (e.g. Pout/Pin = 2.02 instead of 2). Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this observation. In this thesis, we investigate the possibility that these systems were initially in resonance and reached their current configuration due to tidal dissipation in the planets. More generally, we establish analytical criteria for predicting the long term evolution of systems locked in resonances of any order undergoing tidal dissipation. We show that this evolution depends on the relative importance of the dissipation in each of both planets. The final state of a system depends on whether the planet undergoing the stronger dissipation is the inner or the outer planet. Therefore, from the currently observed configuration and more specifically the period ratio of two planets close to a resonance, one can deduce which of both planet underwent the strongest dissipation. This provides important constraints on the nature of the considered planets, since it is commonly accepted that rocky planets dissipate more strongly by tidal effect than gaseous planets.

L'effet de microlentille gravitationnelle est devenu un outil unique pour détecter des exoplanètes. Il se produit lorsqu'une étoile de premier plan (la microlentille) et une étoile d'arrière plan (la source) sont alignées avec la Terre. La lumière provenant de l'étoile la plus lointaine, souvent dans le bulbe galactique, est alors déviée par la microlentille située dans le disque. Au cours de ce phénomène, des images multiples de la source sont créées par la microlentille, plus grandes que la source, qui apparaît alors amplifiée. Si l'une de ces images multiples se forme au voisinage d'une planète, un pic d'amplification de la source survient, révélant sa présence. Après un tour d'horizon de l'état des connaissances dans le domaine des exoplanètes, nous décrivons les spécificités de la méthode des microlentilles dans ce domaine. Ensuite, nous présentons en détail la modélisation des microlentilles, de ses racines théoriques à la modélisation pratique des courbes de lumières expérimentales. Dans une troisième partie, nous présentons la détection de la première naine brune en orbite autour d'une étoile de type solaire par la méthode des microlentilles, et nous montrons en quoi cette technique ouvre des perspectives nouvelles et originales pour mieux connaître les mécanismes de formation de ces objets dont l'origine reste à identifier. Nous étudions enfin le potentiel de l'observation de microlentilles par interférométrie, en introduisant un nouveau formalisme adapté à l'étude conjointe des événements en photométrie et en interférométrie. Le manuscrit se termine par l'évaluation du nombre moyen d'événements de microlentille observables par interférométrie chaque année. / Gravitational microlensing effect has become a unique tool to detect and characterise exoplanets. A microlensing effect occurs when a foreground star (the microlens) and a background star (the source) are aligned with the Earth on the same line of sight. The light from the furthest star, usually in the Galactic bulge, is deflected by the microlens located on the disk. During this phenomenon, multiple images of the source are created by the lens, bigger than the source that consequently seems amplified. When one of these images are located in the vicinity of an exoplanet, a short amplification jump occurs revealing its presence. After a quick overview of the exoplanets field of research, I highlight the specificities of microlensing comparing to the other planets detection techniques. Then, I describe in details the modelling of microlensing effects, from a theoretical to a numerical point of view. In a third part, I describe the detection of the first brown dwarf orbiting a solar-type star using microlensing, strengthening the recent idea that microlensing will lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the brown dwarfs formation, still not fully understood. Finally, I investigate the potential of interferometric observations of microlensing events that will give, in the future, new original constrains on the microlens physical properties. First we introduce a new formalism that closely combines interferometric and microlensing observable quantities. Secondly, we determine an average number of events that are at reach of long baseline interferometers every year.

Många elever kämpar med matematikämnet i skolan. Dessa elever får inte alltid rätt stöttning vid rätt tid vilket kan resultera i att eleverna inte klarar grundskolan. Skolan har ett kompensatoriskt uppdrag och har en skyldighet att snabbt identifiera eleven i behov och sätta in rätt stödinsatser. Det finns olika former av stödinsatser där en kallas för extra anpassning. Det är en förhållandevis ny reform och lärare känner sig osäkra kring vad den egentligen innebär. Syftet med arbetet är således att bidra med kunskap om skolors kvalitetsarbete med extra anpassningar i matematik. Insamlingsmetoden som använts för att uppfylla syftet är dokumentinsamling samt intervjuer med verksamma lärare. Specialpedagogiska perspektiv har använts för att analysera resultatet. Slutsatserna av studien antyder att skolornas kvalitetsarbete med extra anpassningar i matematik skiljer sig åt beroende på vilka svårigheter eleverna anses ha. / Many students battle with math in school. These students don’t always get the right aid in time which can result in them not graduating from elementary school. The school has a compensatory commitment and an obligation to identify the student in needs quickly and introduce the required aid. There are various forms of support, one is called additional adjustments. It is a comparatively new reform and teachers feel uncertain about what the aid should actually entail. The purpose of this study is therefore to contribute with knowledge about schools quality work with additional adjustments in mathematics. Documents have been collected and interviews with active teachers have been performed to fulfil the purpose. Perspectives on special pedagogy have been used to analyze the result. Conclusions of the study suggest that the schools quality work with additional adjustments in mathematics differ depending on which difficulties the students are believed to have.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Plant Pathology / Barbara S. Valent / Rice blast is a major fungal disease on rice, caused by the hemibiotrophic filamentous ascomycete fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. This disease accounts for 157 million tons of grain loss annually. The fungus produces a specialized cell called appressorium to penetrate the host surface barrier and enter inside. It produces intracellular Invasive Hyphae (IH) that grow form cell to cell to colonize the host. The mechanisms of appressorium formation and host penetration have been studied in detail but the host colonization strategies remain largely unknown. We applied live-cell imaging to characterize spatial and temporal development of IH and plant responses inside successively-invaded rice cells. Early loading experiments with the endocytotic tracker, FM4-64, showed dynamic plant membranes around IH. These hyphae showed remarkable plasticity and recruited plant cell components. IH exhibited pseudohyphal growth and were sealed in plant membrane, termed the Extra-Invasive Hyphal Membrane (EIHM). The fungus spent up to 12 hours in the first cell, often tightly packing it with IH. IH that moved into neighboring cells were biotrophic, although they were initially thinner and grew more rapidly. IH in neighboring cells were wrapped in EIHM with distinct membrane caps at the hyphal tips. Time-lapse imaging showed IH scanning plant cell walls before crossing them, and transmission electron microscopy showed crossing occurring at pit fields. This and additional evidence strongly suggest that IH co-opt plasmodesmata for cell-to-cell movement. Our studies have revealed insights into a novel hemibiotrophic strategy employed by the blast fungus. Few genes have been previously characterized that impact the biotrophic IH. To understand the molecular basis of the biotrophic infection strategy we employed Laser Microdissection (LM) technology to isolate and purify the IH at this early growth stage. We compared the gene expression of these samples with axenically-grown mycelium using M. oryzae whole genome microarrays. We identified several hundreds of infection specific genes. We have shown that LM technology can be used to isolate homogenous cells from the infected rice tissues to study the underlying molecular mechanisms of signaling during disease formation. These studies will be very critical to understand the host-pathogen interactions to eventually develop durable management strategies.

The Large Hadron Collider is the most powerful particle accelerator built to date. It is a proton-proton and heavy ion collider which in 2015 and 2016 operated at an unprecedented center of mass energy of √s = 13 TeV. The Tile Calorimeter is the ATLAS hadronic calorimeter covering the central region of the detector. It is designed to measure hadrons, jets, tau particles and missing energy. In order to accurately be able to properly reconstruct these physical objects a careful description of the electronic noise is required. This thesis presents the work done in updating, monitoring and studying the noise calibration constants used in the processing and identication of hadronic jet in the 2011 data. Moreover the results of the searches for compressed supersymmetric squark-neutralino and large extra dimensions models are also presented in this thesis. The present work uses an experimental signature with a high energy hadronic jet and large missing transverse energy later often referred to as monojet signature. The search for supersymmetry is carried out using an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb-1 recorded by the ATLAS experiment in 2015. The search for large extra dimensions presented in this work uses the full 2015 + 2016 dataset of 36.1 fb-1. No signicant excess compared to the Standard Model prediction has been observed on the production of squark pairs with the subsequent decay of the squark in a quark and a neutrino. Exclusion limits are set on squark production as a function of the neutralino mass. Squark masses up to 608 GeV are excluded for a mass difference between the squark and the neutralino of 5 GeV. In the second search for the presence of large extra spatial dimensions in the Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dvali model scenario a good agreement between data and Standard Model prediction is observed and exclusion limits are set on the effective Planck scale MD of 7.7 and 4.8 TeV for two and six hypothesized large extra dimensions respectively signicantly improving earlier results.

This information studies dissertation deals with the problem that results from research outside academia risk to receive little or no attention if communicated through reports, instead of in mainstream academic genres like research journal articles. The case in focus is Swedish development-led (DL) archaeology, i.e. state regulated archaeology preceding land development. Swedish DL archaeology is organized as a semi-regulated market. The organizations competing on the market are professional service organizations selling research services to land developers. Regional government departments, county administrative boards, function as intermediaries setting up procurement-like processes. In previous research on archaeological documentation, the problem with non-use of reports has been described as depending on cultural issues of access, possible to solve if individuals make efforts to communicate and use extra-academic results. This dissertation offers an alternative definition of the problem, highlighting a different set of solutions. The aim is to further the understanding of how the distribution of research duties to professional service organizations affects the scholarly documentation in Swedish archaeology. The aim is met through identification, operationalization and analysis of resources available to report writing DL archaeology practitioners, and an analysis of how practitioners draw on these resources. The results further the understanding of how reports are shaped within the DL archaeology institution. In view of these results, efforts to solve issues of access should target the organization of research in the archaeology discipline, and specifically how scholarly documentation is governed on the archaeology market. The dissertation draws on science and technology studies, practice theory, and document theory for the design of the study of documentation resources and contexts in extra-academic research. A mixed methods approach is applied to capture regulative, institutional, and infrastructural resources, and practitioners’ use thereof. Dissertation papers I-III contain analyses of concrete instantiations of the resources: information policy, documentation ideals, and information source use. The fourth paper presents an analysis of how practitioners draw on these resources in their everyday report writing. The dissertation concerns archaeology specifically, but serves as grounds to inquire into the premises for scholarly documentation in other areas of extra-academic research and knowledge-making as well. / Archaeological Information in the Digital Society (ARKDIS)

Syftet med studien är att undersöka förskollärares uppfattningar om bemötande och delaktighet för barn i behov av särskilt stöd, samt hur normer kan påverka detta. Datainsamlingen är gjord genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra förskollärare. Resultatet av studien kategoriseras genom likheter i respondenternas svar som svarar på frågeställningarna utifrån syftet. Den första frågeställningen berör förskollärares uppfattningar om bemötande av barn i behov av särskilt stöd. Den andra berör hur förskollärare arbetar med delaktighet för barn i behov av särskilt stöd. Resultatet påvisar att det inte finns ett sätt att bemöta alla barn i behov av särskilt stöd utan det är unikt för varje barn. Lyhördhet till barnet är av stor vikt för att kunna bemöta det enskilda barnet. Även verksamhetens fysiska miljö och oskrivna regler har påverkan för hur barnet reagerar och agerar i olika sammanhang. När det gäller delaktighet för barn i behov av särskilt stöd visar resultatet att det arbetet med delaktighet ofta sker i mindre barngrupper. Detta för att det underlättar för pedagoger att kunna se till varje enskilt barns behov.