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Exploring the Solar System is an ongoing process of humanity that cannot be stopped. It requires large amounts of resources to explore space, which need to be acquired from somewhere. Resources mined on Earth cannot be diverted from vital productions on Earth as those required for energy systems transition and developing a sustainable society. With an ever-increasing demand of resources on Earth, resource extraction needs to be increased and diverted to avoid resource depletion. One such diversion is resource extraction from terrestrial bodies other than Earth, such as asteroids, meteorites, and the Moon. This thesis looks at the resources present on the Moon by compiling a chemical database which is then fed to mathematical models aimed to compare historical trends of Earth mining operations and prospected trends from lunar resources. Such approach is expected to establish if lunar mining is viable. The results are discussed in a larger context of how lunar resources can be used for in-situ resource utilization for solar system exploration, as well as questions regarding space law and possible colonialization.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is twofold and motivated by recent developments in string theory and extra dimensional models. The first objective is to describe the development and progress in the codimension-2 brane paradigm as a potential cosmological scenario. Secondly, it presents the Antide Sitter/Conformal Field Theory (AdS/CFT) conjecture, also known as holography, as a tool for calculating physical quantities in condensed matter system and goes on to model the quantum Hall effect. We first describe the initial development of treating back-reaction in codimension-2 branes systems with a scalar and gauge field. The purpose of this is to examine the low-energy effective dynamics on the brane. Furthermore, applications are then explored for D7-branes in F-theory as well as D3-branes in large extra dimensional scenarios explored as a model for the cosmological constant problem. The result of this work is that the higher and lower dimensional scenarios are consistent with each other once brane back-reaction is considered in these models. This work led to a number of future works one of which is in relation to the cosmological constant problem. While the subsequent work is beyond the scope of this thesis, we present a picture and further references for the reader. The larger, later, portion of this thesis introduces the concept of holography, its origins, and the applicability to condensed matter systems. Furthermore, we discuss the applicability in particular to the quantum Hall effect (QHE) and present a model in the holographic language that correctly reproduces some of the physics of the QHE. This includes a paper in which we introduce the model, along with demonstration of symmetry properties and conductivity calculations, as well as a paper which examines the finite size scaling behaviour of the model. As a benefit to the reader, we present a `starter edition guide' to the AdS/CFT dictionary preceding these papers for non-experts such that this thesis is self-contained. The upshot is that these avenues of work, in particular quantum Hall-ography, have been very successful in modeling physics using tools originally developed by string theory. As such, it provides support for string theory as a model and framework, as well as providing more opportunities for future predictions of physical quantities.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Denna kvalitativa studie undersöker hur lågstadielärare arbetar med inkludering av sum-elever i matematik, samt vilka dilemman som uppstår hos lärare som ett resultat av inkludering i matematik. Vidare undersöker studien hur skolpersonal samarbetar kring inkludering av sum-elever i matematikundervisningen. Studiens empiriska material grundar sig på fem intervjuer och fem observationer av olika lågstadielärares matematikundervisning. I studien framkom det att lärare arbetar med inkludering i matematik på både dynamisk-, innehålls- och deltagande nivå, där dilemman inom bedömning, skillnaden mellan ledning, stimulans och extra anpassningar, samt samarbete mellan skolpersonal uppkom hos lärare som ett resultat av inkludering i matematik. Resultatet visar att lärare arbetar med inkludering i matematik på olika sätt i förhållande elevgruppens förutsättningar att lära. Däremot påverkar lärarens tolkning av ledning, stimulans och extra anpassningar vilka stödåtgärder som blir tillgängliga för elever inom matematik. Det kan därigenom anses vara ett lotteri vilken lärare eleverna får, då synen på stöd som tillgängligt för alla eller för några få avgör om sum-elever inkluderas i matematikundervisningen eller inte.

Trypanosoma brucei species are vector-borne protozoan parasites that cause Human African typanosomiasis (HAT) and nagana in cattle. In humans, the diseases caused by these parasites are fatal if left untreated. Treatments for these diseases are complicated because the approved drugs for treatment are ineffective against the parasites and have many toxic side effects associated with their use. There is a clear need to identify new therapeutics that are less toxic and more effective against T. brucei. Our approach for identifying new therapies is to identify novel targets in the parasite that can be modulated by small molecules. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway is a three-tiered signaling cascade that regulates cell responses to stimuli and are involved in essential processes. MAPKs can regulate differentiation, virulence, apoptosis, cell cycle and gene expression, which makes MAPKs interesting drug targets in T. brucei. The extracellular-signal regulated kinase 8 homolog in T. brucei (TbERK8) is essential for survival in bloodstream form T. brucei. The work in this dissertation involves characterizing this T. brucei MAPK to better understand its biological function and identify small molecules that can inhibit its activity to kill the parasite. Here, we report that TbERK8 is an atypical MAPK kinase that is able to autophosphorylate and no upstream kinases that activate TbERK8 have been identified. We have demonstrated that TbERK8 is able to phosphorylate the proliferating cell nuclear antigen homolog in T. brucei (TbPCNA). This is in contrast to the reported function the human ERK8 and PCNA homologs that form a stable complex in normal breast cells which does not result in PCNA phosphorylation. We also report here that TbPCNA is phosphorylated on three residues localized to a unique insertion loop by TbERK8. TbPCNA is tightly regulated in the parasites such that either upregulating or downregulating its expression arrests T. brucei proliferation. Although, this mechanism of phosphorylation is unique to TbPCNA, the role that such phosphorylation has in regulating TbPCNA is not known. Finally, we have identified small molecules that can selectively inhibit either TbERK8 or HsERK8, demonstrating that TbERK8 can be selectively inhibited to kill the parasite. The unique properties of TbERK8 can be exploited by small molecules that can be developed into new parasite-specific therapies that kill T. brucei with fewer side effects to the patients. / Ph. D.

Den här studien syftar till att fördjupa sig i vilka extra anpassningar som någraelever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter uppfattar att de har inom ramen för ordinarie undervisning på gymnasiet, vilka effekter dessa har samt hur de extra anpassningarna har beslutats på den aktuella skolan som de går på, enligt elevernasjälva. Elevernas perspektiv är det som är i fokus för den här studien, som har elva deltagare. För att uppfylla syftet har studien en kvalitativ forskningsansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Det specialpedagogiska perspektivet ligger till grund för studien och resultatet visar att det relationella perspektivet spelar en avgörande roll för elevernas upplevelse av sin skolgång. Medvetna lärarhandlingar som att tillgodose elevens behov och bygga relationer gör att eleven känner sig delaktig i sin skolgång. Studiens resultat visar att flera elever upplever att de har olika extra anpassningar i ordinarie undervisning medan några elever upplever att de saknar extra anpassningar. Resultatet visar även vilka upplevda effekter extra anpassningar, eller avsaknad av extra anpassningar får på elevernas skolgång. Resultatet styrks av tidigare forskning som visar på liknande upplevelser från elever.

Denna studie fokuserar på att undersöka hur fritidslärarna inom fritidshemmet planerar och genomför sina verksamheter med ett specialpedagogiskt perspektiv, med särskild inriktning på inkludering och anpassning för elever med olika behov. Syftet är att undersöka metoder och som används för att säkerställa att verksamheten fungerar väl och att alla elever inkluderas, oavsett deras individuella behov. För att uppnå detta syfte undersöks tre huvudområden: Vilken syn har fritidsläraren om specialpedagogik, vilka olika metoder och arbetssätt använder fritidsläraren sig av inom specialpedagogik, samt vilka möjligheter och problem de ser i arbetet med specialpedagogik. Studien använder sig av kvalitativa metoder genom semistrukturerade intervjuer för att göra en djupare förståelse av ämnet. För att undersöka fritidslärarnas synval valde vi att intervjua sex erfarna fritidslärare som aktivt arbetar inom 6 olika fritidshem och som har ackumulerat flera års erfarenhet i verksamheten. Ur teoretiska förankring har vi använt oss av kategoriska perspektivet, inkluderingsperspektivet, relationella perspektiv. Resultatet av vår studie indikerar att det specialpedagogiska perspektivet inom fritidsverksamheterna behöver vidareutvecklas. Enligt fritidsläarna i verksamheten skulle detta kunna åstadkommas genom ökade möjligheter till kompetensutveckling, vilket skulle underlätta skapandet av en inkluderande miljö för alla elever, oavsett deras individuella behov eller krav på extra anpassningar. Dessutom är relationella perspektivet avgörande för fritidslärare eftersom de behöver en relationell kompetens för att arbeta inkluderande i verksamheten.

This study aims to use critical discourse analysis to discern how support for vigilante acts is justified, legitimized, and constructed. By analyzing 1000 comments left on YouTube videos depicting violent vigilante acts, this study looks to create a discourse of the acts, their context, and the actors involved. The videos depict individuals taking the law into their own hands as they react to a crime, theft. Both videos end in the death of the criminal. One video takes place in the U.S. and one in the U.K. Previous research has focused on distrust of police and the justice system, to understand why citizens resort to vigilantism. With discussions on fear of crime and community justice. This study shows similar sentiments to previous research. The comments describe a discourse of society as declining, and crime perceived as increasing. The commentators create a sense of belonging and identify with the vigilante as an ‘insider’ whilst the ‘criminal’ is dehumanized and described as the ‘outsider’, and the criminal justice system is constructed as dysfunctional/illegitimate. This discourse leads the participants to see the act of the vigilante as honorable and necessary, as it’s perceived as the only way to get justice. Rights (such as due process) are pictured as something that is earned, and the criminal forfeited these rights when the decision was made to commit a crime. This points to what is described as the problem with a ‘strong state’ and how it might encourage vigilantism. This study adds to previous research by painting a full-picture critical discourse of support for vigilantism whilst also exploring how societal power dynamics play a role in its construction.