Contexte. Au cours du siècle, les expositions aux champs électromagnétiques se sont multipliées avec l'électricité et les moyens de télécommunications. En 2002, les champs électromagnétiques d'extrêmement basse fréquence (CEM-EBF) ont été classés comme possiblement cancérogène pour l'homme, suivis des radiofréquences en 2011. A ce jour, ce rôle cancérigène reste controversé. L'association entre les tumeurs cérébrales (TC) et l'exposition aux champs électromagnétiques a été étudiée dans une étude cas-témoins, CERENAT. Méthodes. Les sujets de plus de 16 ans, résidant dans quatre départements français, avec un diagnostic de TC posé en 2004-2006 ont été inclus, ainsi que 2 témoins appariés par cas. Le calendrier professionnel détaillé et l'utilisation du téléphone portable (TP) ont été recueillis dans un questionnaire standardisé lors d'un entretien en face-à-face afin d'estimer l'exposition aux CEM-EBF (par l'application d'une matrice emploi-exposition), et aux radiofréquences. Résultats. L'étude a inclus 596 cas et 1192 témoins. Aucune association n'a été observée entre l'exposition aux CEM-EBF et les gliomes ou les méningiomes. Pour les neurinomes, le risque augmentait avec l'exposition, non significativement, atteignant un rapport de cotes (RC)=2,7 [0,8-9,0] pour une exposition moyenne sur la vie ≥ 0,2μT. Par ailleurs, l'usage régulier du TP (O/N) n'était pas associé aux TC (RC=1,1 [0,8-1,4]). Cependant, une association significative était observée pour les gliomes chez les plus grands utilisateurs pour une durée cumulée des appels ≥ 896 heures (RC=2,3 [1,4-3,8]). Les risques étaient plus élevés pour les tumeurs temporales, l'utilisation professionnelle et l'utilisation urbaine du téléphone. Conclusion. Nos résultats vont dans le sens des études antérieures, montrant une association entre les tumeurs cérébrales et l'utilisation importante du TP; et l'absence d'association avec l'exposition aux CEM-EBF. Cependant, le lien entre CEM-EBF et neurinomes reste à explorer, de même que le suivi à plus long terme des effets du TP. / Context. During the century, exposure to electromagnetic fields have increased with electricity and telecommunications facilities. In 2002, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans, followed by radiofrequencies in 2011. To date, this carcinogenic role remains controversial. We investigated the association between brain tumors and exposure to electromagnetic fields in a case-control study, CERENAT. Methods. Subjects over 16 years, living in four French areas, with a diagnosis of brain tumor in 2004-2006 were included, with 2 matched controls per case. The detailed occupational history and mobile telephone use were collected in a standardized questionnaire during a face- to-face interview to estimate exposure to ELF-EMF (using job-exposure matrix) and to radiofrequencies. Results. The study included 596 cases and 1192 controls. No association was observed between exposure to ELF-EMF and gliomas or meningiomas. For neuromas, the risk increased with exposure, not significantly, reaching an odds ratio (OR)=2.7 [0.8 - 9.0] for a life-long mean exposure ≥ 0.2 μT. Moreover, regular use of mobile phone (Y/ N) was not associated with brain tumor (OR=1.1 [0.8 - 1.4]). However, a significant association was observed for gliomas in the heaviest users when considering a life-long cumulative duration of calls ≥ 896 hours (OR=2.3 [1.4 - 3.8]). Risks were higher for temporal tumors, occupational or urban mobile phone use. Conclusion. Our results are consistent with previous studies showing an association between brain tumors and the extensive use of MP, and no association with exposure to ELF-EMF. However, the association between ELF-EMF and neuromas remains to be explored, as well as the follow of mobile phone effects in the long term.

The introduction of the theoretical part is devoted to the analysis of threats, another part to the rescue of animals. In the next part, I focused on zoological gardens and evacuation of animals. The last chapter of the theoretical part deals with the evacuation of selected species of animals. When selecting individual species, I focused on those that are most represented in Dvorec Zoo. The aim of my thesis was to create an analysis of the preparedness of the selected zoo to selected crisis situations and to identify the risks of evacuation of the zoo. In order to achieve these goals, I have set research questions - how is the zoo prepared for selected crisis situations? And what are the possible risks associated with evacuating selected species? In the second part of my thesis I focused on the research itself, which included an interview with the director of Dvorec Zoo. Based on the interview and my own observation I processed the KARS method. The KARS method has identified 6 risks that could compromise the operation of Dvorec Zoo. These risks include extreme wind, large-scale gas supply disruption, large-scale electricity supply disruption, snow calamity, and extremely low temperatures. Based on the identified risks, I created a plan for MU solution for Dvorec Zoo. In the MU solution plan, I focused primarily on the impacts on operation, planned measures, procedures and responsible people. Dvorec Zoo will, of course, be provided with this plan.

La directive européenne 2013/35/UE précise les exigences minimales pour la protection des travailleurs exposés aux champs électromagnétiques et définit les porteurs d’implants comme travailleurs à risques particuliers. Concernant les porteurs de défibrillateur automatique implantable (DAI) ou de stimulateur cardiaque (SC), l’exposition au champ électrique ou magnétique d’extrêmement basse fréquence crée des inductions à l'intérieur du corps humain pouvant générer une tension perturbatrice susceptible de causer le dysfonctionnement de l’implant. Le sujet de ce travail de thèse porte sur la compatibilité électromagnétique des implants cardiaques soumis à un champ électrique basses fréquences (50/60 Hz). Des simulations numériques ont été effectuées afin de concevoir un banc expérimental pour l’exposition de fantômes incluant des stimulateurs ou des défibrillateurs implantables. Une étude expérimentale a permis d’établir par provocation les seuils de champ électrique permettant d’éviter tout dysfonctionnement éventuel de l’implant. Dans la partie simulation numérique ; un modèle humain virtuel (fantôme numérique contenant un implant cardiaque) a été placé en position debout sous une exposition verticale à un champ électrique. La méthode des éléments finis a été utilisée pour définir les phénomènes induits au niveau de l’implant cardiaque avec une résolution de 2mm (logiciel CST®). Dans la partie expérimentale, un banc d'essai dimensionné pour permettre de générer un champ électrique pouvant atteindre 100 kV/m aux fréquences 50-60 Hz a été conçu, optimisé et réalisé afin d’analyser le comportement des implants cardiaques. Plusieurs configurations ont été étudiées. Sur 54 implants cardiaques actifs testés (43 stimulateurs et 11 défibrillateurs) à des niveaux de champs électriques très élevés (100 kV/m) générés par notre dispositif expérimental, aux fréquences de 50-60 Hz, aucune défaillance n’a été observée pour des niveaux d’exposition publics et pour la plupart des configurations (+99%) sauf pour six stimulateurs cardiaques dans le cas d’une configuration « pire cas » peu réaliste en clinique : mode unipolaire avec une sensibilité maximale et en détection auriculaire. Les implants configurés avec une sensibilité nominale en mode bipolaire résistent bien à des champs électriques dépassant les valeurs seuils telles que définies par 2013/UE/35. / The European Directive 2013/ 35 / EU specify minimum requirements for the protection of workers exposed to electromagnetic fields and define with implants as “workers at particular risk”. Regarding the implantable cardioverter defibrillator wearers (ICD) or pacemaker (PM), exposure to electric or magnetic field of extremely low frequency creates inductions inside the human body that generate interference voltage which may cause the dysfunction of the implant. This thesis investigates the electromagnetic compatibility of cardiac implants subjected to an electric field low frequency (50/60 Hz). Computational simulations are effectuated in order to design an experimental bench for the exposure of a phantom including pacemakers or implantable defibrillators. A provocative study is established to define the electric field thresholds for preventing any malfunction of the implant. In numerical simulations; a virtual human model (digital phantom containing a cardiac implant) was placed in an upright position in a vertical exposure to an electric field. The finite element method was used to define the inductions in the cardiac implant level with a resolution of 2 mm (CST® software). In the experimental part, a test bench designed to allow generating an electric field up to 100 kV / m at frequencies 50-60 Hz was constructed, optimized and employed to investigate the behavior of cardiac implants.Several configurations were studied. 54 active cardiac implants (43 pacemakers and 11 defibrillators) are submitted to very high electric field of 50-60 Hz (up to 100 kV / m) inside the experimental bench. No failure was observed for public exposure levels for most configurations (+ 99%) except for six pacemakers in the case of a configuration clinically almost inexistent: unipolar mode with maximum sensitivity and atrial sensing.The implants configured with a nominal sensitivity in bipolar mode are resistant to electric fields exceeding the low action levels (ALs), even for the most high ALs, as defined by 2013 / 35 / EU

Os raios cósmicos de ultra-alta energia (UHECR) são partículas que chegam no topo da atmosfera terrestre com energia acima de 10^{18} eV. Sua composição é uma das chaves para elucidar sua origem que ainda é desconhecida. Devido ao seu baixo fluxo, os UHECR são detectados indiretamente através dos chuveiros atmosféricos extensos (EAS). Em nossa pesquisa desenvolvemos um método de discriminação da composição dos UHECR combinando dois parâmetros característicos destes chuveiros. Um deles é a profundidade na qual o chuveiro atinge seu máximo, tendo o maior número de partículas (X_{max}), e o outro, a densidade numérica de múons a 1000 m do centro do chuveiro (ho_{1000}). Temos como objetivo discriminar chuveiros iniciados por fótons daqueles iniciados por núcleos ou núcleons dado que mesmo uma pequena fração de fótons pode elucidar vários aspectos fundamentais dos UHECR. Nosso método é baseado em simulações de chuveiros, no qual, incluímos os efeitos de detecção e reconstrução, dados pelas técnicas de fluorescência e de superfície. Mostramos que nosso método de discriminação é robusto, mesmo incluindo as incertezas de reconstrução dos múons nos chuveiros que aqui estimamos para as próximas gerações de detectores de superfície. A incerteza do X_{max} será aquela usual da reconstrução pela técnica de fluorescência. Portanto, nossa análise tem um caráter preditivo para a separação da composição dos UHECR com estes parâmetros. Desta forma, nosso método pode ser aplicado aos dados dos observatórios de UHECR que utilizarem a próxima geração de detectores de superfície para reconstrução dos múons dos EAS, tais como as Colaborações Pierre Auger e Telescope Array. / Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECR) are particles which reach the Earth\'s atmosphere with energy above 10^ eV. Their composition is one of the keys to elucidate their origin which is still unknown. Due their low flux, the UHECR are detected indirectly by Extensive Air Showers (EAS). In this thesis, we develop a method to investigate their composition by simultaneously analyzing two EAS parameters, the depth at which the shower reaches its maximum size, where the number of particles reaches its maximum (X_), and the muon number at 1000 m from the shower core (ho_). We aim at discriminating EAS initiated by photons from those initiated by nucleus and nucleons. Even a small photonic fraction might reveal important fundamental UHECR questions. Our method is based on EAS simulations which includes, the detection and reconstruction by fluorescence and surface detectors. We show that our methodological approach is robust even when muons reconstruction uncertainties are considered. We derive the necessary uncertainty of the next generation of surface detectors that look for detect muons in EAS. As a result, our analysis is predictive in separating photon showers from nucleus and nucleons. Thus, our method can be used as an data analysis tool for UHECR experiments, such as the Pierre Auger Observatory and Telescope Array.

Os raios cósmicos de ultra-alta energia (UHECR) são partículas que chegam no topo da atmosfera terrestre com energia acima de 10^{18} eV. Sua composição é uma das chaves para elucidar sua origem que ainda é desconhecida. Devido ao seu baixo fluxo, os UHECR são detectados indiretamente através dos chuveiros atmosféricos extensos (EAS). Em nossa pesquisa desenvolvemos um método de discriminação da composição dos UHECR combinando dois parâmetros característicos destes chuveiros. Um deles é a profundidade na qual o chuveiro atinge seu máximo, tendo o maior número de partículas (X_{max}), e o outro, a densidade numérica de múons a 1000 m do centro do chuveiro (ho_{1000}). Temos como objetivo discriminar chuveiros iniciados por fótons daqueles iniciados por núcleos ou núcleons dado que mesmo uma pequena fração de fótons pode elucidar vários aspectos fundamentais dos UHECR. Nosso método é baseado em simulações de chuveiros, no qual, incluímos os efeitos de detecção e reconstrução, dados pelas técnicas de fluorescência e de superfície. Mostramos que nosso método de discriminação é robusto, mesmo incluindo as incertezas de reconstrução dos múons nos chuveiros que aqui estimamos para as próximas gerações de detectores de superfície. A incerteza do X_{max} será aquela usual da reconstrução pela técnica de fluorescência. Portanto, nossa análise tem um caráter preditivo para a separação da composição dos UHECR com estes parâmetros. Desta forma, nosso método pode ser aplicado aos dados dos observatórios de UHECR que utilizarem a próxima geração de detectores de superfície para reconstrução dos múons dos EAS, tais como as Colaborações Pierre Auger e Telescope Array. / Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECR) are particles which reach the Earth\'s atmosphere with energy above 10^ eV. Their composition is one of the keys to elucidate their origin which is still unknown. Due their low flux, the UHECR are detected indirectly by Extensive Air Showers (EAS). In this thesis, we develop a method to investigate their composition by simultaneously analyzing two EAS parameters, the depth at which the shower reaches its maximum size, where the number of particles reaches its maximum (X_), and the muon number at 1000 m from the shower core (ho_). We aim at discriminating EAS initiated by photons from those initiated by nucleus and nucleons. Even a small photonic fraction might reveal important fundamental UHECR questions. Our method is based on EAS simulations which includes, the detection and reconstruction by fluorescence and surface detectors. We show that our methodological approach is robust even when muons reconstruction uncertainties are considered. We derive the necessary uncertainty of the next generation of surface detectors that look for detect muons in EAS. As a result, our analysis is predictive in separating photon showers from nucleus and nucleons. Thus, our method can be used as an data analysis tool for UHECR experiments, such as the Pierre Auger Observatory and Telescope Array.

We present the design, development, and test of three novel, distinct automatic target recognition (ATR) systems for the recognition of airplanes and, more specifically, non-cooperative airplanes, i.e. airplanes that do not provide information when interrogated, in the framework of passive bistatic radar systems. Passive bistatic radar systems use one or more illuminators of opportunity (already present in the field), with frequencies up to 1 GHz for the transmitter part of the systems considered here, and one or more receivers, deployed by the persons managing the system, and not co-located with the transmitters. The sole source of information are the signal scattered on the airplane and the direct-path signal that are collected by the receiver, some basic knowledge about the transmitter, and the geometrical bistatic radar configuration. The three distinct ATR systems that we built respectively use the radar images, the bistatic complex radar cross-section (BS-RCS), and the bistatic radar cross-section (BS-RCS) of the targets. We use data acquired either on scale models of airplanes placed in an anechoic, electromagnetic chamber or on real-size airplanes using a bistatic testbed consisting of a VOR transmitter and a software-defined radio (SDR) receiver, located near Orly airport, France. We describe the radar phenomenology pertinent for the problem at hand, as well as the mathematical underpinnings of the derivation of the bistatic RCS values and of the construction of the radar images.For the classification of the observed targets into pre-defined classes, we use either extremely randomized trees or subspace methods. A key feature of our approach is that we break the recognition problem into a set of sub-problems by decomposing the parameter space, which consists of the frequency, the polarization, the aspect angle, and the bistatic angle, into regions. We build one recognizer for each region. We first validate the extra-trees method on the radar images of the MSTAR dataset, featuring ground vehicles. We then test the method on the images of the airplanes constructed from data acquired in the anechoic chamber, achieving a probability of correct recognition up to 0.99.We test the subspace methods on the BS-CRCS and on the BS-RCS of the airplanes extracted from the data acquired in the anechoic chamber, achieving a probability of correct recognition up to 0.98, with variations according to the frequency band, the polarization, the sector of aspect angle, the sector of bistatic angle, and the number of (Tx,Rx) pairs used. The ATR system deployed in the field gives a probability of correct recognition of $0.82$, with variations according to the sector of aspect angle and the sector of bistatic angle.

Syfte. Undersöka användningen av kängurumetoden hos extremt för tidigt födda barn. Bakgrund. Kängurumetoden (KM) är en evidensbaserad metod som innebär att barnet bärs hud mot hud på förälderns bröst i upprätt ställning. Metoden har många fördelar för det för tidigt födda barnet och har visat sig vara effektiv för att skapa starka band föräldrar och barn emellan. Forskning visar att det är en säker vårdmetod även för extremt för tidigt födda barn.   Design. En retrospektiv explorativ journalgranskningsstudie med både kvantitativ och kvalitativ ansats. Journaler granskades för de 49 extremt för tidigt födda barn vårdade vid Norrlands universitetssjukhus mellan oktober 2011 och oktober 2013. Metod. Statistiska beräkningar gjordes med icke parametrisk korrelation enligt Spearman och Wilcoxon signed ranks test. I den kvalitativa delen utfördes textanalys av journalanteckningar. Resultat. Medianålder vid kängurudebuten var fyra dagar. De flesta barn kängurudebuterade med mamman, och pappor utövade känguruvård i mindre utsträckning än mammor. Ju tidigare barnet var fött, desto längre dröjde kängurudebuten, men känguruvård har förekommit så tidigt som dag fyra hos de mest för tidigt födda barnen. Slutsats. Neonatalvården har mycket att vinna på om vårdpersonalen lyckas hjälpa föräldrar i allmänhet, och pappor i synnerhet, till att tidigt våga närma sig och känguruvårda sina extremt för tidigt födda barn. Med utbildning och träning för personal och stöd till föräldrarna, kan KM användas i större utsträckning för de extremt för tidigt födda barnen. Kliniska implikationer. Resultaten av denna studie bidrar till insikter och djupare kunskap om användningen av KM för extremt för tidigt födda barn. Resultatet kan användas för att identifiera utvecklingsmöjligheter men även för att utvärdera framtida förbättringsarbete. Kunskapen om och tron på vinsterna med KM kan rädda liv. / Aims. To study the use of the KMC for extremely preterm infants. Background. Kangaroo-Mother care (KMC) is an evidence-based method that involves carrying the infant skin to skin on the parent’s chest in an upright position. The method brings many benefits for the preterm infant and has proven to be effective for creating strong bonds between parents and infants. Research shows that KMC is a safe method even for extremely preterm infants. Design. A retrospective exploratory medical records review using both quantitative and qualitative approach. Medical records were reviewed for the 49 extremely preterm infants cared for at Norrland’s University Hospital between October 2011 and October 2013. Methods. Statistical analysis were made by non-parametric correlation by Spearman and Wilcoxon´s signed ranks test. In the qualitative part text analysis of medical records was performed. Results. KMC onset was in a median age of four days after birth. The kangaroo onset was most often with the mother, and fathers performed less KMC than mothers. The more preterm the infant was born, the later kangaroo onset, but KMC has occurred as early as day four for the most preterm infants. Conclusion. Neonatal care has much to gain if nursing staff succeed in helping parents in general, and fathers in particular, to an early KMC onset. With education and training for staff and support to the parents, KMC can be used for the extremely preterm infants to a greater extent. Relevance to clinical practice. The results of this study contribute to the understanding and deeper knowledge about the use of KMC for extremely preterm infants. The result can be used to identify needs for development, but also to evaluate future improvements. Knowledge of and belief in the benefits of KMC can save lives.

Bragg scattering of optical waves in thick gratings at extreme angles, where the scattered wave propagates parallel (extremely asymmetric scattering - EAS) or nearly parallel (grazing angle scattering - GAS) to the grating boundaries, is associated with many unique and practically important resonant phenomena. It has been demonstrated that one of the main physical mechanisms for these resonant phenomena is the diffractional divergence of the scattered wave inside and outside the grating region. This thesis fills the gaps in the theoretical and experimental understanding of Bragg scattering in gratings at extreme angles by investigating EAS and GAS in structures where diffractional divergence of waves is significantly affected by anisotropy and/or non-uniformities of the dielectric permittivity. Unusually high sensitivity of wave scattering in thick periodic gratings to small step-like variations of mean structural parameters at the grating boundaries is predicted and described for the case when the scattered wave (the +1 diffracted order) propagates almost parallel to the front grating boundary (the geometry of GAS). A unusual pattern of strong multiple resonances for bulk electromagnetic waves is predicted and analysed numerically in thick periodic holographic gratings in a guiding slab with mean permittivity that is greater than that of the surrounding media. It is demonstrated that these resonances are related to resonant generation of a new type of eigenmodes in a thick slab with a periodic grating. These eigenmodes are generically related to the grating -- they do exist not if the grating amplitude is zero. A new type of resonant coupling of bulk radiation into the conventional guided modes of a slab with a thick holographic grating is predicted and explained theoretically. It occurs in the presence of strong frequency detunings of the Bragg condition by means of interaction of the strongly non-eigen +1 diffracted order with the slab-grating boundaries. Therefore, it is only in the presence of step-like variations of the mean permittivity at the grating boundaries that this type of resonant coupling can occur. A new method for the analysis of EAS and GAS in anisotropic gratings is developed. This method is based on the consideration of the diffractional divergence of the scattered wave and the two-wave approximation in anisotropic gratings. Special efforts are focused on the analysis of EAS and GAS of extraordinary waves in uniaxial gratings. In particular, it is demonstrated that increasing curvature of the normal surface in the direction of propagation of the scattered wave results in increase of its diffraction divergence and the resonant amplitude. A theoretical model is developed for comparison of the theoretical predictions with data obtained from experimental observations of EAS in a holographic grating written in a photorefractive medium. The developed model is applied for the interpretation of experimental observations of EAS in BaTiO3 photorefractive crystals. Good agreement with the theoretical predictions is demonstrated.

This diploma thesis should sketch quantitative research of early enteral nutrition at newborns with low birth weight under 1500 grams at specialized department - neonatology in České Budějovice. Research in this diploma thesis is focused on evaluating of implemetation level according to current recommendations neonatology for the start of early enteral nutrition at premature babies. In the theoretical part of the diploma thesis we try to describe all things that include the issue of premature babies care. Next chapters deal with differences of premature baby in relation to nutrition. The nutrition of the newborn with very low birth weight is provided immediately after parenteral delivery. Quantitative research definately prefers the start of enteral nutrition in the first few hours after delivery. Goal of this strategy is to completely replace the parenteral nutrition as soon as possible. Goal of this diploma thesis is to descibe quantitative research with implementing of the enteral nutrition at newborns with birth weight under 1500 grams at specialized neonatology departments and to identify the most important differences from current recommendations for this field of care. Considering the set goal there was used the quantitative research for this diploma thesis. To get the data to create the research, secundar analysis of the data from nursing documentation of our research team was used. Through the quantitative research we try to demonstrate lack of starts with early enteral nutrition at premature babies with birth weight under 1500 grams in the 2012 and 2013. Secundar analysis of the date was made during my working experience at neonatology department in České Budějovice. Data needed for this research were systematically written into prepared chart created in Microsoft Excel. After entering all necessary data in the table, they were subsequently created graphs that reflect the real situation examined issues. After identifying the most significant differences from the current recommendations for this area of care deficiencies are subsequently provided to the department of neonatology in the České Budějovice for future improvement strategy early initiation of enteral nutrition in premature infants in this weight category, was written Decalogue of practical recommendations for optimization of enteral nutrition for preterm infants nurses working in the neonatal intensive care. The research file was created by 139 respondents (newborns with low birth weight under 1500 grams). This file is created by newborns born from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2013 which means during two years.

Les recherches menées dans le cadre de cette thèse avaient un double objectif. Premièrement, le développement d’une nouvelle méthode de chimie quantique à croissance linéaire basée sur le concept d’Orbitales Moléculaires Extrêmement Localisées (ELMOs) et adaptée à l’étude de très gros systèmes moléculaires. Deuxièmement, il s’agit d’évaluer le potentiel des méthodes de calcul utilisant de fonctions d’ondes contraintes et leur capacité à reproduire des données de diffraction aux rayons-X. En ce qui concerne le premier objectif, notre approche se base sur le principe de transférabilité, à savoir l’observation que les systèmes moléculaires sont composés par des unités fonctionnelles récurrentes qui conservent leurs caractéristiques lorsqu’elles se trouvent dans un même environnement chimique. Malheureusement, les orbitales moléculaires traditionnellement employées en chimie théorique dans des modèles de particule indépendante (Hartree-Fock, Kohn-Sham) sont complètement délocalisées sur le système étudié et, par conséquent, ne peuvent pas être transférées d’une molécule à une autre. Ce problème peut être résolu en ayant recours à des orbitales moléculaires déterminées de manière variationnelle sous la contrainte d’être exprimées à partir des fonctions de base centrées sur des atomes de fragments présélectionnés : les ELMOs. En fait, puisqu’elles sont strictement localisées, ces orbitales sont en principe transférables d’une molécule à une autre. L’objectif à terme est d’exploiter cette transférabilité en construisant une base de données d’ELMOs permettant de calculer quasiment instantanément, de manière approximative, des fonctions d’ondes et des densités électroniques de macromolécules. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous avons évalué le degré de transférabilité des orbitales moléculaires extrêmement localisées et nous avons proposé une approximation appropriée pour les molécules modèles servant à la détermination des ELMOs qui seront stockées dans la future base de données. Nous avons également comparé la transférabilité des ELMOs avec celle de densités électroniques atomiques asphériques (pseudo-atomes) qui sont largement répandues en cristallographie pour le raffinement de structure cristallographique de grands systèmes. La seconde partie de la thèse se focalise sur les méthodes quantiques utilisant des fonctions d’ondes contraintes. Dans ces méthodes, on cherche à déterminer des fonctions d’ondes qui minimisent l’énergie électronique des systèmes étudiés, mais qui en même temps doivent reproduire un jeu d’amplitudes de facteurs de structure expérimentaux. Cette technique, initialement proposée par Jayatilaka, a récemment été étendue à la théorie des orbitales moléculaires extrêmement localisées. Dans ce contexte, nous avons tout d’abord étudié les effets d’une localisation stricte sur la structure électronique dans des calculs de la fonction d’onde contrainte. Puis, nous avons déterminé si la fonction d’onde contrainte (et la densité associée) est capable de capturer des effets de la corrélation électronique. Enfin, en utilisant une nouvelle technique dite Valence Bond "expérimentale", basée sur les ELMOs, nous avons effectué une étude théorique sur le syn-1,6:8,13- Biscarbonyl[14] annulène (BCA) pour expliquer la rupture partielle de son aromaticité à haute pression observée expérimentalement. Cette dernière étude illustre positivement la potentialité du concept d’orbitale moléculaire strictement localisée en chimie quantique, qui ouvre des perspectives très larges notamment pour l’étude statique ou dynamique de systèmes moléculaires complexes. / The goal of the present work was dual. At first, this thesis aimed at proposing new lin- ear scaling quantum chemistry methods based on Extremely Localized Molecular Orbitals (ELMOs) and, secondly, it focused on the assessment of the capabilities of the X-ray con- strained wave function approaches. Concerning the first target, our approach is based on the transferability principle, namely the observation that molecular systems are composed by recurrent functional units that generally keep their features when they are in a similar chemical environment. In this context, it is possible to take advantage of the intrinsic trans- ferability of molecular orbitals strictly localized on small molecular subunits to recover wave functions and electron densities of large systems. Unfortunately, the molecular or- bitals traditionally used in quantum chemistry are completely delocalized on the system in exam and, therefore, are not transferable from a molecule to another. This problem can be solved only considering molecular orbitals variationally determined under the constraint of expanding them on local basis sets associated with pre-determined molecular fragments: the ELMOs. In fact, since they are strictly localized, these orbitals are in principle transfer- able from molecule to molecule and our final goal is to construct databanks of ELMOs that will enable to recover almost instantaneously approximate wave functions and electron densities of macromolecules at a very low computational cost. In the first part of this the- sis, we have evaluated the transferability of the Extremely Localized Molecular Orbitals and we have defined a suitable model molecule approximation for the computation of the ELMOs to be stored in the future databases. We have also compared the transferability of the ELMOs to the one of the aspherical atomic electron densities (pseudoatoms), which are largely used in crystallography to refine crystallographic structures of large systems. The second part of this work focuses on the X-ray constrained wave function approach. This method consists in determining wave functions that not only minimize the electronic energy of the systems under exam, but that also reproduce sets of experimental structure factor amplitudes within a desired accuracy. The technique, initially proposed by Jayatilaka has been recently extended to the theory of the Extremely Localized Molecular Orbitals. In this context, we have first studied the effects of introducing a strict a priori localization on the electronic structure in X-ray constrained wave function calculations. Then, we have determined if the X-ray constrained wave function is intrinsically able to capture the elec- tron correlation effects on the electron densities. Finally, also exploiting a novel X-ray con- strained ELMO-based Valence Bond technique, we have reported theoretical studies on the syn-1,6:8,13-Biscarbonyl[14] annulene (BCA) to explain the partial rupture of the aromatic character of the molecule occurring at high-pressure