Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

PA1b (Pea Albumin 1 sous-unité b), une knottine toxique de 37 acides aminés, présente un grand intérêt dans la lutte contre les charançons des céréales (Sitophilus spp.), principaux ravageurs des céréales stockées.<br />Afin de mieux connaître la nouvelle famille peptidique de PA1b, sa variabilité tant structurale que d'activité biologique a été étudiée au sein des Légumineuses. Après avoir validé notre approche sur 4 espèces végétales "test", nous avons caractérisé 24 gènes homologues chez 18 espèces de Papilionoideae. De plus, l'activité insecticide d'extraits de graines de 60 espèces des trois sous-familles de Légumineuses a été déterminée sur charançons de souche sensible et résistante à PA1b. Afin de relier variations de structure et d'activité, une approche par mutagenèse dirigée a été envisagée. Un système d'expression bactérienne et de purification de PA1b a été mis au point. Bien que de masse conforme (cystéines oxydées), le peptide recombinant ne présente pas d'activité biologique.

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Neste contexto, muitas espécies possuem estratégias de regeneração e colonização do ambiente pós-fogo, o que tipicamente envolve a sobrevivência (tolerância) das sementes e/ou quebra da dormência. Em especial, muitas sementes de leguminosas possuem o tegumento impermeável (dormência física), que pode ser rompido por meio de choques térmicos relacionados ao fogo. Outro fator que pode auxiliar no processo de quebra da dormência física é a flutuação térmica no solo, cuja amplitude é aumentada nas clareiras formadas pela remoção da vegetação durante a queima. Ambos os fatores, fogo e flutuação térmica, são relativamente bem estudados nos ecossistemas inflamáveis da Austrália e em vegetações Mediterrâneas. Por outro lado, os padrões relacionados à quebra da dormência e germinação das sementes ainda são controversos e menos conhecidos nas savanas tropicais da África e da América do Sul. Assim, esta Tese de doutorado teve como objetivo avaliar o papel do fogo na germinação e sobrevivência das sementes de leguminosas do Cerrado. Para tanto, realizamos tratamentos em campo, incluindo queimas experimentais, e também aplicamos tratamentos no laboratório, simulando a flutuação térmica nas clareiras e a passagem do fogo (choques térmicos). Após os tratamentos, observamos a germinação em condições ótimas, fazendo contagens três vezes por semana, e realizamos testes de viabilidade ao final de 30 dias dos experimentos. As análises estatísticas consistiram basicamente em GLMMs com distribuição binomial, considerando as réplicas como efeitos aleatórios. Os resultados apontam que as sementes morrem quando diretamente expostas ao fogo na superfície do solo. Por outro lado, há uma maior probabilidade de sobrevivência quando as sementes estão localizadas em clareiras (gaps) da vegetação. Nos gaps, a maior porcentagem de solo nu proporciona temperaturas do fogo mais amenas, queimando por menos tempo. Quando enterradas 1-cm sob o solo, as sementes sempre sobrevivem e pode haver quebra de dormência. A flutuação térmica também pode quebrar uma proporção significativa da dormência em condições de campo, especialmente em Mimosa leiocephala. Em laboratório, ao contrário do esperado, não há quebra da dormência, indicando que a flutuação térmica em si não consiste um mecanismo para quebra da dormência física em espécies do Cerrado. Nos choques térmicos, poucas espécies (seis de 46) apresentaram quebra da dormência. Observamos também que a mortalidade das sementes está relacionada a um trade-off entre forma de crescimento, tamanho das sementes e presença de dormência. Isso se deve ao tamanho pequeno das sementes de arbustos, que a despeito de tipicamente ocorrerem em savana aberta, podem morrer sob condições severas dos choques térmicos, mais do que as espécies arbóreas. Dentre as espécies arbóreas, a filogenia influencia no tamanho e, consequentemente, na mortalidade das sementes frente ao fogo. Concluímos que a germinação das sementes não está diretamente ligada à presença do fogo no mosaico Cerrado-floresta, contrastando com os padrões reconhecidos para outros ecossistemas inflamáveis. / Fire is the principal disturbance in several vegetation types around the world, being called flammable ecosystems. In this context, many species have strategies to regenerate and colonize the post-fire environment, which typically involve seed survival (tolerance) and/or breaking of dormancy. In special, legume seeds usually have an impermeable seed coat (physical dormancy), which may be disrupted by fire-related heat shocks. Another factor that can help in the process of dormancy-breaking is the temperature fluctuation in the soil, which amplitude is increased in gaps formed by the removal of vegetation as a result of the passage of fire. Both factors, fire and temperature fluctuation, are relatively well studied in flammable ecosystems from Australia and Mediterranean vegetation. On the other hand, the patterns related to dormancy-breaking and seed germination are still controversial and less known in tropical savannas from Africa and South America. Therefore, this doctoral Thesis has aimed to evaluate the role of fire on germination and survival of legume seeds from Cerrado. Therefore, we conducted experiments in the field, including experimental burning, and also applied treatments in the laboratory, simulating temperature fluctuation in the gaps and fire passage (heat shocks). After the treatments, we observed germination under optimal conditions, making counting three times a week, and accomplishing viability tests by the end of 30 days of the experiment. The statistical analyses basically consisted on GLMMS with binomial distribution, considering replicates as random effects. Results pointed that seeds die when directly exposed to fire in the soil surface. On the other hand, there is a higher probability of survival when seeds are placed in vegetation gaps. In the gaps, the higher percentage of bare soil provides milder fire temperatures, lasting for less time. When buried at 1-cm belowground, seeds always survive and dormancy-breaking may occur. Temperature fluctuation can also break a significant proportion of dormancy under field conditions, especially for Mimosa leiocephala. In the laboratory, there is no dormancy-breaking, showing that temperature fluctuation itself might not be a mechanism for physical dormancy-breaking in Cerrado species. When heat shocks were applied, six out of 46 species showed dormancy-breaking. We also observed that seed mortality is related to a trade-off between growth-form, seed size and the presence of dormancy. This is due to the small size of seeds from shrubs, that although typically occurring in the open savannas, they might die under severe conditions of temperatures. Among the tree species, phylogeny influences on size and, consequently, mortality of seeds in face to fire. We concluded that seed germination is not directly linked to the presence of fire in the Cerrado-forest mosaic, contrasting to the patterns recognized for other flammable ecosystems. / Fundação Grupo Boticário 0153_2011_PR / FAPESP 2015/06743-0 / CAPES/PDSE 88881.131702/2016-01 / CNPq 455183/2014-7

A spontaneous outbreak of a neurological disease in swine caused by the ingestion of Aeschynomene indica seeds and the reproduction of the disease in the same animal species are reported. The natural outbreak occurred in a pig-raising facility in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. On the premises there were 100 pigs (20 breeding sows and 80 young weaned pigs from several categories) that were fed a ration made by mixing 50% of corn bran, 25% of soy bean bran, 5% comercial premix with minerals and vitamins and 20% of broken rice contaminated with 40% of A. indica seeds. Although all 100 pigs apparently ingested the same ration only 45-day-old pigs were affected; morbidity, mortality and lethality rates were respectively 25%-40%, 8,5%-20%; and 25%-66%. Clinical signs appeared ≈ 24 hours after the start of the feeding of A. indica seeds contaminated ration and included variable degrees of incoordinated gait, falls, sternal recumbency with the hind limbs in a wide base stance, lateral recumbency and death. It was not possible to ascertain how many pigs recovered nor the time frame of recovery. One pig was necropsied in the premises. The intoxication was reproduced in 5 young pigs (A-E) which were fed a ration containing 10% (Pig A), 15% (Pig B) and 20% (Pig C-E) of A. indica seeds and in one adult pig (Pig F) which was fed a ration with 16.5% of A. indica seeds. Pigs A, B and F were euthanatized and Pigs C-E died of an acute disease respectively 16, 21 and 24 hours after the start of the experiment. Clinical signs were similar to those observed in pigs of the spontaneous outbreak. Necropsy findings included marked hyperemia of encephalic leptomeninges of all pigs, large amounts of A. indica seeds in the stomach and small intestine of Pigs C-E and, reddening of the intestinal wall and bloody intestinal content. A hematoma was observed in the lungs of Pig C. The histopathological findings in the brain of pigs fed rations with larger concentrations (20%) of A. indica seeds (C-E) included congestion edema and hemorrhage and swollen capillary endothelia in several nuclei and in the telencephalic cortex. In the Pig F, fed a ration with 16,5% of A. indica seeds the lesions were similar in distribution but more severe. In swine fed rations containing 10% and 15% of A. indica in the ration, histopathological changes in the brain consisted of discreet focal symmetrical areas of malacia in which closely packed gitter cells and astrocytosis, and capillaries with swollen endothelium obliterated the normal neuropil. The symmetrical malacic foci from the ingestion of A. indica seeds in swine affected cerebellar and vestibular nuclei, putamen, and the mesencephalic oculomotor and red nuclei. This indicates that the A. indica seeds ingestion is responsible for this neurological condition in swine and that the clinical outcome and pathological changes are dose-dependent. / Relata-se um surto espontâneo de intoxicação em suínos pela ingestão de sementes de Aeschynomene indica e a reprodução da doença nessa espécie animal. O surto espontâneo ocorreu numa propriedade de criação de suínos localizada na região central do Rio Grande do Sul. Nessa propriedade havia 100 suínos (20 matrizes e 80 suínos jovens de várias categorias). Os suínos eram alimentados com uma ração feita na propriedade pela mistura de 50% farelo de milho, 25% de farelo de soja, 5% de um suplemento vitamínico mineral de origem comercial e 20% quirera de arrroz contaminada por 40% de sementes de A. indica. Embora aparentemente todos os 100 suínos tenham recebido a mesma ração, apenas os suínos de 45 dias de idade foram afetados; as taxas de morbidade, mortalidade e letalidade foram respectivamente 25%-40%, 8,5%-20% e 25%-66%. Os sinais clínicos apareceram ≈ 24 horas após o início da administração da ração contendo sementes de A. indica e incluíam vários graus de incoordenação no andar, quedas, decúbito esternal com membros pélvicos posicionados afastados entre si, decúbito lateral e morte. Não foi possível determinar quantos suínos se recuperaram e quanto tempo levou a recuperação. Um suíno foi necropsiado na propriedade. A doença foi reproduzida em 5 suínos jovens (AE) alimentados com uma ração contendo 10% (Suíno A), 15% (Suíno B) e 20% (Suínos CE) de sementes de A. indica e em um suíno adulto (Suíno F) que recebeu uma ração com 16,5% das sementes de A. indica. Os sinais clínicos foram semelhantes aos observados nos suínos do surto espontâneo. Os Suínos A, B e F foram submetidos à eutanásia e os Suínos C-E morreram de uma doença aguda respectivamente 16, 21 e 24 horas após o início do experimento. Os achados de necropsia incluíam acentuada hiperemia das leptomeninges em todos os suínos, grandes quantidades de sementes de A. indica no estômago e intestino delgado dos Suínos C-E e avermelhamento transmural da parede do intestino e conteúdo intestinal sanguinolento. Um hematoma foi observado no pulmão do Suíno C. Os achados histopatológicos no encéfalo dos suínos alimentados com as maiores concentrações (20%) de sementes de A. indica (C-E) consistiram de congestão, edema, hemorragia e tumefação dos endotélios capilares em diversos núcleos e no córtex telencefálico. No Suíno F que recebeu uma ração com 16,5% de sementes, as lesões foram semelhantes em distribuição, porém mais intensas. Nos suínos alimentados com concentrações menores (10% e 15%) das sementes de A. indica, as alterações histológicas no encéfalo consistiam de áreas bem definidas de malacia focal simétrica; nessas áreas a neurópila normal era obliterada por numerosos macrófagos espumosos dispostos em aposição estreita, astrocitose e capilares com endotélios tumefeitos. Os focos de malacia focal simétrica em suínos intoxicados com sementes de A. indica afetavam os núcleos cerebelar e vestibular, a substância negra, o putâmen e os núcleos mesencefálicos, oculomotor e núcleo vermelho. Esses dados indicam que ingestão de sementes de A. indica é responsável por essa condição neurológica em suínos e que o desenlace clínico e as alterações patológicas são dependentes da dose.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / This present work reports the chemical and biological analysis of the stem and leaves from Bauhinia pulchella. In this study, the ethanol extract from stems was obtained by maceration, subjected to chromatographic fractionation, leading to isolation of three flavonoids: (+)-3â,4â-dihydroxyphenyl-chroman-7-ol (BP-2), (-)-fisetinidol (BP-3) and (+)-epicatechin (BP-4); a mixture of triterpenes taraxerone and &#946;-amyrenone (BP-1); a mixture of steroids sitosterol and stigmasterol (BP-5); and a bibenzyl named 2-hydroxy-3â,5â-dimethoxybibenzyl (BP-6). It is notewhorthy to mention that BP-1 and BP-4 substances are unprecedented in the genus, while BP-2 is unpublished. Chemical structures of secondary metabolites obtained were elucidated by 1H and 13C NMR; IR and MS associated with comparison of data described in the literature. Chemical composition of the essential oil from leaves of B. pulchella, obtained by hydrodistillation, was determined and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC/FID), which identified 95,68% of all constituents. &#945;-pinene (23.89%); caryophyllene oxide (22.43%) and &#946;-pinene (12.19%) were the major components. The essential oil was tested against Aedes aegypti larvae and showed LC50 value of 105.93  1.48 &#956;g/mL. The cytotoxic activity of essential oil was evaluated on human tumor cell lines (HL-60; MCF-7; NCI-H292 and HEP-2) was evaluated, showing IC50 values with confidence intervals of 9.941 (8.238 to 12.00), 53.05 (41.39 to 67.99), 48.98 (44.22 to 54.25) and 50.42 (42.47 to 59.87) &#956;g/mL, respectively and the cell line HL-60 the most sensitive among the cells tested. This is the first report of the chemical study of Bauhinia pulchella, as well the investigation of larvicidal activity and cytotoxicity of the essential oil from its leaves. / O presente trabalho relata o estudo quÃmico e biolÃgico do caule e das folhas de Bauhinia pulchella. Nesse estudo, o extrato etanÃlico do caule, obtido por maceraÃÃo, foi submetido a fracionamento cromatogrÃfico levando ao isolamento de trÃs flavonoides (+)-3â-4âdiidroxifenil-cromano-7-ol (BP-2), (-)-fisetinidol (BP-3) e (+)-epicatequina (BP-4); da mistura de triterpenos taraxerona e &#946;-amirenona (BP-1); da mistura de esteroides sitosterol e estigmasterol (BP-5) e de um bibenzil denominado 2-hidrÃxi-3â-5â-dimetoxibibenzila (BP-6). Cabe ressaltar que as substÃncias BP-1 e BP-4 sÃo inÃditas no gÃnero, enquanto BP-2 à inÃdita na literatura. As estruturas dos metabÃlitos secundÃrios isolados foram elucidadas por RMN 1H e 13C; IV e EM, juntamente com a comparaÃÃo com os dados descritos na literatura. A composiÃÃo quÃmica do Ãleo essencial das folhas de B. pulchella, obtido por hidrodestilaÃÃo, foi determinada e quantificada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e detector de ionizaÃÃo por chama (CG-DIC), sendo, portanto, identificados 95,68% dos seus constituintes: &#945;-pineno (23,89%), Ãxido de cariofileno (22,43%) e &#946;-pineno (12,19%) foram os constituintes majoritÃrios. O Ãleo essencial teve sua atividade larvicida sobre Aedes aegypti avaliada, sendo obtido um valor de CL50 igual a 105,93  1,48 &#956;g/mL. O poder citotÃxico do Ãleo essencial foi avaliado sobre as linhagens tumorais humanas HL-60, MCF-7, NCI-H292 e HEP-2, sendo obtidos valores de CI50 e intervalos de confianÃa iguais a 9,941 (8,238 a 12,00); 53,05 (41,39 a 67,99); 48,98 (44,22 a 54,25) e 50,42 (42,47 a 59,87) &#956;g/mL, respectivamente, sendo a linhagem celular HL-60 a mais sensÃvel dentre as cÃlulas testadas. Este à o primeiro relato do estudo quÃmico de Bauhinia pulchella, bem como da investigaÃÃo da atividade larvicida e citotÃxica do Ãleo essencial de suas folhas.

Plant-derived products have been widely studied for prevention and treatment of several diseases. Substances present in them showing antioxidant activities are of great interest because they are able to minimize cardiac injury associated to reperfusion of ischemic tissues. The cardiac reperfusion injury is a physiopathological phenomenon that can occur in coronary syndromes, during cardiovascular surgery and during angioplasty generating heart tissue lesions. In this context, it becomes important to evaluate the biological effects promoted by plant extracts looking for understand their potential for antioxidant protection in order to prevent cardiac tissue damage. Ethyl acetate fraction (FAE) was obtained from the crude extract of Canavalia rosea leaf. FAE was subjected to a phytochemical screening and some antioxidants molecules were identified. Quantitative evaluation of the antioxidant activity and the ability of FAE to scavenge DPPH radicals was performed. It was found that FAE caused a significant reduction in the amount of this radical (p < 0.001), inhibiting its production in 46.7 ± 3.5% with a EC50 of 20.9 ± 0.3 μg/mL. The index of antioxidant activity (IAA) associated to this fraction was 1.42, considered high (Soler-Rivas et al., 2000; Argolo et al., 2004). The in vitro lipid peroxidation was induced by ferrous sulfate. Different concentrations of FAE reduced the lipid peroxidation induced by this substance. We also have evaluate the electrical and contractile effects of FAE (300 μg/mL) in isolated hearts of rats mounted in Langendorff aortic perfusion system. FAE changed significantly, the electrocardiographic profile, increasing the duration of the following intervals: PRi (from 78.48 to 104.7, n = 5, p<0.05), QTi, (from 30.41 to 41.03, n = 5, p<0.05) as well as the QRS complex (from 17.36 to 25.19, n = 5, p<0.05). Furthermore, it reduced the heart rate (from 128.5 to 87.8, n =5, p<0.05). Studing its contractile effects, we have observed that this fraction promoted reduction of the left intraventricular pressure (PVE) (from 1.68 to 1.17, n = 5, p<0.05) as the contraction speed. Cardioprotective effect of FAE was evaluated by testing its skill to reduce the myocardial injury promoted by reperfusion of the heart tissue. To do that, we have employed enzymatic methods in order to evaluate the oxidative stress and also its action on the tissue contractile activity. Our results showed that the FAE reduced dP/dt maximum measured during systole and diastole. Conversely, it increased the diastolic time and also the PVE. During reperfusion after ischemia FAE significantly improved the heart rate decreasings the Index of Severity of Arrhythmia (ISA). The evaluation of antioxidant effects was performed by TBARS measurements as well as studying the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and reductase (GR) activities. It was observed that lipid peroxidation was significantly lowered in hearts previously perfused with FAE, and subjected to protocols of ischemia-reperfusion, when compared with the animal group only infused with the vehicle (control animals). The activities of SOD, GPx and GR was significantly higher in hearts previously perfused with FAE, but CAT activity was lower. Looking at CK we observe that this index was lower in previously perfused by the FAE. With this set of results we can conclude that the FAE improves post-ischemic cardiac function. This may be due to the ability of flavonoids scavengers radicals and/or ability on the FAE induces increased activity of antioxidant enzymes in hearts subjected the injuries resulting from the cardiac reperfusion. / Os produtos derivados de plantas têm sido vastamente estudados para prevenção, cura e tratamento de doenças. Sustâncias neles presentes e que apresentam atividade antioxidante são de grande interesse para a minimização da injúria cardíaca que pode ser provocada pela reperfusão deste tecido. A injúria de reperfusão cardíaca é um fenômeno fisiopatológico ocorrendo nas síndromes coronarianas, nas cirurgias cardiovasculares e nas angioplastias, podendo gerar lesões no tecido cardíaco. Neste contexto, é importante avaliar os efeitos biológicos de derivados de plantas, avaliando o seu potencial antioxidante útil na proteção do tecido cardíaco e na prevenção dos danos causados por diversas doenças cardíacas. Uma fração de acetato de etila (FAE) foi obtida do extrato bruto das folhas de Canavalia rosea. A FAE foi submetida à prospecção fitoquímica tendo sido nela identificados compostos antioxidantes. A avaliação quantitativa da atividade antioxidante desta fração foi realizada estudando sua capacidade de sequestrar o radical livre DPPH . Foi observado que ela promoveu uma redução significativa deste radical (p<0,001), apresentando uma inibição na produção deste radical de 46,7 ± 3,5 % com uma CE50 de 20,9 ± 0,3 μg/mL. O Índice de Atividade Antioxidante (IAA) apresentado pela fração foi de 1,42, considerado forte, dentro da escala proposta por Soler-Rivas et al., (2000) e Argolo et al., (2004). A lipoperoxidação in vitro foi induzida pelo sulfato ferroso. Nas diferentes concentrações testadas, a FAE reduziu significativamente a lipoperoxidação induzida por esta substância. Foram também avaliados os efeitos contráteis e elétricos da FAE (300 μg/mL) em coração isolado de ratos montado em sistema de perfusão aórtica do tipo Langendorff. A FAE alterou de forma significativa o perfil eletrocardiográfico, aumentando a duração do intervalo PR (PRi) (de 78,48 para 104,7, n = 5 , p<0,05), do intervalo QT (QTi) (de 30,41 para 41,03, n = 5, p<0,05) e do complexo QRS (de 17,36 para 25,19, n = 5, p<0,05) e reduzindo a frequência cardíaca (de 128,5 para 87,82, n =5, p<0,05). Na avaliação dos efeitos contráteis, a fração diminuiu a pressão intraventricular esquerda (PVE) (de 1,682 para 1,173, n = 5, p<0,05), bem como a velocidade máxima de contração. O efeito cardioprotetor da FAE foi testado avaliando seu potencial para limitar a injúria tissular provocada pela reperfusão. Para isto, foram empregados métodos enzimáticos a fim de avaliar o estresse oxidativo e também sua ação sobre a atividade contrátil do tecido. Os resultados mostraram que a FAE reduziu significativamente a dP/dt máxima tanto na contração quanto no relaxamento. Ainda mais, ela aumentou o tempo de diástole e a PVE. Na reperfusão pós-isquemia, houve melhora significativa da frequência cardíaca e diminuição do Índice de Severidade da Arritmia (ISA). A avaliação dos efeitos antioxidantes foi feita através da medida da TBARS e da atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx) e redutase (GR). Foi observado que a peroxidação lipídica foi significativamente menor nos corações perfundidos previamente com a FAE e depois submetidos à isquemia e à reperfusão do que quando comparados com o grupo perfundido somente com o veículo (animais controle). As atividades da SOD, GPx e GR foram significativamente maiores nos corações perfundidos previamente com a FAE, porém a atividade da CAT foi menor neste grupo. Ao analisarmos a concentração do marcador CK observamos que a mesma apresentou-se menor no grupo perfundido previamente com FAE. Com este conjunto de resultados concluímos que a FAE melhora a função cardíaca pós-isquêmica. Isto pode ter decorrido da habilidade que os flavonoides têm de sequestrar radicais livres e/ou da habilidade da FAE em induzir o aumento da atividade de enzimas antioxidantes nos corações submetidos à injúria decorrente da reperfusão do tecido cardíaco.

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La connaissance de la distribution spatiale des espèces et leurs déterminants constituent les principaux thèmes de la biogéographie et de l’écologie. Cette thèse a été réalisée sur les Fabaceae de l’Afrique Centrale :Burundi, République Démocratique du Congo et Rwanda. Composées de trois sous-familles (Caesalpinioideae, Faboideae et Mimosoideae), les Fabaceae sont présentes dans tous les biomes terrestres du monde. La présente étude a pour objectif d’évaluer et localiser la diversité spécifique, déterminer les zones de conservation des Fabaceae, identifier leur modèle de distribution spatiale et examiner l’impact potentiel de la déforestation sur les espèces indicatrices de cette famille. Les facteurs environnementaux déterminant la distribution des espèces endémiques de Fabaceae, les zones favorables à leur présence et l’évaluation de leur état de conservation ont également été analysés. L’étude a consisté à vérifier et à digitaliser tous les échantillons d’herbiers des Fabaceae conservés au Jardin Botanique National de Belgique et à l’Université Libre de Bruxelles. Les Systèmes d’Information Géographique ont été largement utilisés. Les analyses spatiales ont montré une distribution non uniforme de la diversité spécifique des Fabaceae. Les zones où la diversité spécifique coïncide avec celle des espèces endémiques ont été suggérées comme prioritaires pour la conservation. L’analyse de groupement appliquée sur le jeu de données des Mimosoideae a mis en évidence trois régions floristiques majeures. Ces trois régions correspondent aux régions phytogéographiques définies par White (1979, 1983). L’étude des Caesalpinioideae a confirmé l’existence d’espèces indicatrices de territoires phytogéographiques de Ndjele (1988). L’étude de cas réalisée au Katanga (R.D. Congo) a montré que la déforestation constitue une menace potentielle pour ces espèces, les plus vulnérables étant inféodées aux habitats forestiers. La distribution potentielle des espèces endémiques de Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) a montré une convergence entre les cartes de la distribution actuelle et celles issues de la distribution potentielle. Des sites où les espèces n’ont jamais été signalées ont été identifiés. La distribution potentielle a démontré le rôle des déterminants environnementaux dans la distribution des espèces endémiques. Cette étude a également prouvé que d’importantes proportions des zones de diversité des espèces endémiques ne sont pas couvertes par la conservation actuelle de l’Afrique Centrale. Cette thèse confirme que l’Afrique Centrale est une zone importante de conservation de la biodiversité. L’étude devrait être poursuivie en étendant la distribution potentielle aux Fabaceae non endémiques afin de définir leurs aires de distributions, critère indispensable pour évaluer le degré de vulnérabilité d’une espèce. La création de nouvelles aires protégées renforcerait le système actuel de conservation dans cette région./Knowledge of the spatial distribution of species and its determinants constitutes a principal theme in biogeography and ecology. This dissertation focused on the Fabaceae family of Central Africa: Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda. Composed of three subfamilies (Caesalpinioideae, Faboideae and Mimosoideae), Fabaceae species are present in all terrestrial biomes of the world. The current study aimed to assess and locate Fabaceae species diversity, to determine potential conservation zones, to identify the spatial distribution pattern and to examine the potential impact of deforestation on some indicator species of this family. The environmental factors driving the distribution of endemic Fabaceae have been identified, as well as the potential areas of occurrence; their conservation status in the region has also been studied. The current study has verified and digitized all the herbarium samples kept at the National Botanical Garden of Belgium and the Université Libre de Bruxelles regarding the Fabaceae family. Geographic Information Systems have been used frequently. Spatial analysis showed an uneven distribution of Fabaceae species diversity. The zones where species richness depends on endemic species diversity are suggested to have priority for conservation. A cluster analysis applied to the dataset of Mimosoideae has highlighted three major floristic regions. These three regions correspond to existing phytogeographical regions defined by White (1979, 1983). A study on Caesalpinioideae species of Central Africa has confirmed the existence of indicator species of phytogeographic territories of Ndjele (1988). A case study conducted in Katanga (D.R Congo) showed that deforestation constitutes a potential threat for these species, the most vulnerable being those strictly confined to forest habitats. The potential distribution of endemic Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) showed a clear convergence between the current distribution maps and the potential distibutions. Sites where those species had not been reported before have been identified. The potential distribution enabled to identify the importance of the different environmental factors for each endemic species’ distribution. This study also showed that large regions characterized by important endemic species diversity are not covered by current zones of conservation in Central Africa. This dissertation confirms Central Africa as an important zone for biodiversity conservation. The current research should be completed by the potential distribution of non endemic Fabaceae species of Central Africa, an important criterion to evaluate their degree of vulnerability. Creation of new protected areas would reinforce the current status of conservation in the region. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les peptides Albumines 1 b sont des membres de la famille structurale des knottines et présentent un potentiel intéressant en tant que composés insecticides. À ce jour, leur diversité parmi les Fabacées a été essentiellement étudiée en utilisant des approches biochimiques et moléculaires. Les ressources bioinformatiques (le séquençage complet du génome, les bases de données transcriptomiques (EST…), les atlas d’expression...) de l’espèce modèle des légumineuses, Medicago truncatula Gaertn. (Mtr), nous a permis de développer une approche génomique de cette biodiversité. Deux objectifs principaux nous ont guidé à : 1) déchiffrer l'histoire évolutive de la famille A1 dans cette espèce et 2) explorer la biodiversité naturelle afin de découvrir de nouvelles molécules bioactives. L'exploration du génome de Mtr a révélé une remarquable expansion, à travers des duplications en tandem, des loci A1 qui retiennent presque toutes la même structure génique canonique (2 exons et 1 intron). L'analyse phylogénétique nous a permis de comprendre l’évolution des gènes A1 intraspécifique et l’analyse de leur expression (EST, puces à ADN) a révélé la distribution de la famille des gènes A1 dans les organes de la plante (tissus) : Cette dernière s’est révélée bien plus diverse que celle connue chez les autres espèces examinées de légumineuses, où la famille était jusque-là principalement graine-spécifique. Selon plusieurs critères, certains peptides ont été sélectionnés puis chimiquement synthétisés et repliés in vitro et testés pour leur activité biologique. Parmi eux, un peptide, nommé AG41, isoforme MtrA1013 et issu de l’EST orpheline TA24778_3880, a révélé un pouvoir insecticide élevé et inattendu. L’analyse à grande échelle en présence d’homologues d’A1 des légumineuses a montré l’ancestralité de la fonction insecticide et l’âge de la famille est estimé à plus de 58 million d’années. Notre étude s’est aussi orientée vers l’analyse de cette famille peptidique chez des légumineuses originaires du Liban. Cette approche par biologie moléculaire nous a permis de caractériser 9 nouveaux gènes chez 6 espèces de Papilionoideae. L’étude plus approfondie de ces gènes au niveau structural et fonctionnel est envisagée. Afin de relier les variations de structure et d'activité, un système d'expression hétérologue (baculovirus/cellules d’insectes Sf9) a été mis au point. Le peptide recombinant de référence PA1b (Pea Albumin 1 sub-unit b), même exprimé en faible quantité, présente une activité biologique et une masse bien conforme ainsi qu’une structure bien repliée. Ce système a permis, de même, de produire la proprotéine PA1, forme intermédiaire entre la préproprotéine et le peptide PA1b mature. Cette proprotéine, identifiée pour la première fois, ne présente aucune toxicité envers les cellules Sf9. / Albumin 1 b peptides are members of the knottin structural family and display an interesting potential as insecticidal compounds. To date their diversity among Fabaceae was essentially investigated using biochemical and molecular approaches. The bioinformatic resources (full-genome sequencing, EST database, gene expression atlas…) of the Legume model, Medicago truncatula Gaertn. (Mtr), prompted us to develop a large-scale approach in two ways: 1) to decipher the evolutionary history of A1 family in this species and 2) to explore the natural biodiversity to uncover new bioactive molecules. Exploring Mtr genome revealed a remarkable expansion, through tandem duplications, of A1 loci that retain nearly all the primary structure (2 exons and 1 intron) . Phylogenetic analysis has allowed us to understand the evolution of intraspecific A1 genes and the analysis of their expression (EST, microarrays), and revealed the distribution of the A1 gene family in plant organs (tissue): the latter proved to be much more diverse than that seen in other examined legumes species, where the family until then was mainly seed-specific. Selected upon several criteria some peptides were chemically synthezised, folded in vitro and assayed for their biological activity. Among them one peptide, named AG41: isoform MtrA1013 (orphan EST : TA24778_3880), revealed a high and unexpected insecticidal power. The large-scale analysis in the presence of legumes A1 homologous showed the ancestry of the isecticidal function and the age of this family is estimated to be more than 58 million years. Our study is also directed towards the analysis of this family of peptide in legumes from Lebanon. This approach based on molecular biology has allowed us to characterize nine new genes in six species of Papilionoideae. The further study of these genes at the structural and functional level is considered. To link changes in structure and activity, a heterologous expression system (baculovirus / insect Sf9 cells) was developed. The reference recombinant peptide PA1b (Pea Albumin 1 sub-unit b), even expressed in small quantities, was biologicaly active and harbouring the expected mass as well as a well-folded structure. This system has enabled also to produce the proprotein PA1, intermediate form between the preproprotein and the mature peptide PA1b. This proprotein, identified for the first time, has no toxicity towards Sf9 cells.

Diets which emphasize intakes of plant-based foods are recommended to reduce disease risk and for promoting healthy weight. The aim of this study was to examine the association between fruit, vegetables, pulses and nut intake and body mass index (BMI) across countries in adolescents (13-14 years) and children (6-7 years). Data from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood; 77,243 children's parents and 201,871 adolescents was used to examine the association between dietary intake (Food Frequency Questionnaire) and BMI using general linear models, adjusting for country gross national index. Adolescents who consumed fruit, vegetables, pulses and nuts three or more times a week had a lower BMI than the never or occasional group; eating nuts three or more times a week, was associated with a BMI value of 0.274 kg/m² lower than the never group (p < 0.001). Compared to children who never or occasionally reported eating vegetables, those reporting that they ate vegetables three or more times per week had a lower BMI of -0.079 kg/m². In this large global study, an inverse association was observed between BMI and the reported increasing intake of vegetables in 6-7 years old and fruit, vegetables, pulses and nuts in adolescents. This study supports current dietary recommendations which emphasize the consumption of vegetables, nut and pulses, although the effect sizes were small. / Acknowledgments: This work was supported by Cure Kids New Zealand through a grant to E.A. Mitchell and I. Braithwaite. Cure Kids New Zealand had no role or influence in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. / Revisión por pares