<p>The purpose with this inquiry was to investigate why women do not advance to higher positions of leadership in a bank. I have interviewed five female employees in the company. The theoretical starting points I have used in this study are such as organization theory and leadership. There are four conceptions that obstructs women to develop for higher positions of leadership. There are conceptions that men ought to have better social network with other men than women. Other conceptions that affects women’s position in the company is the dictatorial language that are used by the sexes. Women and men don’t understand each other, and it conducts in complications for women. The fourth conception is the family situation, for instance the maternity leave affects women in there position in the company.</p> / <p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att öka förståelsen för varför kvinnliga anställda inte avancerar till lokalbankschefsnivån i en bank. Jag har intervjuat fem kvinnliga anställda på företaget. De valda teoretiska utgångspunkterna utgör organisationsteori och ledarskap. Det finns fyra föreställningar som hindrar kvinnor att avancera sig på högre chefsnivå. Det är bland annat föreställningarna om att kvinnor och män har skilda uppfattningar om ledarskap. Det finns föreställningar om att männens nätverkskontakter skulle vara bättre än kvinnornas. Andra föreställningar som påverkar kvinnors situation på företaget är den maktspråk som finns. Kvinnor och män förstår inte varandra, vilket leder till komplikationer för kvinnorna. Den fjärde föreställningen är familjesituationen, exempelvis mammaledighet påverkar kvinnors position på företaget.</p>

The purpose with this inquiry was to investigate why women do not advance to higher positions of leadership in a bank. I have interviewed five female employees in the company. The theoretical starting points I have used in this study are such as organization theory and leadership. There are four conceptions that obstructs women to develop for higher positions of leadership. There are conceptions that men ought to have better social network with other men than women. Other conceptions that affects women’s position in the company is the dictatorial language that are used by the sexes. Women and men don’t understand each other, and it conducts in complications for women. The fourth conception is the family situation, for instance the maternity leave affects women in there position in the company. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att öka förståelsen för varför kvinnliga anställda inte avancerar till lokalbankschefsnivån i en bank. Jag har intervjuat fem kvinnliga anställda på företaget. De valda teoretiska utgångspunkterna utgör organisationsteori och ledarskap. Det finns fyra föreställningar som hindrar kvinnor att avancera sig på högre chefsnivå. Det är bland annat föreställningarna om att kvinnor och män har skilda uppfattningar om ledarskap. Det finns föreställningar om att männens nätverkskontakter skulle vara bättre än kvinnornas. Andra föreställningar som påverkar kvinnors situation på företaget är den maktspråk som finns. Kvinnor och män förstår inte varandra, vilket leder till komplikationer för kvinnorna. Den fjärde föreställningen är familjesituationen, exempelvis mammaledighet påverkar kvinnors position på företaget.

The purpose of this study was to understand, by means of Connell’s and Hirdman’s gender theories, whether the older persons’ gender as well as the family situation affect the assessments in elderly care. Previous studies show that social workers do not consciously take gender into consideration, while also showing that gender is important for the assessment and decision. Based on the purpose, we asked the questions how are the assessments of care managers affected by the gender of older persons and in what way are the assessments of care managers affected by older persons family situation? This study was based on eight interviews with care managers in eldery care. The result was divided into the following two main themes assistance management and the older person. Connell’s and Hirdman’s gender theories helped us answer our main questions and analyze our result. The result showed that the unaware subconscious ideas of male and female, older persons’ perceptions of male and female as well as the elderly’s division of different chores in the household are affecting the care managers’ needs assessments in such a way that men and women are granted and apply for different assistance. Depending on who needs help in a couple, if the older person lives alone or with someone as well as other families’ perceptions of what the husband and wife are capable of doing affects the needs assessments of care managers.

This study focuses on the identification of traditional and modern sociocultural factors revealed by traditionallyorientated (rural) and modern (urban) Vhavenda people that define the Vhavenda cultural context, and establishes how the Vhavenda view giftedness from their own sociocultural perspective. The literature study reveals that Vhavenda school children are disadvantaged with regard to socioeconomic level, education and geographic isolation. Definitions of intelligence were reviewed as well as those of giftedness that consider sociocultural perspectives. An idiographic, qualitative study was conducted with informants from rural and urban areas. Results show that the sociocultural context of both traditional and modern Vhavenda is characterised by modern rather than traditional sociocultural factors which influence the development, nurturance and manifestation of giftedness in Vhavenda children. Vhavenda learners (13-15 years old) revealed some frequently observed characteristics of giftedness. Consequently, some identification measures of disadvantaged gifted children hold promise for the identification of gifted Vhavenda learners. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Syftet med studien är att få en ökad förståelse för några bakomliggande orsaker till varför människor begår kriminella handlingar. Studiens övergripande frågeställningar är följande; På vilket sätt påverkar umgängeskretsen en individs förutsättningar för att utveckla en kriminell livsstil? Hur kan dessa bakomliggande orsaker till kriminalitet förklaras och förstås? Frågeställningarna besvaras genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem individer med tidigare kriminell bakgrund. Med hjälp av en tematisk analysmetod struktureras intervjumaterialet upp i tre teman vilka har formulerats med utgångspunkt i det datamaterial som har samlats in. Analysen görs med hjälp av tidigare forskning och teorier om differentiella associationer och förstärkningar, symbolisk interaktionism, stämpling och sociala band. Studien visar att de intervjuade hamnade i kriminalitet till följd av att deras uppväxt, skolsituation och umgänge interagerade negativt med varandra. Gemensamt för samtliga intervjuade informanter är att de hade bristfällig kontakt med båda föräldrarna under uppväxten. Den uteblivna tryggheten från föräldrarna var något de istället sökte i sin umgängeskrets. Informanternas skolgång kantades av dåliga skolprestationer där de ofta umgicks med personer som misskötte sig. / The purpose of this study is to gain a greater understanding of some underlying causes of why people commit criminal acts. The general questions of the study are; in what way does the social circle of friends affect the individual’s prerequisites for developing a criminal lifestyle? How can these underlying causes of crime be explained and understood? The questions are answered by semi-structured interviews with five individuals with previous criminal background. With the use of a thematic analysis method the interview material was structured into three themes that have been formulated based on the datasets that have been collected. The analysis is done with the use of previous research and theories of differential association and reinforcements, symbolic interactionism, labeling and social bond. The study shows that the interview participants end up in crime as a result of their growth, school situation and their circle of friends interacted in a negative way. Common to all those interviewed informants is that they had insufficient contact with both parents during childhood. The lack of assurance from the parents was something they instead searched for in their social circle of friends. The informants schooling was consisted of poor school performances, and they often socialized with friends who also misbehaved.

This study focuses on the identification of traditional and modern sociocultural factors revealed by traditionallyorientated (rural) and modern (urban) Vhavenda people that define the Vhavenda cultural context, and establishes how the Vhavenda view giftedness from their own sociocultural perspective. The literature study reveals that Vhavenda school children are disadvantaged with regard to socioeconomic level, education and geographic isolation. Definitions of intelligence were reviewed as well as those of giftedness that consider sociocultural perspectives. An idiographic, qualitative study was conducted with informants from rural and urban areas. Results show that the sociocultural context of both traditional and modern Vhavenda is characterised by modern rather than traditional sociocultural factors which influence the development, nurturance and manifestation of giftedness in Vhavenda children. Vhavenda learners (13-15 years old) revealed some frequently observed characteristics of giftedness. Consequently, some identification measures of disadvantaged gifted children hold promise for the identification of gifted Vhavenda learners. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilket stöd maskrosbarn (barn till föräldrar med beroendesjukdom) fick från samhället under barndomen och vilka strategier vuxna kan identifiera sig med idag när de pratar om sina erfarenheter som maskrosbarn. I denna studie har vi använt oss av Thomas Scheffs, Erving Goffmans, John Bowlbys, Peter L. Berger och Thomas Luckmann teorier som är sociala band, skammens sociala funktioner, fasad, anknytningsteorin och socialisation. Dessa teorier har varit tillämpliga för att får en fördjupad förståelse för maskrosbarnens livssituation. Denna studie baseras på en kvalitativ forskningsmetod i form av kvalitativ textanalys där vi studerat tio olika blogginlägg följt av fem vetenskapliga artiklar kring ämnet. En gemensam nämnare bland maskrosbarnens erfarenheter är det stora ansvarstagandet som barnen fick bära på till följd av föräldrarnas beroendesjukdom. Resultatet av denna studie visade att ett ändrat tankesätt är ett gott verktyg till en förändrad livssituation och att stöd från omgivningen kan vara till stor hjälp. Frågorna som grundas i vår studie är: 1. Vilka olika strategier kan vuxna identifiera sig med idag när de pratar om deras erfarenheter som maskrosbarn? 2. På vilket sätt känner maskrosbarn idag att de fick hjälp av samhället i sin barndom. / This study aims to investigate what support invulnerables (kids to parents with an addiction) received from society during their childhood and what strategies adults can identify with today when they talk about their experiences as invulnerables. In this study, we have used the theories of Thomas Scheff, Erving Goffman and John Bowlby, Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann which are social ties, the social functions of shame, the facade, the theory of attachment and socialization. These theories have been applied to gain an in-depth understanding of the life situation of invulnerables. This study is based on a qualitative research method in the form of qualitative text analysis where we studied ten different blog posts followed by five scientific articles on the subject. A common denominator among the invulnerables experiences is the great responsibility that the children had to bear as a result of the parents' addiction. The results of this study showed that a changed way of thinking is a good tool for a changed life situation and that support from the environment can be very helpful. The questions based on our study are: 1. What different strategies can adults identify with today when talking about their experiences as invulnerables? 2. In what way do invulnerables today feel that they received help from society in their childhood.

Due to the covid-19 pandemic, the world of remote work exploded. This study investigates how remote work affect employee productivity. The data is collected through a web-based questionnaire where Swedish employees and managers respond to questions related to remote work productivity. There are some previous studies of the topic, based on data from other countries. However, studies covering the Swedish market are limited, whereas this thesis contributes to that knowledge gap. The study includes the independent variables desire to work remotely, age, family situation, gender, educational background, collaboration, and support from management, to recognize what factors have an impact on employee productivity as dependent variable. The results indicate that both employees and managers recognize an average increase in employee productivity, where the factors desire to work remote, age and family situation are found to have a significant impact on productivity. Furthermore, the study also found that the vast majority of workers prefer a hybrid work solution where 40-60% is conducted remotely to utilize the benefits of both options.

L’objectif principal de ce mémoire est de vérifier l’effet modérateur de la situation familiale sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la détresse psychologique dans la main d’œuvre canadienne. De façon secondaire, nous nous intéressons également à l’effet direct que peut entretenir chacune des variables sur le risque de rapporter de la détresse psychologique. Pour nous aider à réaliser cette étude, les données provenant de l’Enquête sur la santé des collectivités canadiennes (ESCC) volet 2.1 par Statistique Canada ont été utilisées. Les analyses multivariées réalisées ont révélé que l’horaire irrégulier de travail était significativement associé au risque de vivre de la détresse psychologique. Par rapport à la situation familiale, nous observons que l’état civil soit le fait d’être en couple agit en tant que facteur de protection contre la détresse psychologique tandis que la suffisance du revenu augmente le risque de rapporter de la détresse psychologique. De plus, les résultats obtenus soutiennent partiellement un effet modérateur de la situation familiale, car seul le statut économique du ménage modifie la relation entre l’autorité décisionnelle et les demandes physiques au travail dans l’explication de la détresse psychologique. Ainsi, ces deux facteurs du travail augmenteraient le risque de développer de la détresse psychologique lorsque le statut économique est pris en compte. Par conséquent, l’effet de certaines conditions de l’organisation du travail tend à influer différemment la détresse psychologique selon la situation économique du ménage. / The main objective of this thesis is to verify the moderating effects of the family situation on the relationship between work organization conditions and psychological distress in the Canadian workforce. As a secondary element, the thesis looks at the direct effect that each variable can add to psychological distress. To complete this study, data from Statistics Canada’s ‘Canadian Community Health Survey’ (CCHS), cycle 2.2, was used. The completed multivariable analyses demonstrated that an irregular work schedule was associated with the risk of experiencing psychological distress. In terms of family situation, we conclude that being in a couple acts as a protective factor against psychological distress. In addition, income sufficiency increases the risk of psychological distress. Moreover, the results partly show a moderating effect of the family situation, as only household economic status modifies the relationship between decision-making authority and physical exertion at work in explaining psychological distress. As such, these two workplace factors increase the risk of developing psychological distress when economic status is taken into account. As a consequence, the effects of certain workplace organization conditions influence psychological distress differently depending on the household’s economic situation.

L’objectif principal de ce mémoire est de vérifier l’effet modérateur de la situation familiale sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la détresse psychologique dans la main d’œuvre canadienne. De façon secondaire, nous nous intéressons également à l’effet direct que peut entretenir chacune des variables sur le risque de rapporter de la détresse psychologique. Pour nous aider à réaliser cette étude, les données provenant de l’Enquête sur la santé des collectivités canadiennes (ESCC) volet 2.1 par Statistique Canada ont été utilisées. Les analyses multivariées réalisées ont révélé que l’horaire irrégulier de travail était significativement associé au risque de vivre de la détresse psychologique. Par rapport à la situation familiale, nous observons que l’état civil soit le fait d’être en couple agit en tant que facteur de protection contre la détresse psychologique tandis que la suffisance du revenu augmente le risque de rapporter de la détresse psychologique. De plus, les résultats obtenus soutiennent partiellement un effet modérateur de la situation familiale, car seul le statut économique du ménage modifie la relation entre l’autorité décisionnelle et les demandes physiques au travail dans l’explication de la détresse psychologique. Ainsi, ces deux facteurs du travail augmenteraient le risque de développer de la détresse psychologique lorsque le statut économique est pris en compte. Par conséquent, l’effet de certaines conditions de l’organisation du travail tend à influer différemment la détresse psychologique selon la situation économique du ménage. / The main objective of this thesis is to verify the moderating effects of the family situation on the relationship between work organization conditions and psychological distress in the Canadian workforce. As a secondary element, the thesis looks at the direct effect that each variable can add to psychological distress. To complete this study, data from Statistics Canada’s ‘Canadian Community Health Survey’ (CCHS), cycle 2.2, was used. The completed multivariable analyses demonstrated that an irregular work schedule was associated with the risk of experiencing psychological distress. In terms of family situation, we conclude that being in a couple acts as a protective factor against psychological distress. In addition, income sufficiency increases the risk of psychological distress. Moreover, the results partly show a moderating effect of the family situation, as only household economic status modifies the relationship between decision-making authority and physical exertion at work in explaining psychological distress. As such, these two workplace factors increase the risk of developing psychological distress when economic status is taken into account. As a consequence, the effects of certain workplace organization conditions influence psychological distress differently depending on the household’s economic situation.