In the wake of the guilty verdict of George Floyd’s murderer, police officer Derek Chauvin, there is hope for change in the pattern of police brutality against black people in the United States. The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas was published three years prior to George Floyd’s death, in 2017, and is a realistic fictional novel in the young adult genre that has gained attention for its relevant contribution in the debate of racism and police violence, as the fictional victim Khalil Harris, an unarmed black teenager, does not receive the same justice as George Floyd. In this essay, reader response to The Hate U Give is analysed in order to examine how it affects the opinions and worldview of the reader during and after the read. A close reading and analysis of pivotal scenes was carried out using affective stylistics, in order to interpret what the text does to the reader word-by-word, and subsequently the reader’s creation of meaning was examined and discussed. The reader’s response was then analysed with Stanley Fish’s theoretical framework of interpretive communities, groups with shared social norms and worldviews, which dictate how individuals create meaning in the first place. The analysis suggests that readers of The Hate U Give, while starting out in different, albeit to a certain extent similar, interpretive communities, will gradually align themselves with the interpretive community of Black Lives Matter through shared ideas and opinions and the increased understanding they develop when they read the novel.

Being able to generate predictions about what is going to happen next while observing other people’s actions plays a crucial role in our daily lives. Different theoretical explanations for the underlying processes of humans’ action prediction abilities have been suggested. Whereas an embodied account posits that predictive gaze relies on embodied simulations in the observer’s motor system, other accounts do not assume a causal role of the motor system for action prediction. The general aim of this thesis was to augment current knowledge about the functional mechanisms behind humans’ action prediction abilities. In particular, the present thesis outlines and tests an embodied account of action prediction. The second aim of this thesis was to extend prior action prediction studies by exploring infants’ online gaze during observation of social interactions. The thesis reports 3 eye-tracking studies that were designed to measure adults’ and infants’ predictive eye movements during observation of different manual and social actions. The first two studies used point-light displays of manual reaching actions as stimuli to isolate human motion information. Additionally, Study II used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to directly modify motor cortex activity. Study I showed that kinematic information from biological motion can be used to anticipate the goal of other people’s point-light actions and that the presence of biological motion is sufficient for anticipation to occur. Study II demonstrated that TMS-induced temporary lesions in the primary motor cortex selectively affected observers’ gaze latencies. Study III examined 12-month-olds’ online gaze during observation of a give-and-take interaction between two individuals. The third study showed that already at one year of age infants shift their gaze from a passing hand to a receiving hand faster when the receiving hand forms a give-me gesture compared to an inverted hand shape. The reported results from this thesis make two major contributions. First, Studies I and II provide evidence for an embodied account of action prediction by demonstrating a direct connection between anticipatory eye movements and motor cortex activity. These findings support the interpretation that predictive eye movements are driven by a recruitment of the observer’s own motor system. Second, Study III implicates that properties of social action goals influence infants’ online gaze during action observation. It further suggests that at one year of age infants begin to show sensitivity to social goals within the context of give-and-take interactions while observing from a third-party perspective.

本論文採用Traugott (2010)及Hopper and Traugott (2003)的語法化觀點，探討台灣華語「給我」、台灣閩南語「共我」、及台灣客語「摎ngai」句式在動前位置的祈使用法，主要分析產生此祈使用法的背後動因與機制，包含類推(analogy)、重新分析(reanalysis)、轉喻(metonymy)、語用強化(pragmatic strengthening)、及語言接觸(language contact)等概念。本論文的另一焦點為探討台灣華語「給我」的評價用法，此為台灣華語的新興用法，尚未見於台灣閩南語及台灣客語中。本研究將提出，語法化、主觀性(subjectivity)、及主觀化(subjectification)能闡釋新興用法產生的動因與機制。 / This thesis aims to investigate the preverbal [gei wo], [ka gua], and [lau ngai] construction in Taiwan Mandarin, Taiwan Southern Min, and Taiwan Hakka. The original meaning of these constructions presents beneficial meaning, but they can also frequently appear in imperative constructions. While the extant literature has discussed the pragmatic functions of the imperative meaning, why and how the imperative meaning emerges is still unexplored. Aspects of grammaticalization are adopted (cf. Traugott 2010; Hopper and Traugott 2003). To elaborate how and why the imperative meaning emerges, syntactic and semantic mechanisms and their motivations are proposed. The other issue of the thesis aims to explore the newly emergent evaluative [gei wo] construction in Taiwan Mandarin. In addition to mechanisms and motivation for its development, the notion of subjectivity and subjectification plays a crucial role to account for the motivation for the emergence of the construction in question. Overall, this thesis illuminates the notion that the emergence of special constructions can derive from their original constructions through cognitive and functional foundation.

At present and in this country, the concept of spiritual support, pastoral support, or spiritual rehabilitation of the sick is not entirely clear, both in terms of the content and form. Despite this vagueness, spiritual support of the sick forms an inseparable part of so-called holistic, i.e., comprehensive approach to care for human beings. In any case, this type of care is not linked to any religious denomination; rather, we have to understand it as assistance in the area of finding one{\crq}s way (orientation) in the sense of valuating one{\crq}s reality. Namely, patients often seek a spiritual person, be it s professional or layman, who specializes in spiritual rehabilitation. Even patients who claim to be atheist or agnostic need to discuss problems of existential or philosophical nature, which they are unable to find the answer for by themselves. Sometimes, they wish to address issues that had been hidden, while they were enjoying good health, as supposedly "superfluous issues", but due to their sickness, they came to the surface and the patients are short of answers and unable to deal with them. The Master{\crq}s Thesis is divided into two parts: The first, theoretical part focuses on forms and solutions of spiritual rehabilitation, whereas the second part contains statistical comparisons of approaches, opinions, and attitudes on these issues on the part of medical personnel working in hospices and other facilities. In this Thesis, the above can be summed up into three basic factors: 1) Pastoral medicine offered as one of the options for those who are gravely ill or dying and seek "spiritual rehabilitation" and fulfillment of their spiritual desires; 2) Facilitation of access to information on the interaction of medical fields of specialty and psychology with spiritual guidance; 3) Documentation of the spectrum of opinions and experience that individual medical workers have about spiritual rehabilitation.

A presente dissertação tem como foco de interesse empírico a procura e a construção de relações solidárias que começaram a gestar-se a partir da constituição de Agenda Colômbia-Brasil. Neste trabalho, indaga-se acerca dos modos em que narrativas sobre o conflito social e político na Colômbia derivaram em discussões que, por sua vez, permitiram imaginar relações solidárias entre contextos políticos diferentes. Portanto, esta investigação procura estabelecer como determinadas ações emocionais terminaram constituindo um processo político solidário que, em consequência, terminou por atar as experiências de sujeitos que haviam migrado ao Brasil com aquelas de militantes brasileiros de partidos políticos e movimentos sociais. Do mesmo modo, pergunta-se pelos cenários de emergência deste tipo de organização política e pelo seu posicionamento num espaço político transnacional. Na presente dissertação entende-se, portanto, que tal posicionamento dá-se no marco de uma enunciação baseada na prática de “dar a conhecer” um determinado contexto de conflito. Indaga-se, desta forma, sobre a memória e a topografia que esta memória enuncia no que diz respeito ao conflito social e político colombiano percebido a partir de um espaço político como o brasileiro. / This discertation has its focus on the empiric interest of the search and the construction of the solidary relationships that were built as a result of the Agênda Colômbia-Brasil constitution. This text inquires the way in which due to the narratives related with social and political conflicto in Colombia discussions about solidary relationships between different political contexts. This work tries to stablish how emotional actions lead to solidary potical process which knotted in the same time experiences on brazilian militans and migrants of differetn political parties and political movements. In the same way this work claims for the emergency escenarios of this type of political organization and its positioning on a transnational political space. This work understands that this positioning occurs from stablishing a conceptual framework of enunciation based on the practice “give out” a determines context of the conflicto. Investigates in the memory and what it enunciates about the social and political conflicto in Colombia from an space as brazilian is. / La presente disertación tiene como foco de interés empírico la búsqueda y construcción de relaciones solidarias que se dieron a partir de la constitución de Agênda Colômbia-Brasil. Este trabajo indagaba sobre las formas en cómo por medio de narrativas sobre el conflicto social y político en Colombia se crearon discusiones que permitieron imaginar relaciones solidarias entre contextos políticos diferentes. Se apunta, en la presente disertación, a establecer cómo las acciones emocionales desembocaron en un proceso político solidario que, a su vez, anudo experiencias de sujetos migrantes al Brasil y de militantes brasileros de partidos y movimientos políticos. Del mismo modo, este trabajo se pregunta por los escenarios de emergencia de este tipo de organización política y su posicionamiento en un espacio político transnacional. Este trabajo entiende que ese posicionamiento se da a partir de establecer un marco de enunciación basado en la práctica de «dar a conocer» un determinado contexto de conflicto. Indaga, por lo tanto, en la memoria y la topografía que esa memoria enuncia acerca del conflicto social y político en Colombia desde un espacio como el Brasilero.

This study examines how racism and police brutality are illustrated in The hate U give and Dear Martin, which are two bestselling novels that emphasize the importance of resistance, and willingness to fight back against abuse of power and the oppression of African Americans in the US. Through the use of critical discourse analysis, power structures and race relations in the US are analyzed by means of postcolonial and power theory as well as by means of narrative theory. Moreover, the textual elements that are of importance to the analysis are the study of characters, motives and themes, specifically how the characters are affected by harmful stereotypes and forced into silence by the legal system in an attempt to justify police brutality. The analysis presented here indicates a colonial discourse, where the power structures in America are designed to work against African Americans. The characters’ actions and reactions to police brutality and oppression are therefore of importance in my study to depict how the novels creates a meaning for resistance and for finding a way for “the other” to be heard. My conclusion is that the characters’ voices are their weapons against police brutality, abuse of power, and oppression. To fight with one’s voice is to prove the stereotype, “thug”, wrong about African Americans, a stereotype that is often used by the police and the media to justify police brutality.

Submitted by Daniele Amaral (daniee_ni@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-20T17:03:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAPR.pdf: 3132789 bytes, checksum: 6b6f2ec0e10cd93b5a4a9a82a65265ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-11-08T18:41:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAPR.pdf: 3132789 bytes, checksum: 6b6f2ec0e10cd93b5a4a9a82a65265ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-11-08T18:41:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAPR.pdf: 3132789 bytes, checksum: 6b6f2ec0e10cd93b5a4a9a82a65265ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-08T18:41:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAPR.pdf: 3132789 bytes, checksum: 6b6f2ec0e10cd93b5a4a9a82a65265ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This PhD thesis starts from the observation of constructions with the verb dar in Brazilian Portuguese and it proposes an analysis and classification of these constructions. The analysis of all constructions found in corpus is systematic and consistent, based on Transformational Grammar (HARRIS, 1964) and on Lexicon-Grammar approach (GROSS, 1975; GROSS, 1981). Both theories adopt formal and experimental criteria to make reproducible the identification of base sentences and the classification of constructions with the verb dar. The classification was based on structural and syntactic properties, leading to four classes or categories: (i) full verb or distributional verb, from which 8 verbal senses could be identified; (ii) causative operator verb, whose constructions could be subclassified in 4 groups, depending on the semantic type of the predicative noun; (iii) the verb as a fixed element, in idioms or in proverbs; and (iv) support verb, which is selected by a predicative noun. The first part of this thesis analyzes the constructions with the verb dar as a full verb, as a causative operator verb and as a fixed verb. The second part of this thesis debribes the support verb constructions (SVC), which are formed by the support verb dar (Vsup) and the predicative noun (Npred). This description is extensive, considering all the occurrences in the corpus adopted and identifying the main formal, distributional and transformational SVC properties. These properties were described and formalized in a Lexicon-Grammar table, which is a binary matrix: each line corresponds to a lexical entry (Npred) and each column corresponds to a syntactic property of the construction. In the intersection between each line and each column, we sign “+” or “-”, respectively, if the property is verified or not. The third part of the thesis presents an automatic syntactic analysis of SVC, by using an approach based in dependency rules between its constituents. The rules are automatically generated from the L-G matrix data and, then, those rules are used by the parser in order to extract the dependency between the Npred and the Vsup. Thus, this work aims to advance the state of the art of the general verbal classification in Portuguese and Automatic Processing of Natural Languages, to contribute to the development of computational-lexical resources (the Lexicon-Grammar of nominal constructions) and with automatic parsing. / Esta tese parte da observação das construções com o verbo dar em corpus em Português Brasileiro e propõe uma análise e classificação dessas construções, de forma sistemática e consistente, com base na Gramática Transformacional de operadores (HARRIS, 1964; HARRIS, 1978) e no modelo teórico-metodológico do Léxico-Gramática (GROSS, 1975; GROSS, 1981). Ambas as teorias adotam critérios formais/estruturais e procedimentos experimentais reprodutíveis para a identificação das frases de base e que adotamos para a classificação das construções com o verbo dar. A classificação dessas construções foi baseada em suas estruturas e propriedades sintáticas, tendo sido identificadas quatro categorias ou tipos de construções fundamentais em que esse verbo ocorre: (i) verbo pleno (distribucional), de onde se identificam 8 sentidos diferentes; (ii) verbo-operador causativo; (iii) o verbo constituinte de uma frase fixa, seja em expressões cristalizadas seja em provérbios; e (iv) verbo-suporte, um tipo particular de auxiliar que é selecionado por um nome predicativo. A primeira parte da tese analisa os três primeiros tipos sintático-semânticos do verbo dar (pleno, causativo e fixo). A segunda parte da tese analisa e descreve as construções com verbo-suporte (CVS), formadas pelo verbo-suporte (Vsup) dar e um nome predicativo (Npred). Essa descrição é sistemática, buscando recensear o máximo possível de construções em corpus e identificando as principais propriedades formais, distribucionais e transformacionais das CVS. As propriedades são formalizadas por meio de uma matriz de dados, a qual representa de maneira compacta a informação linguística relevante para a descrição dessas construções. A terceira parte da tese apresenta uma proposta de análise sintática automática das CVS, usando uma abordagem baseada em regras de dependência entre seus constituintes. As regras são geradas automaticamente a partir das informações constantes na matriz do L-G e, em seguida, são usadas pelo analisador sintático automático para extrair uma dependência entre o Npred e o Vsup ao identificar a CVS. Assim, este trabalho objetiva avançar o estado da arte da classificação geral dos verbos em Português e do Processamento Automático de Línguas Naturais, no sentido de contribuir com o desenvolvimento de recursos léxico-computacionais (o Léxico-Gramática das construções nominais) para a tarefa de análise sintática automática.

A presente dissertação tem como foco de interesse empírico a procura e a construção de relações solidárias que começaram a gestar-se a partir da constituição de Agenda Colômbia-Brasil. Neste trabalho, indaga-se acerca dos modos em que narrativas sobre o conflito social e político na Colômbia derivaram em discussões que, por sua vez, permitiram imaginar relações solidárias entre contextos políticos diferentes. Portanto, esta investigação procura estabelecer como determinadas ações emocionais terminaram constituindo um processo político solidário que, em consequência, terminou por atar as experiências de sujeitos que haviam migrado ao Brasil com aquelas de militantes brasileiros de partidos políticos e movimentos sociais. Do mesmo modo, pergunta-se pelos cenários de emergência deste tipo de organização política e pelo seu posicionamento num espaço político transnacional. Na presente dissertação entende-se, portanto, que tal posicionamento dá-se no marco de uma enunciação baseada na prática de “dar a conhecer” um determinado contexto de conflito. Indaga-se, desta forma, sobre a memória e a topografia que esta memória enuncia no que diz respeito ao conflito social e político colombiano percebido a partir de um espaço político como o brasileiro. / This discertation has its focus on the empiric interest of the search and the construction of the solidary relationships that were built as a result of the Agênda Colômbia-Brasil constitution. This text inquires the way in which due to the narratives related with social and political conflicto in Colombia discussions about solidary relationships between different political contexts. This work tries to stablish how emotional actions lead to solidary potical process which knotted in the same time experiences on brazilian militans and migrants of differetn political parties and political movements. In the same way this work claims for the emergency escenarios of this type of political organization and its positioning on a transnational political space. This work understands that this positioning occurs from stablishing a conceptual framework of enunciation based on the practice “give out” a determines context of the conflicto. Investigates in the memory and what it enunciates about the social and political conflicto in Colombia from an space as brazilian is. / La presente disertación tiene como foco de interés empírico la búsqueda y construcción de relaciones solidarias que se dieron a partir de la constitución de Agênda Colômbia-Brasil. Este trabajo indagaba sobre las formas en cómo por medio de narrativas sobre el conflicto social y político en Colombia se crearon discusiones que permitieron imaginar relaciones solidarias entre contextos políticos diferentes. Se apunta, en la presente disertación, a establecer cómo las acciones emocionales desembocaron en un proceso político solidario que, a su vez, anudo experiencias de sujetos migrantes al Brasil y de militantes brasileros de partidos y movimientos políticos. Del mismo modo, este trabajo se pregunta por los escenarios de emergencia de este tipo de organización política y su posicionamiento en un espacio político transnacional. Este trabajo entiende que ese posicionamiento se da a partir de establecer un marco de enunciación basado en la práctica de «dar a conocer» un determinado contexto de conflicto. Indaga, por lo tanto, en la memoria y la topografía que esa memoria enuncia acerca del conflicto social y político en Colombia desde un espacio como el Brasilero.

A presente dissertação tem como foco de interesse empírico a procura e a construção de relações solidárias que começaram a gestar-se a partir da constituição de Agenda Colômbia-Brasil. Neste trabalho, indaga-se acerca dos modos em que narrativas sobre o conflito social e político na Colômbia derivaram em discussões que, por sua vez, permitiram imaginar relações solidárias entre contextos políticos diferentes. Portanto, esta investigação procura estabelecer como determinadas ações emocionais terminaram constituindo um processo político solidário que, em consequência, terminou por atar as experiências de sujeitos que haviam migrado ao Brasil com aquelas de militantes brasileiros de partidos políticos e movimentos sociais. Do mesmo modo, pergunta-se pelos cenários de emergência deste tipo de organização política e pelo seu posicionamento num espaço político transnacional. Na presente dissertação entende-se, portanto, que tal posicionamento dá-se no marco de uma enunciação baseada na prática de “dar a conhecer” um determinado contexto de conflito. Indaga-se, desta forma, sobre a memória e a topografia que esta memória enuncia no que diz respeito ao conflito social e político colombiano percebido a partir de um espaço político como o brasileiro. / This discertation has its focus on the empiric interest of the search and the construction of the solidary relationships that were built as a result of the Agênda Colômbia-Brasil constitution. This text inquires the way in which due to the narratives related with social and political conflicto in Colombia discussions about solidary relationships between different political contexts. This work tries to stablish how emotional actions lead to solidary potical process which knotted in the same time experiences on brazilian militans and migrants of differetn political parties and political movements. In the same way this work claims for the emergency escenarios of this type of political organization and its positioning on a transnational political space. This work understands that this positioning occurs from stablishing a conceptual framework of enunciation based on the practice “give out” a determines context of the conflicto. Investigates in the memory and what it enunciates about the social and political conflicto in Colombia from an space as brazilian is. / La presente disertación tiene como foco de interés empírico la búsqueda y construcción de relaciones solidarias que se dieron a partir de la constitución de Agênda Colômbia-Brasil. Este trabajo indagaba sobre las formas en cómo por medio de narrativas sobre el conflicto social y político en Colombia se crearon discusiones que permitieron imaginar relaciones solidarias entre contextos políticos diferentes. Se apunta, en la presente disertación, a establecer cómo las acciones emocionales desembocaron en un proceso político solidario que, a su vez, anudo experiencias de sujetos migrantes al Brasil y de militantes brasileros de partidos y movimientos políticos. Del mismo modo, este trabajo se pregunta por los escenarios de emergencia de este tipo de organización política y su posicionamiento en un espacio político transnacional. Este trabajo entiende que ese posicionamiento se da a partir de establecer un marco de enunciación basado en la práctica de «dar a conocer» un determinado contexto de conflicto. Indaga, por lo tanto, en la memoria y la topografía que esa memoria enuncia acerca del conflicto social y político en Colombia desde un espacio como el Brasilero.

Angie Thomas’ The Hate U Give is a young adult novel that covers controversial topics such as racism and police violence. In this essay, the concept of immersion is used to examine how the novel and its 2018 film counterpart adaptation differ in examining these topics. I claim that the film and novel versions operate through different methods of immersion. The novel mainly operates by immersion through characterization, while the film often prioritizes immersion through setting. In both cases, references are used to create immersion by grounding the novel within real historical eventhappenings and relevant contemporary discourse. Furthermore, this essay shows that highlighting factors of immersion, history, and contemporary discourse, while working with adaptation in practice, can lead to a more productive way of working with racially aware literature in the EFL classroom.