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Arts festivals form a large part of the South African culture originally as many local communities began to share their culture with visitors by means of arts festivals. This has grown into a large industry that has tremendous financial gain for the hosting communities. With over 500 arts festivals each year in South Africa alone, visitors are certain to find a festival to satisfy their specific needs and wants. Therefore, with so many genres available, each festival has created its own niche market and loyal customer base. An extensive literature study was conducted for the purpose of this thesis and it was found that research of small to medium arts festivals has been neglected. This finding motivated the main theme of this research. As mentioned earlier, there are so many genres available that the festival organisers may experience difficulty when deciding what to offer and how many genres to offer in order to still be sustainable and attract a sufficient number of visitors. Furthermore, the large number of arts festivals organised each year makes it increasingly difficult for festivals to build a loyal client base. First-time visitors can be converted into repeat visitors if the marketing strategy is precise. Repeat visitors, as stated in the literature, results in a sustainable income for each festival. Another question that motivated the research was the location of the three arts festivals (Innibos, Vryfees, and Kierieklapper). Three arts festivals in three provinces makes an interesting study to determine whether there is a difference in the three types of visitors that they attract and the spending patterns at each festival. While addressing the problems stated above, this study produced the following three articles: * Article 1: ―Determinants of spending at Vryfees with a focus on genres‖. * Article 2: ―First-time versus repeat visitors at Innibos Arts Festival‖. * Article 3: ―Role of location in the attendance and spending of festinos‖. Article 1 investigates spending determinants that influence visitor expenditure on the different genres offered at the Vryfees Festival in Bloemfontein, based on a survey conducted in 2011. The research is based on the notion that different genres have different spending patterns. Article 2 focuses on the differences and/or similarities between first-time and repeat visitors at the Innibos Arts Festival as an alternative approach to market segmentation. Lastly, the third article focuses on three different arts festivals in three different locations in South Africa. The research was conducted by means of a visitor survey at the three arts festivals during the same year with questionnaires administered at Innibos (428), Vryfees (336), and Kierieklapper (202) respectively. The most significant contributions of this study can be summarised as follows: * the tourist spending behaviour in regards to the difference between first-time and repeat visitors is significant and can be considered an important spending determinant; * the tourist spending behaviour in terms of length of stay between first-time visitors and repeat visitors is significantly different, suggesting that familiarity with the destination (as the repeat visitors are) has an important impact; * different locations attract their own type of tourists and certain locations receive a higher economic injection than other provinces do because of the type of festival held. All three arts festivals attract mainly Afrikaans speaking attendees; and for the first time, a comparative study has been conducted on three arts festivals targeting the Afrikaans speaking community. Additionally, this is the first time a comparative study was conducted on three small to medium arts festivals located in three different provinces; and * the developed spending model described in the last chapter of this thesis can assist the festival organisers with future festival marketing to improve their income and marketing strategy. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Arts festivals form a large part of the South African culture originally as many local communities began to share their culture with visitors by means of arts festivals. This has grown into a large industry that has tremendous financial gain for the hosting communities. With over 500 arts festivals each year in South Africa alone, visitors are certain to find a festival to satisfy their specific needs and wants. Therefore, with so many genres available, each festival has created its own niche market and loyal customer base. An extensive literature study was conducted for the purpose of this thesis and it was found that research of small to medium arts festivals has been neglected. This finding motivated the main theme of this research. As mentioned earlier, there are so many genres available that the festival organisers may experience difficulty when deciding what to offer and how many genres to offer in order to still be sustainable and attract a sufficient number of visitors. Furthermore, the large number of arts festivals organised each year makes it increasingly difficult for festivals to build a loyal client base. First-time visitors can be converted into repeat visitors if the marketing strategy is precise. Repeat visitors, as stated in the literature, results in a sustainable income for each festival. Another question that motivated the research was the location of the three arts festivals (Innibos, Vryfees, and Kierieklapper). Three arts festivals in three provinces makes an interesting study to determine whether there is a difference in the three types of visitors that they attract and the spending patterns at each festival. While addressing the problems stated above, this study produced the following three articles: * Article 1: ―Determinants of spending at Vryfees with a focus on genres‖. * Article 2: ―First-time versus repeat visitors at Innibos Arts Festival‖. * Article 3: ―Role of location in the attendance and spending of festinos‖. Article 1 investigates spending determinants that influence visitor expenditure on the different genres offered at the Vryfees Festival in Bloemfontein, based on a survey conducted in 2011. The research is based on the notion that different genres have different spending patterns. Article 2 focuses on the differences and/or similarities between first-time and repeat visitors at the Innibos Arts Festival as an alternative approach to market segmentation. Lastly, the third article focuses on three different arts festivals in three different locations in South Africa. The research was conducted by means of a visitor survey at the three arts festivals during the same year with questionnaires administered at Innibos (428), Vryfees (336), and Kierieklapper (202) respectively. The most significant contributions of this study can be summarised as follows: * the tourist spending behaviour in regards to the difference between first-time and repeat visitors is significant and can be considered an important spending determinant; * the tourist spending behaviour in terms of length of stay between first-time visitors and repeat visitors is significantly different, suggesting that familiarity with the destination (as the repeat visitors are) has an important impact; * different locations attract their own type of tourists and certain locations receive a higher economic injection than other provinces do because of the type of festival held. All three arts festivals attract mainly Afrikaans speaking attendees; and for the first time, a comparative study has been conducted on three arts festivals targeting the Afrikaans speaking community. Additionally, this is the first time a comparative study was conducted on three small to medium arts festivals located in three different provinces; and * the developed spending model described in the last chapter of this thesis can assist the festival organisers with future festival marketing to improve their income and marketing strategy. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Les contrevenants de la conduite avec capacités affaiblies (CCA) n’entrent pas tous dans les registres de la sécurité routière avec le même risque de récidive. Pour pallier cette hétérogénéité, cette thèse propose de modéliser les interrelations entre les traits de personnalité et les comportements à risque associés à la récidive et de détecter un sous-groupe de contrevenants au risque de récidive élevé à l’aide de l’axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien (HHS). Plus particulièrement, les trois articles de cette thèse s’intéressent au cortisol, l’hormone du stress. Le premier article élabore un modèle théorique réconciliant les connaissances sur l’axe HHS issues du domaine de la CCA et de domaines connexes. Lors de précédentes études, le nombre de condamnations antérieures pour CCA a été associé négativement à la réactivité du cortisol à la suite d’une situation stressante. Chez les récidivistes, cette faible réactivité s’explique partiellement par la recherche d’expériences, une dimension de la recherche de sensations. Au-delà ce trait de personnalité désinhibiteur, une faible activité de l’axe HHS a été associée à d’autres traits (c.-à-d. impulsivité et tendances antisociales) et d’autres comportements à risque (c.-à-d. infractions routières, arrestations criminelles et consommation problématique de substances psychoactives). Ce modèle intégrant la réactivité du cortisol permet une conceptualisation approfondie des diverses caractéristiques des contrevenants de la CCA et explique hypothétiquement la répétition des comportements à risque. Les deux articles suivants se penchent sur l’intérêt empirique d’utiliser l’axe HHS pour déterminer un sous-groupe de contrevenants à risque élevé de récidive. Plus précisément, le deuxième article émet l’hypothèse que les récidivistes (n = 30) ayant une faible activité de leur cortisol (c.-à-d. médiane de la surface sous la courbe relative au niveau de base et relative à la réactivité) ont davantage de traits de personnalité désinhibiteurs et de comportements à risque que les récidivistes ayant une forte activité. L’hypothèse n’a pas été confirmée. Au contraire, les récidivistes présentant une faible réactivité commettent moins d’infractions routières et d’arrestations criminelles que ceux ayant une forte réactivité. Quant à lui, le troisième article investigue une hypothèse similaire auprès des contrevenants primaires (n = 139). Les contrevenants manifestant une faible réactivité du cortisol (c.-à-d. différence entre prélèvements post-stress et pré-stress) ont davantage d’impulsivité attentionnelle, de non-planification, d’arrestations criminelles et de cigarettes fumées par jour que les contrevenants ayant une forte réactivité. Lors d’analyses exploratoires, la présence d’une variété de traits de personnalité désinhibiteurs et de comportements à risque chez les contrevenants primaires présentant une faible réactivité lorsque comparé au groupe contrôle (n = 31) suggère encore une fois leur risque élevé de récidive. L’intérêt d’ajouter un mécanisme neurobiologique pour modéliser les interrelations entre les traits de personnalité désinhibiteurs et les comportements à risque des contrevenants de la CCA a été exploré dans cette thèse. La détermination d’un sous-groupe de contrevenants présentant un risque élevé de récidive, à l’aide de l’axe HHS, semble davantage profitable auprès de l’hétérogène population des contrevenants primaires. En contrepartie, l’axe HHS ne permet pas de déterminer un sous-groupe ayant une problématique sévère auprès des récidivistes à l’extrême du continuum du risque. / Among driving while impaired (DWI) offenders, the risk of recidivism varies greatly. In order to overcome the heterogeneity among this population, the present thesis proposed a renewed conceptualization of DWI. More specifically, a model integrating disinhibitory personality traits and high-risk behaviours associated with DWI recidivism and the categorization of a high-risk subgroup of offenders based on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity has been proposed. Three manuscripts aimed to answer these general objectives using salivary cortisol, that is, the stress hormone. In the first manuscript, the current HPA axis literature of DWI offenders and other high-risk populations have been merged into a comprehensive theoretical model. Previous studies have demonstrated an inverse correlation between DWI convictions frequency and cortisol reactivity to stress. Among recidivists, cortisol reactivity was partially explained by experience seeking, a sensation seeking dimension. Beyond this disinhibitory personality trait, low HPA axis activity has been linked to various traits (e.g., impulsivity and antisocial tendencies) and high-risk behaviours (e.g., traffic infractions, criminal arrests, and psychoactive drugs). By incorporating cortisol reactivity, this model stimulates a thorough conceptualization of several DWI offenders’ characteristics and as such, explains hypothetically repetition of high-risk behaviours. The following manuscripts are less theoretical and more empirical. The detection of a high-risk recidivism subgroup delineated with HPA axis activity has been investigated among two DWI offender populations. More specifically, the second manuscript hypothesized that among DWI recidivists (n = 30), low cortisol responders have more characteristics linked to recidivism such as disinhibitory personality traits and high-risk behaviours than high cortisol responders (as defined by the area under the curve sensitive to total hormonal release and to response to stimulation). This hypothesis was not supported. On the contrary, low cortisol DWI recidivists have less traffic infractions and criminal arrests than high cortisol recidivists. Finally, the third manuscript investigated a similar hypothesis but this time, among first-time DWI offenders (n = 139). Results demonstrated that low cortisol offenders have more attentional impulsiveness, non-planning impulsiveness, criminal arrests and cigarettes consumed per day than high cortisol offenders (as defined by post-stress minus pre-test episode). An exploratory analysis showed a more prevalent variety of disinhibitory personality trait and high-risk behaviours among low cortisol offenders compared to a non-DWI comparator group (n = 31). These results reinforce the potentially higher recidivism risk of this first-time DWI offenders subgroup. Neurobiological mechanism usefulness in modelling disinhibitory personality trait and high-risk behaviours of DWI offenders has been investigated in the present thesis. Additionally, detection of a high-risk recidivism subgroup seems more relevant among heterogeneous first-time DWI offenders. Instead, HPA axis activity is not as useful in detecting a problematic subgroup among the most severe offenders, namely recidivists.

Les contrevenants de la conduite avec capacités affaiblies (CCA) n’entrent pas tous dans les registres de la sécurité routière avec le même risque de récidive. Pour pallier cette hétérogénéité, cette thèse propose de modéliser les interrelations entre les traits de personnalité et les comportements à risque associés à la récidive et de détecter un sous-groupe de contrevenants au risque de récidive élevé à l’aide de l’axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien (HHS). Plus particulièrement, les trois articles de cette thèse s’intéressent au cortisol, l’hormone du stress. Le premier article élabore un modèle théorique réconciliant les connaissances sur l’axe HHS issues du domaine de la CCA et de domaines connexes. Lors de précédentes études, le nombre de condamnations antérieures pour CCA a été associé négativement à la réactivité du cortisol à la suite d’une situation stressante. Chez les récidivistes, cette faible réactivité s’explique partiellement par la recherche d’expériences, une dimension de la recherche de sensations. Au-delà ce trait de personnalité désinhibiteur, une faible activité de l’axe HHS a été associée à d’autres traits (c.-à-d. impulsivité et tendances antisociales) et d’autres comportements à risque (c.-à-d. infractions routières, arrestations criminelles et consommation problématique de substances psychoactives). Ce modèle intégrant la réactivité du cortisol permet une conceptualisation approfondie des diverses caractéristiques des contrevenants de la CCA et explique hypothétiquement la répétition des comportements à risque. Les deux articles suivants se penchent sur l’intérêt empirique d’utiliser l’axe HHS pour déterminer un sous-groupe de contrevenants à risque élevé de récidive. Plus précisément, le deuxième article émet l’hypothèse que les récidivistes (n = 30) ayant une faible activité de leur cortisol (c.-à-d. médiane de la surface sous la courbe relative au niveau de base et relative à la réactivité) ont davantage de traits de personnalité désinhibiteurs et de comportements à risque que les récidivistes ayant une forte activité. L’hypothèse n’a pas été confirmée. Au contraire, les récidivistes présentant une faible réactivité commettent moins d’infractions routières et d’arrestations criminelles que ceux ayant une forte réactivité. Quant à lui, le troisième article investigue une hypothèse similaire auprès des contrevenants primaires (n = 139). Les contrevenants manifestant une faible réactivité du cortisol (c.-à-d. différence entre prélèvements post-stress et pré-stress) ont davantage d’impulsivité attentionnelle, de non-planification, d’arrestations criminelles et de cigarettes fumées par jour que les contrevenants ayant une forte réactivité. Lors d’analyses exploratoires, la présence d’une variété de traits de personnalité désinhibiteurs et de comportements à risque chez les contrevenants primaires présentant une faible réactivité lorsque comparé au groupe contrôle (n = 31) suggère encore une fois leur risque élevé de récidive. L’intérêt d’ajouter un mécanisme neurobiologique pour modéliser les interrelations entre les traits de personnalité désinhibiteurs et les comportements à risque des contrevenants de la CCA a été exploré dans cette thèse. La détermination d’un sous-groupe de contrevenants présentant un risque élevé de récidive, à l’aide de l’axe HHS, semble davantage profitable auprès de l’hétérogène population des contrevenants primaires. En contrepartie, l’axe HHS ne permet pas de déterminer un sous-groupe ayant une problématique sévère auprès des récidivistes à l’extrême du continuum du risque. / Among driving while impaired (DWI) offenders, the risk of recidivism varies greatly. In order to overcome the heterogeneity among this population, the present thesis proposed a renewed conceptualization of DWI. More specifically, a model integrating disinhibitory personality traits and high-risk behaviours associated with DWI recidivism and the categorization of a high-risk subgroup of offenders based on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity has been proposed. Three manuscripts aimed to answer these general objectives using salivary cortisol, that is, the stress hormone. In the first manuscript, the current HPA axis literature of DWI offenders and other high-risk populations have been merged into a comprehensive theoretical model. Previous studies have demonstrated an inverse correlation between DWI convictions frequency and cortisol reactivity to stress. Among recidivists, cortisol reactivity was partially explained by experience seeking, a sensation seeking dimension. Beyond this disinhibitory personality trait, low HPA axis activity has been linked to various traits (e.g., impulsivity and antisocial tendencies) and high-risk behaviours (e.g., traffic infractions, criminal arrests, and psychoactive drugs). By incorporating cortisol reactivity, this model stimulates a thorough conceptualization of several DWI offenders’ characteristics and as such, explains hypothetically repetition of high-risk behaviours. The following manuscripts are less theoretical and more empirical. The detection of a high-risk recidivism subgroup delineated with HPA axis activity has been investigated among two DWI offender populations. More specifically, the second manuscript hypothesized that among DWI recidivists (n = 30), low cortisol responders have more characteristics linked to recidivism such as disinhibitory personality traits and high-risk behaviours than high cortisol responders (as defined by the area under the curve sensitive to total hormonal release and to response to stimulation). This hypothesis was not supported. On the contrary, low cortisol DWI recidivists have less traffic infractions and criminal arrests than high cortisol recidivists. Finally, the third manuscript investigated a similar hypothesis but this time, among first-time DWI offenders (n = 139). Results demonstrated that low cortisol offenders have more attentional impulsiveness, non-planning impulsiveness, criminal arrests and cigarettes consumed per day than high cortisol offenders (as defined by post-stress minus pre-test episode). An exploratory analysis showed a more prevalent variety of disinhibitory personality trait and high-risk behaviours among low cortisol offenders compared to a non-DWI comparator group (n = 31). These results reinforce the potentially higher recidivism risk of this first-time DWI offenders subgroup. Neurobiological mechanism usefulness in modelling disinhibitory personality trait and high-risk behaviours of DWI offenders has been investigated in the present thesis. Additionally, detection of a high-risk recidivism subgroup seems more relevant among heterogeneous first-time DWI offenders. Instead, HPA axis activity is not as useful in detecting a problematic subgroup among the most severe offenders, namely recidivists.

Dans le contexte actuel de mondialisation de l’enseignement supérieur, cette recherche propose de réfléchir sur la compétence de communication interculturelle (CCI) des étudiants étrangers en mobilité entrante vers la France ainsi que sur la manière dont l’enseignement/apprentissage de la CCI est abordé en classe de FLE.En partant des compétences et des savoirs nécessaires à la communication en langue étrangère et de l’apport théorique de la perspective interculturelle qui s’est développée en didactique des langues à partir des années 80, nous analysons un corpus de 26 entretiens d’apprenants primoarrivants de 12 nationalités différentes afin d’interroger leur expérience aussi bien en salle de classe qu’en dehors de celle-ci.Le choix de la classe de langue comme lieu de rencontre interculturelle se justifie parce que ces classes plurilingues et multiculturelles en milieu homoglotte constituent, pour ces publics, un espace privilégié d’apprentissage de la différence tout en permettant une médiation culturelle avec la réalité sociale dans laquelle l’apprenant cherche une modalité d’insertion en tant qu’acteur social.Le retour sur expérience de nos interviewés —avec l’analyse de leurs perceptions, représentations préalables et difficultés d’ordre linguistique et/ou socioculturel identifiées dans leur discours— permet de mieux comprendre les effets pragmatiques de cette compétence dans la communication et la place qui doit lui être accordée en cours de langue.À cheval entre la sociolinguistique et la didactique du FLE, ce travail de doctorat vise à mieux connaître les facteurs qui influencent la construction de la CCI et les différentes dynamiques qui l’impactent, afin de mieux pouvoir œuvrer pour son développement. / In the current context of the globalization of higher education, this research suggests a reflection on the cross-cultural communication skills (known as CCI in French) of exchange students coming to France. This study also looks at the way in which CCI is taught and learned in the ‘French as a foreign language’ (FLE) class.Based on the skills and knowledge needed to communicate in a foreign language and the theoretical contribution of the intercultural perspective, which has been developed into language didactics since the 80s, we analyze a corpus of 26 interviews with newly arrived learners from 12 different nationalities in order to consider their experience both inside and outside the classroom.The choice of the FLE class in a French-speaking country as a cross-cultural meeting place is justified because it constitutes, for these students from all different backgrounds, a privileged place for learning about difference while allowing a cultural mediation with the social reality in which they seek a means of insertion as social actors.The analysis of our interviewees’ feedback –through a detailed assessment of their perceptions, prior representations and the language-related difficulties and/or socio-cultural issues we were able to identify in their speech- allows a better understanding of the pragmatic effects of this skill-set while communicating and the place it deserves in a language course.Somewhere in between sociolinguistics and the didactics of French as a foreign language, this PhD seeks to improve our understanding of the key factors in the build-up of cross-cultural communication skills as well as the various dynamics that have an impact on this skill-set in order to enhance them.

The purpose of this study is to generate an understanding of first-time buyers of high involvement products, by examine how they search for information and evaluate alternatives. Three research questions were formulated to achieve the purpose of the study. Two of them concern first-time buyers’ behavior and the third one aims to answer if any possible explanations to their behavior could be identified. The study is based on theories within the research field of consumer behavior regarding purchase behavior, the consumer decision process, decision making style, involvement and knowledge along with uncertainty. In order to answer the purpose and the associated research questions, data was collected with a qualitative approach through semi structured interviews. The empirical data was analyzed by a thematic analysis, derived from a model based on the theoretical framework. The results of the study indicate that first-time buyers do not consider their internal information search adequate, and therefore search for further information externally. Their external information search tends to involve several sources. The sources credibility seems to be based on previous experiences from other situations. How they evaluate alternatives also seems to be influenced by previous use of cut-offs and decision rules, to simplify their decision making. Further the results argue that the stages search for information and evaluation of alternatives is rather integrated and iterative than detached. However, it appears that the decision-making style of first-time buyers of high involvement products differ in their degree of involvement, levels of knowledge and experienced uncertainty. Both the complex and the dissonance reducing buying behavior is occurring in first-time buyers of high involvement products. Additionally, the results indicate that tendencies of both a complex and dissonance reducing buying behavior could be identified in one individual.This study is written in Swedish. / Syftet med den här studien är att skapa en förståelse för förstagångsköpare av högengagemangsprodukter genom att undersöka hur de söker information och utvärderar alternativ. Tre forskningsfrågor formulerades utifrån studiens syfte, varav två rör förstagångsköpares beteende och den tredje ämnar ge svar på eventuella förklaringar till deras agerande. Studien utgår från teorier inom forskningsfältet för konsumentbeteende som berör köpbeteende, köpbeslutsprocessen, beslutsfattarstil, engagemang samt kunskap och osäkerhet. Med ett kvalitativt angreppssätt samlades data in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer för att ge svar på syftet med tillhörande forskningsfrågor. En modell togs fram baserat på den teoretiska referensramen som sedan låg till grund för en tematisk analys av empirin. Studiens resultat visar att förstagångsköpares interna informationssökning inte är tillräcklig vid högengagemangsköp, vilket resulterar i att ytterligare information söks externt. I den externa sökningen tenderar de att söka information från flera källor. Källornas trovärdighet verkar bedömas utifrån deras tidigare erfarenheter från andra sammanhang. Även utvärderingen influeras av tidigare tillämpning av brytpunkter och beslutsregler som underlättar beslutsfattandet. Det framgår också att stadierna informationssökning och utvärdering av alternativ snarare sker integrerat, i en iterativ process, än var för sig. Studiens resultat bekräftar att beslutsfattarstil, engagemang samt kunskaps- och osäkerhetsnivå influerar informationssöknings- och utvärderingsprocessen hos förstagångsköpare av högengagemangsprodukter. Däremot framgår det att förstagångsköpare av högengagemangsprodukter har olika beslutsfattarstil, grad av engagemang samt besitter olika nivåer av kunskap och upplever varierad grad av osäkerhet. Både ett komplext och dissonansreducerande köpbeteende förekommer hos förstagångsköpare av högengagemangsprodukter. Dessutom visar resultatet att det kan identifieras tendenser som tyder på både ett komplext och dissonansreducerande köpbeteende hos en och samma individ. Studien är skriven på svenska.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur lärare med erfarenhet av Wittingmetoden beskriver sitt arbete med den samt om det på vetenskaplig grund går att argumentera för användning av metoden. Frågeställningarna är, om och varför lärare med erfarenhet av Wittingmetoden anser den vara lämplig för undervisning i läs- och skrivinlärning i årskurs 1–3 samt om det barn som redan kan läsa med ett visst flyt och förståelse i början av årskurs 1 också har nytta av metoden och i så fall hur. Frågeställningarna har uppstått när uppsatsförfattaren har ifrågasatt beskrivningar av metoden i kurslitteratur under lärarutbildningen. Beskrivningarna hävdar bland annat att metoden är så pass grundlig att den inte är relevant för undervisning av dagens elever då många av dem redan har en del förkunskaper. Underlag till studien utgörs dels av intervjuer med 10 lärare med utbildning i samt längre eller kortare erfarenhet av Wittingmetoden, dels av litteratur om Wittingmetoden, skriven av dess upphovskvinna Maja Witting samt tidigare forskning inom läs- och skrivinlärningsområdet kopplat till vissa karakteristiska delar av Wittingmetoden. Resultatet visar att Wittingmetoden ofta är inkorrekt beskriven samt att den förhåller sig mycket väl till vad den senaste forskningen menar är god och avgörande läs- och skrivundervisning i alfabetiska skriftspråk, nämligen ett arbetssätt med utgångpunkt i fonologisk medvetenhet och sammanljudning av fonem och grafem. Till detta ska sedan läggas olika arbetssätt för att skapa förutsättningar för god läsförståelse såsom utökat ordförråd, lärares högläsning, läsförståelsestrategier och allmänbildning. Sådan undervisning kan också, visar forskning, vara till nytta för den tidiga läsaren, särskilt det som gäller läsförståelse. Informanterna menar att Wittingmetoden är högst relevant och lämplig för läs- och skrivinlärning, liksom för ytterligare utveckling, för alla elever men att det finns lärare som den passar sämre för.