Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2005.

Denna uppsats belyser könsstrukturer på universitetsfältet, med syfte att undersöka om och varför detspråkliga begreppet forskare tillskrivs manligt kön av studenter som läser forskningsreferat i kurslitteraturen.Metoden som använts är experimentell och består av en könsneutral provtext, där en refererad forskare enbartnämns vid efternamnet Björk, och ett frågeformulär där 92 studenter har fått tillskriva denna forskare ett kön.Resultatet visar att 71 procent av de studenter som besvarat frågan tror att den refererade forskaren är enman. Det finns även en tendens till att de äldre studenterna har en större benägenhet att tillskriva forskarenmanligt kön än vad de yngre studenterna har. Resultatet har utifrån Simone de Beauvoir tolkats som att kvinnan fortfarande betraktas som det Andra iförhållande till mannen, som utgör normen inom akademien. Att begreppet forskare tillskrivs ett visst könhar, utifrån Pierre Bourdieu, tolkats som att studenterna besvarat frågan utifrån föreställningar som finnsinternaliserade i deras habitus, som i sin tur står under stark påverkan från de inre strukturer påuniversitetsfältet som framhäver mannen som det dominerande könet. / This bachelor thesis examines gender structures in the university field. The aim is to study whether, and if sowhy, students attribute male gender to a researcher referred to in the course literature. The researcher is onlymentioned by the last name Björk, in order to be regarded as gender neutral. An experimental method was used to test the hypothesis that the conception of “researcher” is male-biased. A gender neutral sample text and a survey were handed out to 92 university students. Therespondents were asked to attribute gender to the researcher Björk. The results confirmed the hypothesis andshowed that 71 percent of the students attributed male gender to the researcher. There was also a tendencythat the older students attributed male gender more often than the younger students did. The analysis of the results shows that male gender is viewed as normative in the academy. Thisinterpretation is based on Simone de Beauvoir's theory about women as the Other in relation to men. Thegender specific attribution to a researcher is interpreted, in the words of Pierre Bourdieu, as internalizedconceptions in the student's habitus. The students answer the question about Björk's gender according to theirhabitus, which is based on the internal structures of the university field, where the male gender is seen as thedominant sex.

Vissa utländska forskare som kom till Sverige kunde från och med 1984 erbjudas skattelättnader genom en speciell lag om beskattning av utländska forskare. Syftet med lagstiftningen var att locka kompetent personal med spetskunskaper till anställningar i Sverige. Under slutet av 1990-talet uppkom frågan om det behövdes en reformering av lagstiftningen eftersom detta skett i andra nordiska länder. De reformerade expertbeskattningsreglerna infördes 2001. Lagstiftningen erbjuder sedan dess förutom forskare även experter, specialister, personer med företagsledande uppgifter och andra nyckelpersoner en möjlighet att få del av skattelättnader. De som uppfyller lagens krav kan undanta 25 procent av lön, arvode eller liknande ersättning från beskattning. Vidare beskattas ej ersättningar för utgifter som den utländske personen har haft för flyttning till eller från Sverige, två resor per år per familjemedlem mellan hemlandet och Sverige samt avgifter för barns skolgång i grundskola och gymnasieskola eller liknande. I förarbetena ges ingen utförlig beskrivning för exakt vilka personalkategorier eller yrken som ska ha möjligheten att ta del av skattelättnaderna i egenskap av expert. En individuell bedömning får göras i varje enskilt fall, men kompetensnivån hos den sökande ska vara hög och det ska vara svårt att rekrytera någon med liknande kunskaper inom Sverige för att skattelättnaderna ska kunna komma ifråga. Det anges i propositionen att de tilltänkta personerna ska vara verksamma inom tekniskt avancerade och kunskapsintensiva verksamheter där Sverige har ett intresse av att kunna konkurrera om internationellarbetskraft.I praxis har det funnits en tendens att fokus vid bedömningen av vem som kan ses som expert hamnar på just det tekniska området även om andra branscher inte utesluts av ordalydelsen i förarbetena och inte heller i lagtextens utformning. Det är inom det tekniska området som de flesta beviljade expertbeskattningsansökningar har förekommit. Bedömningen av vem som kan omfattas av expertbegreppet har således varit sträng. Det finns dock undantag. Kammarrätten beviljade under 2008 en chefsdirigent skattelättnader eftersom denne kunde anses vara expert i en kunskapsintensiv bransch. Det går således inte att fastslå generellt vem som omfattas av expertbegreppet i lagens mening och inte heller generellt bestämma inom vilka yrken eller personalkategorier experter kan förekomma. Det verkar som att expertbegreppet genom den senaste tidens utveckling i praxis i framtiden kan få en ny vidare innebörd där andra yrkeskategorier än de mer klassiska inom industrin och högteknologiska branscher kan komma att omfattas av expertbegreppet.

To self-archive is to make research publications freely accessible by depositing them in an open digital archive or on a public website. The aim of this thesis is to explore what Swedish scientists think of self-archiving, what they know about it and how they make use of it, in order to understand why they do not self-archive more actively. A web survey was conducted which was answered by 296 scientists at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU). Results show that only 24 % have previous experience of self-archiving, but that a majority is willing to self-archive if there are no legal objections or if it is demanded by the research funder. The most important reasons why many scientists do not self-archive are that they feel uncertain about copyright issues and/or lack knowledge about self-archiving.

Self-archiving as a way to provide open access to research publications is gaining ground in the area of scholarly publishing. An increasing number of research funders and universities are mandating open access for output associated with their research, which calls for evaluation of the effects of the phenomenon. This two years master’s thesis aims to investigate researchers’ experiences of self-archiving. A qualitative web survey was conducted and answered by 41 researchers from several different countries, and a vast majority of the respondents concur with the principle of open access. Although self-archiving shows not to be a guarantee of increased impact for the single researcher, the study shows that might be the case. The results attest that self-archiving can generate for example increased number of collaboration, comments in social media and stronger professional profile, as well as a sense of personal progress. The results illuminate an ongoing change in scholarly communications as self-archiving shows to enable a more flexible and informal communication of research material.

The purpose of this study was to identify certain experiences among Swedish scholars towards their use of Wikipedia. The goal was to create a deeper understanding of how audiences with academic professions experience Wikipedia as a place to share knowledge with other individuals. This study was done through the perspectives of the ANT theory (Latour, 2005) and the User-Gratification theory (Katz et al., 1973). The method of choice was a mixed method research where the primary choice of method was qualitative interviews with seven Swedish scholars and one expert interview consisting of an employee at the Swedish Wikimedia foundation. This material was analyzed through a thematic analysis. Some of the findings from the interview was also analyzed through a computational network analysis to provide deeper insight into the concept of Wikipedia.    The research showed that there is a variated view on the scholar’s role on Wikipedia. While some of the participants criticized the structure in which the information was produced, some raised awareness into the importance to provide society with reliable and scientific knowledge in which important decisions can be based on. Different actors within the network of Wikipedia were identified which provided a deeper insight into the variety of individuals and non-human elements that work together to generate content on Wikipedia. A few of these actors and their relationships between one another was also visualized during the study. This provided even further analytical insight to Wikipedia as a platform. The overall view among the participants showed that there is a lack of incitement on how and why scholars should contribute to Wikipedia in Sweden. The results also showed that there are a variety of ways in which the platform of Wikipedia can be viewed depending on personal use the website. The cultural approach to Wikipedia was discussed in the context to how Wikipedia can provide society with information and how this might act as a form of cultural heritage online. / Syftet med denna studie var att identifiera vissa erfarenheter bland svenska forskares användning av Wikipedia. Målet med studien var att skapa en djupare förståelse för hur mediepubliker med akademiska yrken upplever Wikipedia som en plats att dela kunskap med andra individer. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av de olika perspektiven som de teoretiska utgångspunkterna ANT teorin (Latour, 2005) och användare-belönings teorin (Katz et al., 1973) bidrog med. Valet av metod blev en blandad metodforskning där det primära metodvalet var kvalitativa intervjuer med sju olika svenska akademiker och en expertintervju med en anställd på Wikimedia Sverige. Det insamlande materialet blev sedan analyserat genom en tematisk analys. Vissa delar av det insamlade materialet blev senare också analyserat genom en nätverksanalys av data för att bidra med djupare kunskap kring konceptet Wikipedia.    Studien visade att det finns en varierad syn på forskarens roll på Wikipedia. Medan vissa deltagare kritiserade strukturen som informationen produceras i, utryckte sig andra kring vikten av att bidra med trovärdig kunskap till samhället som sedan kan ligga till grund för olika beslut. Olika aktörer inom Wikipedia identifierades vilket också bidrog till en djupare insikt i den variation av individer och icke-mänskliga element som jobbar tillsammans för att skapa material på Wikipedia. Vissa av dessa aktörers relationer med varandra identifierades också genom olika typer av visuella element som framställdes under studien. Detta bidrog således också med en djupare analytisk insikt kring Wikipedia som plattform. Den allmänna synen bidrog också med insikt i den bristen på incitament kring hur och varför forskare bör bidra med sin forskning på Wikipedia i Sverige. Resultaten visade också att det finns en mängd olika sätt individer kan skapa sin bild av Wikipedia genom sitt personliga bruk av plattformen. Den kulturella approachen till Wikipedia diskuterades också genom kontexten hur plattformen kan bidra samhället med information och hur detta kan uppfattas som ett kulturellt arv online.

<p>As the western society gradually turns into a knowledge- and risk society, where science and scientific innovations increasingly both promise to save the world and destroy it, a shift in the relation between the scientific community and the rest of society has emerged. A shift from a top-down one-way transfer view regarding communication, to a dialogue-based interactive co-production model, where the public are part of setting the agenda for research and contribute to the knowledge production. Or at least in theory, in EU documents and in many different country's policy documents. In practical application however, one might have a hard time see the implementation of such model.</p><p>As a more comprehensive and dialogue-based science communication is depending on the possibility for scientist themselves to engage and fell the need to engage, we have focused on their thoughts.</p><p>In this thesis we have examined six scientists view on, and work with, science communication, as well as their perceived social and structural conditions. We have also examined action plans and strategy documents from three Swedish universities that in different ways mention science communication and interaction with the broader society. Finally we have compared the view on science communication that we have found in the documents with that of the scientists.</p><p>We have used qualitative interviews to gather information from the six scientists, who range from 30 to 60 years in age and come from different fields of study. For the documents we used a qualitative analyse, searching for different areas regarding science communication and interaction with society.</p><p>Our finding show that both the view of the scientist and that of the documents, regarding science communication, more resemble that of the older one-way transfer model, although some minor parts remind of a dialogue-based model.</p><p>All the scientists we have interviewed are positive to science communication, especially for its possibility to increase the knowledge in general society and set a ground for better decision making, and also to give legitimacy for both research and the decisions based on it.</p><p>Regarding their practical work with science communication, no one have fixed routines, and the time they spend differ greatly. It is mostly reactive in nature and consist of lectures, popular science articles, participation in interviews in media and conferences etcetera. Three of the scientists use, or are about to use, websites where they communicate their science.</p><p>Socially, most of the scientists both talk extensively with their colleagues about science communication and feel that they think it is important. When it comes to their superior or employer view on science communication most of the scientists don't feel that they act as if it is a subject of concern. Regarding to the academic world at large, they think it is both seen as something positive and sometimes negative. For example some scientists may see it as a positive and important work, while others see the science communication as being part of self promotion and a attempt to raise more funds for specific research. The scientists still feel principle encourage to work with science communication.</p><p>The structural conditions differ between the different scientists, and only one has had training in science communication, although three think they have the possibility to get training. All the scientist have possibility to get some help with their communication however. Two of the scientists felt that their conditions for working with science communication are sufficient, while others feel the need for more resources, time and natural environments for engagement.</p><p>In the action plans and strategy documents we found five interesting areas regarding science communication and engagement with the broader society. First of are their view on science communication and its positive effects. Here all the universities point at the importance of science communication for a sustainable development. They also focus on the benefit for the research in utilizing the knowledge and experience of the broader society. Secondly two of the universities give examples on how they work with science communication. Here they mention open lectures, seminars, study visits, among other. The third area focus on the education of scientist in science communication. Here KTH strongly emphasis the importance education for good leadership and communicative skills for scientists. Fourth, the need for better structural conditions is something that Södertörn stresses, both regarding funding, merits and different departments’ tasks regarding science communication. Last, the importance of business related education as a way of spreading knowledge is something that all the universities focus on.</p>

As the western society gradually turns into a knowledge- and risk society, where science and scientific innovations increasingly both promise to save the world and destroy it, a shift in the relation between the scientific community and the rest of society has emerged. A shift from a top-down one-way transfer view regarding communication, to a dialogue-based interactive co-production model, where the public are part of setting the agenda for research and contribute to the knowledge production. Or at least in theory, in EU documents and in many different country's policy documents. In practical application however, one might have a hard time see the implementation of such model. As a more comprehensive and dialogue-based science communication is depending on the possibility for scientist themselves to engage and fell the need to engage, we have focused on their thoughts. In this thesis we have examined six scientists view on, and work with, science communication, as well as their perceived social and structural conditions. We have also examined action plans and strategy documents from three Swedish universities that in different ways mention science communication and interaction with the broader society. Finally we have compared the view on science communication that we have found in the documents with that of the scientists. We have used qualitative interviews to gather information from the six scientists, who range from 30 to 60 years in age and come from different fields of study. For the documents we used a qualitative analyse, searching for different areas regarding science communication and interaction with society. Our finding show that both the view of the scientist and that of the documents, regarding science communication, more resemble that of the older one-way transfer model, although some minor parts remind of a dialogue-based model. All the scientists we have interviewed are positive to science communication, especially for its possibility to increase the knowledge in general society and set a ground for better decision making, and also to give legitimacy for both research and the decisions based on it. Regarding their practical work with science communication, no one have fixed routines, and the time they spend differ greatly. It is mostly reactive in nature and consist of lectures, popular science articles, participation in interviews in media and conferences etcetera. Three of the scientists use, or are about to use, websites where they communicate their science. Socially, most of the scientists both talk extensively with their colleagues about science communication and feel that they think it is important. When it comes to their superior or employer view on science communication most of the scientists don't feel that they act as if it is a subject of concern. Regarding to the academic world at large, they think it is both seen as something positive and sometimes negative. For example some scientists may see it as a positive and important work, while others see the science communication as being part of self promotion and a attempt to raise more funds for specific research. The scientists still feel principle encourage to work with science communication. The structural conditions differ between the different scientists, and only one has had training in science communication, although three think they have the possibility to get training. All the scientist have possibility to get some help with their communication however. Two of the scientists felt that their conditions for working with science communication are sufficient, while others feel the need for more resources, time and natural environments for engagement. In the action plans and strategy documents we found five interesting areas regarding science communication and engagement with the broader society. First of are their view on science communication and its positive effects. Here all the universities point at the importance of science communication for a sustainable development. They also focus on the benefit for the research in utilizing the knowledge and experience of the broader society. Secondly two of the universities give examples on how they work with science communication. Here they mention open lectures, seminars, study visits, among other. The third area focus on the education of scientist in science communication. Here KTH strongly emphasis the importance education for good leadership and communicative skills for scientists. Fourth, the need for better structural conditions is something that Södertörn stresses, both regarding funding, merits and different departments’ tasks regarding science communication. Last, the importance of business related education as a way of spreading knowledge is something that all the universities focus on.

Soja är en av världens viktigaste proteingrödor och används bland annat till foder och livsmedel. Den globala efterfrågan på soja har gjort att stora ytor mark har exploaterats under en relativt kort tidsperiod. Eftersom det inte finns någon utbredd sojaodling eller några processanläggningar för soja inom Sverige idag importeras soja från andra länder. För att öka Sveriges självförsörjningsgrad och resiliens inom proteingrödor och livsmedel skulle baljväxter som soja kunna odlas i större utsträckning. Forskare menar att det går att odla soja i Sverige men intresset från både jordbrukarnas och allmänhetens sida är svalt. För att ta reda på om möjligheterna och utmaningarna att etablera en kommersiell sojaodling i Sverige skiljer sig ur ett teoretiskt och praktiskt perspektiv genomfördes kvalitativa intervjuer med både forskare och jordbrukare som har kunskap/erfarenhet av soja. Theory of Planned Behavior användes som ett verktyg för att få en djupare förståelse för vilka av teorins komponenter attityd, subjektiv norm och upplevd kontroll som påverkar jordbrukarna i deras beslutfattande. Resultatet från studien pekar på att varken möjligheter eller utmaningar skiljer sig nämnvärt ur ett praktiskt och teoretiskt perspektiv. Både jordbrukare och forskare menar att en svensk soja till foder är uteslutet eftersom den inte skulle kunna konkurrera prismässigt med den importerade sojan. Därtill menar de att ekonomiska aspekter samt det svenska klimatet är en utmaning. Däremot menar jordbrukarna och forskarna att en svensk soja till livsmedel är en möjlighet, det skulle kunna skapa ett mervärde och således kunna konkurrera med den importerade sojan, framförallt den färska sojabönan edamame. Vidare menar de att det ökande intresset för vegetabilisk kost utgör en möjlighet som i framtiden kan skapa en större efterfrågan på svensk soja. Resultatet visar också att jordbrukarnas beslutsfattande påverkas av det teoretiska ramverkets komponent attityd i störst utsträckning. / The Soybean is one of the world's most important protein crops and is used, among other things, for food and animal feed. The global demand for soy has led to large areas of land being exploited in a relatively short period of time. As there is no widespread soy cultivation or any processing plants for soy within Sweden today, soy is imported from other countries. To increase Sweden's degree of self-sufficiency and resilience in protein crops and food, legumes such as soy could be grown to a greater extent. Researchers believe that it is possible to grow soy in Sweden, but the interest from farmers is at the moment low. To find out whether the possibilities and challenges of establishing a commercial soybean cultivation in Sweden differs from a theoretical and practical stance, a qualitative method in the form of semi-structured interviews was conducted with both researchers and farmers. The Theory of Planned Behavior was used as a framework to gain a deeper understanding of which of the theory's components attitude, subjective norm and perceived control influences the farmers in their decision-making. The results from the study indicates that neither possibilities nor challenges differ significantly from a practical and theoretical stance. To begin with, both farmers and researchers believe that Swedish soy for animal feed can be excluded because it would not be able to compete, in terms of price, with the imported soy. In addition, they believe that the economic aspects and the Swedish climate are challenges. On the other hand, farmers and researchers believe that Swedish soy for food is an opportunity. It could create added value and thus be able to compete with the imported soy, especially the fresh soybean edamame. In addition, they believe that the growing interest in plant-based diets is an opportunity that in the future can create a greater demand for Swedish soy. The results also show that farmers' decision-making is, to a greater extent influenced by the component attitude, based on the theoretical framework.