Den här studien handlar om att undersöka hur förskollärare uppfattade den första tiden som anställd förskollärare. Mer specifikt undersöks hur förskollärare beskriver den första verksamma tiden samt vilka utmaningar de stött på under den första tiden. Studien undersöker även vilka förutsättningar förskollärare anser vara nödvändiga för att hantera första tidens arbetsrelaterade utmaningar och dess orsaker. Studien utgörs av sju kvalitativa intervjuer med förskollärare som varit verksamma i 1-4 år efter examen. Resultatet har analyserats med hjälp av praktikarkitekturens teori och fokuserar på de faktorer som kan påverka den första tiden som verksam, såsom mentorsprogram, stöd från kollegor och rektor samt det kollegiala lärandet. Utifrån den tidigare forskningen som gjorts på området visar den att första tiden som verksam präglades av stress, höga krav och utmaningar. Resultatet i vår studie uppmärksammar vikten av stöd i olika former för att hantera första tidens utmaningar. Den typ av stöd som förskollärare ansåg vara viktigt under den första tiden var stöd i form av mentorskap, stöd från kollegor och rektor samt nätverksträffar med andra förskollärare. Faktorer som kan komma att påverka den första tiden i arbetslivet är bland annat bristande kunskaper från utbildningen, brister i det kollegiala lärandet samt resursbrist i form av vikarier. Viktiga slutsatser av studien är att förskollärarna upplevde den första tiden som tuff. Det stöd som förskollärarna fick, gjorde det möjligt för dem att utföra sitt arbete på bästa sätt. / The aim of this study has been to investigate how preschool teachers experienced their first time within the profession. We have chosen to look into how preschool teachers describe the first time as newly graduated teachers and what challenges they have faced. Finally, we have investigated which conditions the preschool teachers consider necessary to handle the challenges. The study consists of seven qualitative interviews with preschool teachers who have been working for 1-5 years after their graduation. The result has been analyzed with the help of the theory of practical architecture and we have reached some factors that can affect the first time in the profession. The factors were mentorship, support from colleagues and principle and the collegial learning. Based on the previous research that has been made on the area, it shows that the first time in the profession was embossed by stress, high demands and challenges. The result in the study paid attention to the importance of support in different forms to handle challenges during the initial time in the profession. The support that emerged from our result and the things that newly graduated preschool teacher’s considered important was mentorship, support from colleagues and principal and also network meetings with other preschool teachers. Factors that may affect the first time within the profession may for instance be lack of knowledge from their education, deficiency in collegial learning and lack of resources in the form of substitute personnel. The important conclusion of the study is that the preschool teacher’s experienced the first time as tough. The support that the preschool teacher’s received, made it possible to conduct their work in the best way possible.

Each year millions of young people graduate from high school and enroll in colleges and universities across the country, and many of these students are underprepared for the demands and academic rigor of college-level courses. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were significant differences in graduation rates between students who entered college academically underprepared and those who entered academically prepared to enroll in college-level courses. The subjects of the study were a selected group of students enrolled at a public, 2-year comprehensive community college located in Northeast Tennessee. The criteria used for selecting the subjects included: (1) Individuals who graduated from high school in the months of December through July in each of the years 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006 and enrolled as first-time, full-time students during the fall semester immediately following high school graduation; (2) individuals who were classified as full-time students at the community college because they enrolled for a course load of 12 or more semester credit hours; and (3) individuals who had completed the ACT assessment test and were placed in developmental-level courses or college-level courses based on ACT subscores. Students scoring lower than 19 on the ACT in the areas of English, reading, and mathematics were required to take developmental-level courses, whereas students scoring 19 or above were placed in college-level courses. The subjects of the study were tracked for a 3-year period to determine the relationship between the number of developmental courses into which a student was placed and the 3-year graduation rate. This study also examined the relationship between the number of academic subject content areas in which a student was required to take developmental courses and the 3-year graduation rate. The analysis indicated that students who entered college prepared for college-level work, based on earned ACT scores, were much more likely to graduate within 3 years as compared to students who entered college underprepared and required to take developmental courses. Further, the study revealed that the number of developmental courses and the number of developmental academic subject content areas students were required to take was inversely related to the 3-year persistence-to-graduation rate.

This study compared students' perceptions and satisfaction as they related to their place of residence. In addition, this study sought to determine if a difference existed between student retention rates from their first year in college to their second year and one's grade point average with respect to one's place of residence within the collegiate setting. As such, the problem this study examined was the overall impact of where a first-time-in-college student lived within the University of Central Florida housing system and how that living environment impacted students' levels of satisfaction, overall retention rates, and cumulative grade point averages. The data used for this study were obtained from a previously distributed survey conducted by the Department of Housing and Residence Life at the University of Central Florida in February 2007. Secondary data were obtained through the Department of Institutional Research at the University of Central Florida. A website link to an optional, self-administered Internet-based survey was sent via email to University of Central Florida students residing in university owned housing and university affiliated housing. The size of the sample was determined by the number of delivered emails 3800 for university owned housing, 1,500 for university affiliated housing (Towers), and 1,831 for university affiliated housing (Pegasus Landing). Of the total populations: 1) 38.57 percent were returned for university owned housing, 2) 26.26 percent were returned for university affiliated (Towers at Golden Knights Plaza), and 3) 24.63 percent were returned for university affiliated housing (Pegasus Landing). There were many statistically significant relationships. Consistently, students residing in university owned housing showed higher satisfaction and agreement levels when compared with students living in university affiliated housing. Additionally, students living in university owned housing showed a higher retention rate and cumulative grade point average when compared with students living in university affiliated housing.

Bakgrund: En förlossning medför fysiska och psykiska förändringar som påverkar nivån av fysisk aktivitet. Det finns många fördelar med fysisk aktivitet och kan med fördel påbörjas kort efter förlossning. Många kvinnor vet inte vart de ska vända sig för vård och söker därför inte vård för sina förlossningsrelaterade besvär. Fysioterapeuten arbetar med individuella biopsykosociala faktorer och tar hänsyn till faktorer som påverkar fysisk aktivitet. Trots detta har fysioterapeuten ingen roll inom eftervården.  Syfte: Var att beskriva nyförlösta förstföderskors upplevelser av råd och stöd för fysisk aktivitet från hälso- och sjukvården efter vaginal förlossning. Metod: Sex nyförlösta förstföderskor rekryterades genom ett bekvämlighetsurval och intervjuades. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för att analysera materialet.  Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier: För generella och otillräckliga råd för fysisk aktivitet från hälso- och sjukvården, Otillräckligt stöd för fysisk aktivitet från hälso- och sjukvården, Avsaknad av råd och stöd skapar osäkerhet och rädsla samt Individanpassad vård är av betydelse.  Slutsats: Resultatet påvisade att deltagarna upplevde brist av råd och stöd för fysisk aktivitet efter förlossning och de få råd som gavs upplevdes som otillräckliga och saknade individanpassning. Det saknas fysioterapeutiska åtgärder i eftervården som skulle kunna möta dessa behov. / Background: Childbirth entail physical and psychological changes that affect the level of physical activity. There are many benefits to physical activity and can advantageously be started shortly after delivery. Many women don’t know where to go for care and therefore don’t seek medical care for their childbirth-related problems. Physiotherapists work with individual biopsychosocial factors and takes heed of factors that affect physical activity. Despite this, physiotherapists don’t have a role in the postpartum care. Aim: To describe the experiences of newly delivered first-time mothers of advice and support for physical activity from healthcare after vaginal delivery. Method: Six newly delivered first-time mothers were recruited through a convenience sample and interviewed. A qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the material. Results: The analysis resulted in four categories: Too general and insufficient advice for physical activity from healthcare, Insufficient support for physical activity from healthcare, Lack of advice and support creates uncertainty and fear, and Individualized care is important. Conclusion: The results showed that the participants experienced a lack of advice and support for physical activity after childbirth and the few advice that was given was perceived as insufficient and missing individual adaptation. There´s a lack of physiotherapeutic measures in the postpartum care where these needs could be met.

The objective of this study is to empirically investigate the differences in human capital profile of new appointed female directors to corporate boards as a result of mandatory quotas and voluntary targets. By exploring differences in age, and human capital differences in board tenure, executive experience (CEO, CFO), number of qualifications, and the number of directorships held by these women, this study contributes to the important and current international public policy decision debate on relevance and wisdom of adopting a mandatory gender quota or introducing voluntary targets. The study uses human capital theory to evaluate the profiles of 41 new female directors appointed through a mandatory quota in Norway and 397 new female directors appointed through voluntary targets in Australia and extends the current corporate governance literature on board gender regulation by exploring whether female directors differ in human capital as a result of the two types of regulations. The results of this study show that new female directors hired through a quota are on average younger than new female directors hired through a target; new female directors hired through a quota are less likely to have more years of board experience than new female directors hired through a target; new female directors hired through a quota are likely to have more years of executive experience than new female directors hired through a target; and new female directors hired through a quota have lower number of qualifications than new female directors hired through a target. These results, albeit contrary to the hypotheses developed in this study, propose several important implications from an academic, management, and policy point of view while at the same time have limitations that present opportunities for future research.

OBJECTIVE: An alcohol-drinking culture exists among first-time-in-college students, where many of these students come to their university relatively inexperienced with alcohol, which may increase alcohol-related consequences. Several interventions exist to combat this campus problem. The current study investigates the use of a Deviance Regulation Theory (DRT) intervention, presented in a web-based manner, to increase alcohol Protective Behavioral Strategies (PBS), such as monitoring drinks, using a designated driver, and drinking water in between alcoholic beverages, among college freshmen. METHOD: College freshmen participants (N = 157) completed web-based surveys examining alcohol behaviors once a week for six weeks. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a positive frame about individuals who used PBS, a negative frame about individuals who did not use PBS, or a control group that did not receive a DRT intervention. Participants also reported their perception of PBS use among UCF students and friend. Data was analyzed in each PBS subtype: Manner of Drinking, Stop/Limiting Drinking, and Serious Harm Reduction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Results indicate a negatively framed message with high perceived norm levels results in increased PBS use, which may suggest college freshmen have a strong drive to "fit in", or avoid standing out in negative ways. Further, there seems to be little desire to standout in positive ways among first-year students. This may be indicative of individuals who modify their behavior in order to assimilate to a new and unfamiliar environment. Furthermore, some PBS strategies were associated with decreases in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Results suggest a DRT intervention may be beneficial to first-time-in-college students.

Unga vuxnas möjlighet att etablera sig på bostadsmarknaden i Sverige har länge varit enutmaning. Trots implementering av flera åtgärder fortsätter unga att möta hinder för attkomma in på den ägda bostadsmarknaden. Denna studie undersöker potentiella fördelar ochutmaningar med höjt bolånetak och incitament för bosparande för att underlättaförstagångsköpares tillträde till bostadsmarknaden. Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod, då denna ansågs bäst lämpad för att uppnåstudiens syfte genom att erhålla djupgående insikter. Fyra semistrukturerade intervjuergenomfördes med personer i betydande arbetsroller, inklusive en boendeekonom, enprivatekonom, en gruppledare i civilutskottet samt en privatrådgivare. Från det empiriskamaterialet framkommer att ett höjt bolånetak ses som en kortsiktig lösning för att ge ungatillgång till bostadsmarknaden utan stora kontantinsatser. Detta kan dock leda till ökadebostadspriser och skuldsättning på lång sikt. Incitament för bosparande, exempelvis enBSU-liknande modell, har potential att locka unga att spara till sin första bostad och främjaen sparande kultur. Trots detta kvarstår utmaningar i modellens utformning och den erbjuderingen omedelbar lösning utan snarare adresserar utmaningarna på lång sikt. Slutsatserna pekar på behovet av att integrera flera åtgärder för att adressera utmaningarna påbostadsmarknaden. En kombination av åtgärder krävs för att möjliggöra ungas tillträde på etthållbart sätt, samtidigt som både kortsiktiga och långsiktiga konsekvenser beaktas. Studienvisar att både höjt bolånetak och incitament för bosparande har för- och nackdelar för ungaförstagångsköpare. Höjt bolånetak kan ge kortfristig hjälp men leda till högre skuldsättning,medan bosparande kan främja en sparkultur men kräver noggrann utformning för att varaeffektiv. Det är viktigt att integrera finansiell kunskap och föräldrainflytande för att främjahållbart sparande. Kombinationen av flera åtgärder, inklusive bostadsbyggandeåtgärder, äravgörande för att adressera utmaningarna på bostadsmarknaden på ett hållbart sätt. / The opportunity for young adults to establish themselves in the housing market in Swedenhas long been a challenge. Despite the implementation of several measures, young peoplecontinue to face obstacles in accessing the owner-occupied housing market. This studyexamines the potential benefits and challenges of raised mortgage caps and incentives forhousing savings to facilitate first-time buyers' entry into the housing market. The study was conducted using a qualitative method, as this approach was deemed mostsuitable for achieving the study's objective through gaining in-depth insights. Foursemi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals in significant professional roles,including a housing economist, a personal finance advisor, a group leader in the CivilCommittee, and a personal advisor. From the empirical material, it emerged that raising themortgage cap is seen as a short-term solution to provide young people with access to thehousing market without requiring large down payments. However, this may lead to increasedhousing prices and indebtedness in the long run. Incentives for housing savings, such as aBSU-like model, have the potential to encourage young people to save for their first homeand promote a culture of saving. Nevertheless, challenges persist in the model's design, and itoffers no immediate solution but rather addresses challenges in the long term. The findings underscore the need to integrate multiple measures to address housing marketchallenges. A combination of measures is required to enable young people's access in asustainable manner, while considering both short-term and long-term consequences. Thestudy demonstrates that both raised mortgage caps and incentives for housing savings havepros and cons for young first-time buyers. Raised mortgage caps may provide short-termassistance but lead to increased indebtedness, whereas housing savings may promote aculture of saving but require careful design to be effective. It is crucial to integrate financialliteracy and parental influence to promote sustainable saving. The combination of severalmeasures, including housing construction initiatives, is critical to addressing housing marketchallenges sustainably.

Intresset för chefskap har minskat hos unga, samtidigt som allt fler äldre chefer kommer att gå i pension inom kort. Komplexiteten med chefskap är stor och utmaningarna, i synnerhet det bristande stödet, är påtagliga för förstagångschefer. Därför fanns en möjlighet att studera fenomenet närmare för att bringa en viss klarhet i ämnet. Syftet med studien var att ge unga en tydligare bild av chefskap. Det här genom att visa hur synen på chefskap förändras när en individ tar sig an positionen som chef för första gången och beskriva hur förstagångschefer upplever att stödet från organisationen har påverkat övergången till chefspositionen. Studien utfördes genom en kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats var kvalitativ data samlades in via åtta intervjuer med förstagångschefer. Utifrån kvalitativ data har fyra teman sedan identifierats som tolkats med hjälp av de teorier vi funnit lämpliga. Baserat på de resultat som uppkom fördes här en sammanfattande och djupare diskussion. Förstagångcheferna visade, utifrån sina erfarenheter, att de haft en romantiserad bild av chefskapet innan de blev chefer. Nu ser de chefskapet som något roligt men även att det innebär mycket ansvar. Förstagångscheferna redogjorde även för att stödet i övergången till chef var bristfällig men att det inte var den enda eller den största utmaningen. / The interest in managership has declined among young people, while more and more old managers will be retiring shortly. The complexity of managership and the challenges, particularly regarding the lack of support, are great for first-time managers. Therefore there was an opportunity to study the phenomenon further to bring some clarity on the subject. The aim and purpose with the thesis was to give young people a clearer image of managership. This by showing how perceptions of management and managership could change when an individual takes on the position as a first-time manager and further describe how the first-time-managers felt about the amount of support from the organization and how it has influenced the transition to the manager position. The study was based on a qualitative method with an inductive approach where the qualitative data was collected through eight interviews with first-time managers. Based on the qualitative data, four themes were identified and interpreted with theories we found suitable. Based on the results that emerged, a summarized and deeper discussion was performed. The first-time-managers showed, based on their experiences, that they had a somewhat romanticized image of managership before becoming managers themselves. Nowadays they view the managership as something fun but also as something that requires a great amount of responsibility. The first-time-managers also outlined the insufficiency regarding the support from the organizations in the transition that turned out not to be the only or the most challenging problem.

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Political actors and parties have, during the parliamentary elections 2018, marketed themselves in a different way than before. Many influential people on social media who have a younger audience have been involved in the electoral movement and tried to make the "most important" issues easier to understand. While changes in politics take place, young people do not have confidence in party politics. Interest in politics has increased, but the reduced confidence in established political actors has decreased. We wanted to investigate whether the young voters themselves noticed the political change. The purpose of this study was to investigate how first-time voters, who are members of youth unions, talk about political confidence and Influencer marketing in politics. The research questions that have been phrased based on the purpose are: How do political active first-time voters perceive collaborations between influencers and political parties? And how does politically active first-time voters talk about their confidence in Swedish politics? In addition to previous research, we have used qualitative interview method to be able to get opinions and perceptions from the intended selection of informants. The study is based on theories of trust, advocacy, influencers, E-Word of Mouth (e-WOM) and the Two-step hypothesis. The result of the study shows that first-time voters who are politically active in youth unions have shared views on influencer marketing. First-time voters also have high confidence in Swedish politics, but have the understanding that people who are not familiar with politics do not have the same confidence. Especially given the ongoing government crisis. The result also distinguishes some important points that the respondents believe are of great importance. This is, among other things, that the cooperation must be with all parties and that the cooperation must be in accordance with the party's ideologies. The final conclusions we can draw from this study is that the respondents believe that it is good that the politics is addressed in rooms where it is given the opportunity to spread. But the respondents also believe that politicians should adhere to politics and that the significant role of the political issues falls into the background of the party leader's personal conformation on social media. / Politiska aktörer och partier har under riksdagsvalet 2018 marknadsfört sig på ett annorlunda sätt än tidigare. Många inflytelserika människor på sociala medier som har en yngre målgrupp har engagerat sig i valrörelsen och försökt göra valfrågorna mer lättbegripliga. Samtidigt som förändringar i politiken sker saknar unga förtroende till partipolitiken. Intresset för politiken har ökat men den minskade tilltron till etablerade politiska aktörer har minskat. Vi ville därför undersöka ifall unga väljare själva märkt av den politiska förändringen. Syftet med denna studie blev att undersöka hur förstagångsväljare, som är medlemmar i ungdomsförbund, pratar om politiskt förtroende och Influencer marketing inom politiken. De frågeställningar som utformats utifrån syftet är: Hur uppfattar politiskt aktiva förstagångsväljare samarbeten mellan influencers och politiska partier? Och hur pratar politiskt aktiva förstagångsväljare om sitt förtroende för svensk politik? Förutom tidigare forskning har vi använt oss av kvalitativ intervjumetod för att kunna analysera åsikter och uppfattningar från det tilltänkta urvalet. Studien bygger på teorier om förtroende, opinionsbildning, influencers, E-Word of Mouth (e-WOM) och Tvåstegshypotesen. Resultatet av studien visar på att förstagångsväljare som är politiskt aktiva i ungdomsförbund har delade åsikter angående influencer marketing. Förstagångsväljarna har dessutom högt förtroende för svensk politik, men har förståelse för att människor som inte är insatta i politiken inte har lika högt förtroende. Speciellt med tanke på den pågående riksdagskrisen. Resultatet urskiljer också några viktiga punkter som respondenterna menar är av stor vikt. Detta är bland annat att samarbetet måste ske med samtliga politiska partier och att samarbetet måste vara i enlighet med partiets ideologier. De slutslatser vi kan dra av denna studie är att respondenterna anser att det är bra att politiken tas upp i rum där den får möjlighet att spridas. Men att respondenter menar att politiker ska hålla sig till politik och att sakfrågornas betydande roll hamnar i bakgrunden för partiledarens personliga gestaltning på sociala medier.