<p>The aim of this work is to define the party structure of Feministic Initiative (FI). We want to examine the structure of an organization that doesn’t start out with a hierarchical order. We further intend to examine the party’s leadership; whether or not it is equal, between the three spokespersons.We find it interesting as a topic from a democratic point of view as well as to see if a flat structure could work in practice. We use several theories among them Michel’s “iron law of oligarchy” and Holmberg’s and Söderlind’s theory on flat organizations. There is modest research on leadership in Swedish political science; we therefore consider it important to highlight. Shared leadership is interesting to examine, for it might be an alternative to the traditional order.We use a mixed-methodology based upon qualitative interviews and text analysis. We have interviewed the three spokespersons and examined materials like official weekly letters written by the spokespersons and the party’s constitution.The result shows that a flat structure is hard to carry out in practise and it appears that some form of hierarchical order appears in the party structure. Despite efforts towards equality the shared leadership is not totally equal.</p>

<p>Feminist initiative – an idea analysis.</p><p>On the fourth of April in the year 2005 Feministic initiative (Fi) was created, it was an main response to the slow changes in the Swedish society, which claimed to establish an equal society. Equality has become one of the major indicators of a contemporary democratic society. The Swedish government has long proclaimed to reach this goal, but even though Sweden currently lies in the front among the democratic societies, while you consider equality issues, especially between the sexes, there is still a lot that need to be done in the Swedish society. Feministic initiative began as an organization and established a political party and participated in the election during the year 2006, but failed to reach a place in the parliament. Recently Feministic initiative said that they will participate in the upcoming election in the year 2010.</p><p>It made me wonder which feministic ideals that Feministic initiative actually practices. Feminism is a broad ideology, and a reaction against the society that claims to be democratic but systematically oppresses women. This oppression created feminism; but there is different views of feminism, my main objective in this paper is to present a few different feministic directions. These are, radicalfeminism, marxistic feminism, liberalfeminism, socialistic feminism, post-modernfeminism and black (women’s) feminism. From these theories will I create a analyze frame and try to locate different kinds of feministic ideas within Feministic initiatives policy documents called <em>F! for a feministic policy, election manifest</em> and <em>platform for Feministic initiative </em></p><p>Thus, the main focus in this paper to do an idea analyze and focus on Feministic initiative, do they really use the different ideas expressed within the different types of feminism that I consider in this paper in a equal manner? The conclusion is that Feministic initiative is tendentious, Feministic initiative uses ideas, perspectives and expressions that are typical for radicalfeminism more than they use ideas, perspectives and expressions from other types of feminism.</p>

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utifrån ett genusperspektiv visa hur pojkar och flickor beskrivs i bilderböcker för barn. För att få syn på detta har karaktärernas grad av aktivitet i handlande situationer analyserats. För att vidare fördjupa resonemanget och problematisera könsstereotyper så har ett feministiskt poststrukturalistiskt perspektiv använts som har applicerats på hur bokens karaktärer presenteras.   Metoden som använts är feministisk poststrukturalistisk textanalys där fokus legat på texternas samverkan med bilderna. Elva böcker har analyserats med hjälp av Maria Nikolajevas teorier rörande barnlitteratur och Hillevi Lenz Taguchis forskning om feministisk poststrukturalism.   Resultatet visar att även om teman och historier vid första anblick verkar vara könsneutrala så visar en noggrannare analys att mer dolda könsroller förekommer. Slutsatsen i detta arbete är att vissa könsroller ligger så djupt rotade i vårt samhälle att de kan vara svåra att se. Böckerna som barn kommer i kontakt med i sin vardag är väldigt viktiga när det handlar om hur de lär sig se på genusfrågor och därför är det viktigt att vuxna har en djupare förståelse kring hur de pratar om sådana frågor.   Aspekter på kön och genus är med det feministiska poststrukturalistiska synsättet något som ligger mer eller mindre dolt i hur människor förhåller sig till varandra. Strukturer och handlingsmönster tas för givna och risken finns att de återupprepas och normaliseras om man inte närmare studerar dem. Med en textanalys som den som gjorts i denna text kan man kritiskt granska företeelser som förekommer i böckerna. Genom att se på hur och varför saker presenteras som de gör kan man lättare få diskussionen till ytan. / The purpose of this thesis is to study how boys and girls are described regarding actions in children’s literature through a gender perspective, in order to observe whether the characters are passive or active when it comes to actions. To further deepen the reasoning and to problematize gender stereotypes a feministic poststructuralistic perspective has been applied to observe how the characters are being presented.   The method being used is a feministic poststructuralistic text analysis where focus has been on how text cooperates with pictures. Eleven books has been analyzed based on Maria Nikolajeva’s theories on children’s literature and Hillevi Lenz Taguchi’s research on feministic poststructuralism   The result shows that even though themes and stories seems to be gender neutral at first glance a deeper analysis shows that hidden gender roles are present. The conclusion in this thesis is that some gender roles are so deeply rooted in our society that they might be hard to perceive. Books that children come in contact with during a day are very important when it comes to how they learn about gender issues and therefor it is important that adults have a deeper understanding on how to talk about such issues.   Aspects on sexuality and gender are with the feministic poststructuralistic point of view something that lies more or less hidden when it comes to how people interact. Structures and action patterns are being taken for granted and there is therefore a risk that they are being repeated and normalized if not being studied. With a text analysis such as the one being done in this thesis one can critically study phenomena being present in books. By studying how and why things are presented the way they are one can easier move the discussion to the surface.

This investigation looks on how Setswana short story writers depict female characters in short stories as compared to their male counterparts. Four methods are employed in this study, namely: definition, interpretation, comparison and classification, to cast light on the problems of depiction of female characters. An adapted narratological model was considered most suitable for this study. In this model, when content is discussed, topic is emphasized, when plot structure is analysed, theme is highlighted and when style is examined, atmosphere is of paramount importance. Vital concepts related to the portrayal of female characters are (a) author, (b) text structure, (c) character, (d) womanism and (e) feminism. Discussions of the concept of the author tend to fall into two groups, namely: the real author and the author of the text. This second group, is also subdivided into three classes, which are biolographical, implied and abstract authors. The author as a person is the originator of the events, which are obviously related to the depiction of female characters. A biographical author is connected to real events, which are then used to describe female characters. An abstract author in this study is taken to mean the same as an implied author, because both types of voice disclose the information of the real author in the depiction of female characters. This information is the events through which female characters are portrayed in Setswana short stories. The structure of the text is examined as divided into three strata, namely: content, plot structure and style. Content is discussed as the events which will make up the plot have not been arranged by the author yet, that is are there before the text is written. This content layer has four elements, namely: events, characters, time and space, which are united into one unit by the topic. This topic controls all these elements. Plot structure is then the way in which the author as originator of the events arranges them. In the plot structure the four elements of the content are allocated different functions which revolve around one theme only. Analysis of plot structure is very important because it is where events related to female characters are arranged. Style is defined as a way in which an author uses language to expose his female characters when writing his short stories. The short story is divided in this study into two major types, namely: stories that simply inform and stories that entertain. Description of both types of short stories is given equal attention because the portrayal of female characters in many Setswana short stories is the aim of this examination. Character is the next concept examined in this study. Characters can be any of four types, namely: (a) content characters, (b) plot structure characters, (c) flat characters and (d) round characters. Content and plot structure characters differ in function in the plot. The distinction between flat and round characters lies in the manner in which they are described. These distinctions are important because this research focuses on female characters in the presentation selected Setswana short stories. Female characters can be portrayed by the author himself/herself, the narrator, the character himself/herself and/or by other characters. In these Setswana short stories female characters are usually portrayed as having no rights, which reflect all the mistakes made by people though not admitted by society in general. The portrayal of female characters can be approached using several categories, namely: womanism, experimental phase and feminism. Thus, analysis of selected Setswana short stories unravels how Setswana short story writers depict female characters, whether as womanists, women of the experimental phase or as feminists. Thus, this study divides the selected Setswana short stories into three groups, namely: stories of phase of womanism, stories of experimental phase and stories of phase of feminism, to find out whether depiction of female characters belong to only one of these three themes or to more than one. Stories of phase of womanism The study gives an investigation of womanism: Distinguishing characteristics related to womanism are: -- oppression and ill-treatment of female characters; -- discrimination and segregation of female characters; -- ignorance of female characters; -- the fact that female character should be beaten when they have done something wrong; and -- restriction of the role of female characters to taking care of their own families and the extended family. Setswana short story writers who write about womanism include Chikane ('Mafaratlhatlha a botshelo'and 'Sego sa metsi'), Magoleng and Ntsime ('Khutsana and 'Lerato le eseng lona'), Shole ('Seteropo ke sa gago' and 'Tlogela ngwanake'), Malope ('Le fa o ka e buela lengopeng…' and 'O nkutlwe') and Sikwane ('MmaModiegi'). These short story writers portray female characters living traditional lives even through events which address the issues of feminism. This vividly indicates that although life changes, women`s lives remain static, according to these Setswana short story writers. Stories of phase of feminism Feminism is the next concept explored by this study. The outstanding features which have been discovered in feminism attempts to: -- eradicate oppression of female characters; -- fight for equality amongst women and men in all spheres of life; -- remove segregation of and discrimination against female characters; and -- change the whole society. Setswana short story writers whose work explores the above aspects include Sikwane ('MmaModiegi'), Shole ('Seteropo ke sa gago' and 'Tlogela ngwanake’), Chikane ('Sego sa metsi') and Malope ('Bodiba jo bo jeleng ngwana `a mmaago…' and 'O nkutlwe'). These short story writers emphasize a change in the lives of female characters, describing the fight for equality for all so that each person becomes liberated. Stories of experimental phase Finally, this study examines the experimental phase which shares with both womanism and feminism. Setswana short story writers of the experimental phase intertwine these two approaches when they write their short stories. Features that are identified in both womanism and feminism are: -- the freedom of female characters; -- the liberation of the whole society; -- agreement on marriage and -- working together as a team to solve the problems of society. Malope is shown to be a Setswana short story writer who mixes womanism and feminism. What Malope stresses is that often female characters do not know where they stand, whether they belong to womanism or feminism, and so they end up living a double life. / Thesis (DLitt (African Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / African Languages / unrestricted

This essay examines whether and how activist theology can be a force for creating peace and presents some practical examples through women who broke new ground and in the midst of raging world wars organized to stop violence and militarism. Through various actions, they wanted to establish not only themselves but also create social change where women were invited and had an obvious place in the society. The purpose of this essay is to examine theological resources for resistance to violence in the peace actions carried out in Sweden by women during the period 1890-1940 through the concepts of activist and lived theology. The peace actions themselves are described and connected with different theological themes to see if the actions can be understood in new ways through these frameworks. The aim is not only to dress peace actions in a new coat and new theological concepts, but also to visualize the womens organization and methods as well as the results of their actions. Women whose contribution is particularly highlighted for this essay are Elin Wägner, Emilia Fogelklou and to some extent Fredrika Bremer as a foreground figure, this as these women particularly expressed theological and religious motivation in their peace work.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:47:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dirce Socorro Guizzo.pdf: 1113966 bytes, checksum: b1eba254dd032b167c0a2611a814f22f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-31 / The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that in the Christian occident the image of Maria Magdalen, a well-known biblical character underwent some changes throughout the centuries. The aim was to de-characterize the apostolic work carried out by women, and that contributed to build the identity of the female gender, marked by low self-esteem, and as a consequence, by weak empowerment. Aiming at recreating the path of the construction of this image, the author researched selected fundamental texts of Christianity, biblical literature, apocryphal literature as well as the patristic literature, using interpretation keys advocated by the feministic hermeneutics, which allows us to read gender as an analytic category of relationships built on the basis of culture. It was possible to ascertain that, in Maria Magdalen the female archetype was created, the biblical ideal that had to be transported to the concrete aspects of daily life, an apostle whole importance was minimized by the authors of the Canon. / O objetivo desse trabalho é demonstrar que no ocidente cristão a imagem da conhecida personagem bíblica Maria Madalena foi alterada ao longo dos séculos com o objetivo de descaracterizar o apostolado de mulheres, o que contribuiu para a construção da identidade de gênero feminina marcada pela baixa auto estima e, conseqüentemente pelo fraco empoderamento. Com a finalidade de se reconstituir a trajetória dessa construção imagética, foram pesquisados alguns textos fundantes do cristianismo, a literatura bíblica, a literatura apócrifa, e a patrística, utilizando as chaves de interpretação preconizadas pela hermenêutica feminista, que nos permite a leitura de gênero como categoria analítica de relações construídas culturalmente. Verificamos que se personifica, em Maria Madalena, um arquétipo feminino, ideal bíblico a ser transportado para o concreto cotidiano, apóstola cuja importância foi minimizada pelos autores do texto do Cânon.

Previous studies and research show that women feel unsafe to a greater extent than men do when staying outside during evenings and night time. To some women there is a fear of moving around in public areas which limits women’s freedom. Concerning feeling safe, lighting is regarded as the most important factor. In this study, investigations were conducted to get a greater knowledge about which lighting principle in and close to pedestrian underpasses that promotes safety the most. To answer the study’s research questions, a field study was conducted and a survey was made to be answered by people at the chosen underpasses. The field study consisted of three different pedestrian underpasses with three different lighting principles, which were all evaluated during different evenings. People who spontaneously passed by the underpasses were the subjects of the survey. A visual analysis of the lighting was made of the three lighting principles through a PERCIFAL analysis. A sketch analysis was also conducted in order to get a more visual understanding regarding space, close to and in the underpasses. Furthermore, to answer the study’s research questions an online survey was also conducted. The online survey contained photos of the three pedestrian underpasses and the three lighting principles that were previously discussed. In both surveys, questions regarding the subjects’ experiences of unsafety was asked. This contributed to statistics showing that the feeling of safety in, and close to underpasses varies between women and men. The result of the study show that women and men preferred the same type of lighting principle, a lighting principle with both light in and outside the underpass. The reason for why this lighting principle was the most preferred, was that there was a clear line of sight, as well as even distribution of light with low contrasts. The survey’s result show that women, in general, feel unsafe to a greater extent than men, which correlates to previous research. The study’s result show that whichever lighting principle there is, women feel more unsafe than men. If lighting principles are planned after what women consider safe, there is a chance that women can attain a higher sense of safety whilst being outside after dark. If these lighting principles are applied, the public space will become more equal since women hopefully can feel more safe and secure. For further studies, a combination between different methods are recommended to come up with a result. Preferably using both online surveys as well as field studies. Using an online survey as a method can contribute to a higher frequency of answers whilst field studies give the subject a chance to experience the atmosphere on location. However, field studies might lead to fewer answers. A field study can be conducted in the shape of an experimental investigation, where the lighting is planned with different lighting principles in order to later install the lighting principles where needed. Preferably, the experimental investigation should be conducted in one single underpass, in order to get the same conditions for all of the lighting principles. / Studier och forskning visar att kvinnor upplever otrygghet i högre grad än vad män gör när de vistas utomhus ensamma under kvälls- och nattetid. För en del kvinnor finns en rädsla för att förflytta sig i stadens rum vilket är en begränsning av kvinnans frihet. Ljus är den faktor som anses som viktigast för att kunna uppleva trygghet. I denna studie utfördes undersökningar för att få en förståelse för vilken belysningsprincip vid gångtunnlar som främjar trygghet. För att få svar på studiens frågeställningar utfördes en fältstudie där enkäter besvarades på plats. Fältstudien bestod av olika gångtunnlar med tre olika belysningsprinciper, som utvärderades var och en under olika kvällar. Försökspersoner som spontant passerade gångtunneln fick besvara enkäter. En visuell analys av ljuset gjordes för samtliga tre belysningsprinciper, genom en så kallas PERCIFAL-analys. Även skissanalyser gjordes för att få en ökad visuell förståelse kring den upplevda rumsligheten vid gångtunnlarna. Vidare för att besvara studiens frågeställningar utfördes även en undersökning i form av webbenkät. Webbenkäten bestod bland annat av foton på de tre olika gångtunnlar som tidigare behandlats i fältstudien. I båda enkäterna ställdes frågor angående enkätdeltagarnas erfarenhet av otrygghet, vilket sedan bidrog till statistik på hur trygghetsupplevelsen skiljer sig vid gångtunnlar mellan kvinnor och män. Resultatet från studien visade att kvinnor och män föredrog samma typ av belysningsprincip, en belysningsprincip med ljus både i och utanför gångtunneln. Anledningen till att den belysningsprincipen föredrogs var för att där fanns en tydlig siktsträcka samt ett jämnt ljus med låga kontraster. Enkäternas resultat visar att kvinnor känner sig mer otrygga i en högre grad än vad män gör, vilket stämmer överens med tidigare forskning. Studiens resultat visar att vilken belysningsprincip som än råder känner sig kvinnor generellt mer otrygga än vad män gör. Om belysningsprinciper planeras efter vad kvinnor anser som tryggt skapas en chans till att kvinnor kan uppnå en högre grad av trygghetskänsla under kvälls- och nattetid. Om dessa belysningsprinciper tillämpas kan det offentliga rummet bli mer jämställt eftersom kvinnors rörelsefrihet då förhoppningsvis kan öka. För vidare forskning rekommenderas en kombination av flera metoder för att få fram ett resultat, förslagsvis metoden webbenkät samt utföra fältstudie. Med webbenkät som metod kan svarsfrekvensen bli relativt hög. En fältstudie ger försökspersoner tillfälle att uppleva atmosfären på plats, men å andra sidan kan svarsfrekvensen bli låg. Fältstudie kan utföras i form av en experimentell undersökning, där ljuset planeras med olika belysningsprinciper, för att sedan installera de olika belysningsprinciperna på plats. Med fördel görs den experimentella undersökningen i en och samma gångtunnel för att då utgå från samma förutsättning under alla tester av olika belysningsprinciper.

The aim of this work is to define the party structure of Feministic Initiative (FI). We want to examine the structure of an organization that doesn’t start out with a hierarchical order. We further intend to examine the party’s leadership; whether or not it is equal, between the three spokespersons.We find it interesting as a topic from a democratic point of view as well as to see if a flat structure could work in practice. We use several theories among them Michel’s “iron law of oligarchy” and Holmberg’s and Söderlind’s theory on flat organizations. There is modest research on leadership in Swedish political science; we therefore consider it important to highlight. Shared leadership is interesting to examine, for it might be an alternative to the traditional order.We use a mixed-methodology based upon qualitative interviews and text analysis. We have interviewed the three spokespersons and examined materials like official weekly letters written by the spokespersons and the party’s constitution.The result shows that a flat structure is hard to carry out in practise and it appears that some form of hierarchical order appears in the party structure. Despite efforts towards equality the shared leadership is not totally equal.

Feminist initiative – an idea analysis. On the fourth of April in the year 2005 Feministic initiative (Fi) was created, it was an main response to the slow changes in the Swedish society, which claimed to establish an equal society. Equality has become one of the major indicators of a contemporary democratic society. The Swedish government has long proclaimed to reach this goal, but even though Sweden currently lies in the front among the democratic societies, while you consider equality issues, especially between the sexes, there is still a lot that need to be done in the Swedish society. Feministic initiative began as an organization and established a political party and participated in the election during the year 2006, but failed to reach a place in the parliament. Recently Feministic initiative said that they will participate in the upcoming election in the year 2010. It made me wonder which feministic ideals that Feministic initiative actually practices. Feminism is a broad ideology, and a reaction against the society that claims to be democratic but systematically oppresses women. This oppression created feminism; but there is different views of feminism, my main objective in this paper is to present a few different feministic directions. These are, radicalfeminism, marxistic feminism, liberalfeminism, socialistic feminism, post-modernfeminism and black (women’s) feminism. From these theories will I create a analyze frame and try to locate different kinds of feministic ideas within Feministic initiatives policy documents called F! for a feministic policy, election manifest and platform for Feministic initiative Thus, the main focus in this paper to do an idea analyze and focus on Feministic initiative, do they really use the different ideas expressed within the different types of feminism that I consider in this paper in a equal manner? The conclusion is that Feministic initiative is tendentious, Feministic initiative uses ideas, perspectives and expressions that are typical for radicalfeminism more than they use ideas, perspectives and expressions from other types of feminism.

Sätra är en stadsdel i Gävle kommun som byggdes under miljonprogrammet. När Sätra byggdes var många av byggnaderna standardiserade för kostnadseffektivitet. Stadsdelen har idag ett rykte med brottsproblematik och otrygga invånare, allra mest kvinnorna. Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på om standardiseringen har påverkat tryggheten hos Sätras kvinnliga invånare negativt. Målet är att ta fram ett förslag på hur Sätra kan förbättra tryggheten. Med detta tas gestaltningsförslag fram på otrygga platser för att visualisera hur tryggheten kan förbättras med fysisk utformning. För att genomföra detta arbete har då en multimetod applicerats. Den första metoden för att samla kvalitativa data var genom platsanalyser på studieområdet. Där utfördes tre platsanalyser: en på dagen, en på kvällen och en igen på dagen för att samla ytterliga information. Sedan skickades en enkät ut till Sätraborna för att samla in deras åsikter. De fick även svara hur trygg eller otrygg de känner sig på vissa platser för att peka ut vilka av dessa platser som är mest otrygga. De platserna kunde sedan analyseras mer för att ta reda på vilka faktorer som de har gemensamt för att kunna identifiera vad som påverkar tryggheten. Detta data användes för att skapa en heatmap. Genom brottsdata insamlat från polisen kunde en heatmap för brottsplatser skapas och jämföras med otrygghetskartan. Slutligen med hjälp av teori och dessa metoder togs förslag fram på hur dessa otrygga platser kan förbättras. Svarsfrekvensen på enkäten var 48 kvinnor av 61 respondenter, så enkäten representerar inte vad hela Sätra tycker tillräckligt. Tack vare teori och hjälp från en expert inom ämnet kunde trots allt resultatet valideras. Faktorer som kan påverka tryggheten är belysning, siktlinjer, naturlig övervakning, rykte, image, underhåll och mänsklig aktivitet. Sätra har flertal av dessa listade faktorer, men belysning, underhåll, siktlinjer och ett stärkt samfund är det som saknas mest. Ryktet är även en influerande faktor, som med hjälp av en bättre image och gemenskap i stadsdelen kan stärka tryggheten. Det finns många olika faktorer kring trygghet och säkerhet som är svåra att besvara i ett examensarbete. Men den tydligaste slutsatsen att dra efter denna studie är att Sätra Centrum och de intilliggande områdena är i stort behov av underhåll, bättre belysning och ett förstärkt samfund med hjälp av bättre image.Nyckelord: / Sätra is a district in Gävle municipality in Sweden, which was built during the Million Programme. When Sätra was built, many of the buildings were standardised for cost effectiveness. The district has today a bad reputation with crime problems and citizens who feel unsafe, particularly the women. The aim of this study is to find out if the standardization has negatively affected the perceived safety of Sätra’s female inhabitants. The objective is to bring forth a suggestion on how Sätra can improve the perceived safety of the area, and to create a design proposal on how these areas can improve through physical design. To accomplish this objective a multi method have been applied. The first method was site analysis on the study area, which of three were carried through two on during daytime and one during the evening. A survey was also sent out to habitants of Sätra to collect their opinions on the matter. They also had to answer how safe or unsafe they felt on different picked out places to analyse which components the unsafe areas have in common. This data was also used to make a heat map, and crime statistics data was collected from the police to make a heat map. These two heat maps were later compared. Lastly, a design proposal was brought forth. The response rate of the survey was 48 women out of 61 responses. Therefore, the survey does not completely represent what everyone of Sätra’s residents think. However, thanks to earlier research and the help of an expert in the subject the results could be validated. Factors that affect the perceived safety are lighting, sightlines, natural surveillance, reputation, image, maintenance, and human activity. Sätra has several factors that plays into the lack of perceived safety, but lighting, maintenance, sightlines, and a strengthened community is what is missing the most. Reputation is also an influential factor, which with the help of a strengthened image and stronger community in the district can improve the perceived safety. There are many different factors playing in to perceived safety and actual safety that are hard to answer in a bachelor thesis. However, the most evident conclusion to draw from this study is that Sätra Centrum and its neighbouring residential areas need maintenance, improved lighting, and a reinforced community and image.