Os objetivos da dissertação foram investigar (a) os efeitos dos focos interno e externo de atenção na aprendizagem de habilidades motoras em função da automatização (experimento 1) e (b) se os efeitos do foco externo de atenção seriam dependentes daqueles do foco interno anteriores na instrução (experimento 2) e na aquisição (experimento 3). Nos três experimentos a tarefa foi a tacada putter do golfe e os participantes foram adultos jovens de ambos os sexos. A quantidade de tentativas na fase de aquisição também foi igual para os experimentos (100 tentativas). O experimento 1 envolveu dois grupos (foco interno e foco externo), sendo que metade de cada um, ao final da fase de aquisição e no teste de retenção foi testada com uma tarefa distratora. Os resultados mostraram que nenhum grupo alcançou a automatização e, por conseguinte, não aprenderam. O experimento 2 envolveu 4 grupos, sendo dois de foco interno e dois de foco externo na fase de aquisição. A diferença entre os grupos de igual foco esteve na instrução prévia, ou seja, um grupo de cada foco recebeu foco interno durante a instrução. Um outro aspecto do delineamento de experimento foi a utilização de testes de transferência e retenção. Os resultados mostraram aprendizagem apenas para o grupo de foco interno na instrução e foco externo na fase de aquisição. No experimento 3, ao invés de o foco interno ser dado na instrução para um grupo de foco interno e outro de foco externo, ele ocorreu na fase de aquisição. Verificou-se que somente o grupo com foco interno anteriormente ao foco externo na aquisição demonstrou aprendizagem / The objectives of the dissertation were to investigate (a) the effects of internal and external foci of attention in learning motor skills due to automatisation (experiment 1) and (b) if the effects of external focus of attention would be dependent on those of previous internal focus instruction (experiment 2) and on acquisition (experiment 3). In the three experiments the task was the golf putter shot and the participants were young adults of both sexes. The number of attempts in the acquisition phase was also the same for the experiments (100 trials). The first experiment involved two groups (internal focus and external focus), and half of each, at the final phase of the acquisition and retention test was tested with a distracter task. The results showed that no group has achieved automaticity and therefore, they havent learned. The second experiment involved four groups, two of internal focus and two of external focus in the acquisition phase. The difference between the groups of equal focus was on previous instruction, i.e. one group of each focus received internal focus during previous instruction. Another aspect of the design of this experiment was the use of retention and transfer tests. The results showed learning only for the group with internal focus on instruction and external focus on the acquisition phase. In experiment 3, instead of the internal focus instruction being given to an internal and to an external focus group, it occurred in the acquisition phase. It was found that only the group with internal focus previous to the external focus in acquisition demonstrated learning

Os objetivos da dissertação foram investigar (a) os efeitos dos focos interno e externo de atenção na aprendizagem de habilidades motoras em função da automatização (experimento 1) e (b) se os efeitos do foco externo de atenção seriam dependentes daqueles do foco interno anteriores na instrução (experimento 2) e na aquisição (experimento 3). Nos três experimentos a tarefa foi a tacada putter do golfe e os participantes foram adultos jovens de ambos os sexos. A quantidade de tentativas na fase de aquisição também foi igual para os experimentos (100 tentativas). O experimento 1 envolveu dois grupos (foco interno e foco externo), sendo que metade de cada um, ao final da fase de aquisição e no teste de retenção foi testada com uma tarefa distratora. Os resultados mostraram que nenhum grupo alcançou a automatização e, por conseguinte, não aprenderam. O experimento 2 envolveu 4 grupos, sendo dois de foco interno e dois de foco externo na fase de aquisição. A diferença entre os grupos de igual foco esteve na instrução prévia, ou seja, um grupo de cada foco recebeu foco interno durante a instrução. Um outro aspecto do delineamento de experimento foi a utilização de testes de transferência e retenção. Os resultados mostraram aprendizagem apenas para o grupo de foco interno na instrução e foco externo na fase de aquisição. No experimento 3, ao invés de o foco interno ser dado na instrução para um grupo de foco interno e outro de foco externo, ele ocorreu na fase de aquisição. Verificou-se que somente o grupo com foco interno anteriormente ao foco externo na aquisição demonstrou aprendizagem / The objectives of the dissertation were to investigate (a) the effects of internal and external foci of attention in learning motor skills due to automatisation (experiment 1) and (b) if the effects of external focus of attention would be dependent on those of previous internal focus instruction (experiment 2) and on acquisition (experiment 3). In the three experiments the task was the golf putter shot and the participants were young adults of both sexes. The number of attempts in the acquisition phase was also the same for the experiments (100 trials). The first experiment involved two groups (internal focus and external focus), and half of each, at the final phase of the acquisition and retention test was tested with a distracter task. The results showed that no group has achieved automaticity and therefore, they havent learned. The second experiment involved four groups, two of internal focus and two of external focus in the acquisition phase. The difference between the groups of equal focus was on previous instruction, i.e. one group of each focus received internal focus during previous instruction. Another aspect of the design of this experiment was the use of retention and transfer tests. The results showed learning only for the group with internal focus on instruction and external focus on the acquisition phase. In experiment 3, instead of the internal focus instruction being given to an internal and to an external focus group, it occurred in the acquisition phase. It was found that only the group with internal focus previous to the external focus in acquisition demonstrated learning

Didelio meistriškumo golfo žaidėjų varžybinės veiklos ir fiziologinių poreikių ypatumai sąlygoja ne tik tokio meistriškumo golfo žaidėjų treniravimo modelius, bet ir sudaro galimybes modeliuoti jaunųjų golfo žaidėjų daugiametį rengimą. Nors rengiant jaunuosius golfo žaidėjus taikomos skirtingos žaidimo sąlygos (nešant, traukiant golfo krepšį ir važiuojant golfo mašinėle), tačiau jų poveikis žaidimo kokybei, judėjimo charakteriui ir funkciniam pajėgumui nėra apibrėžtas. Aktuali problema – kokie yra jaunųjų golfo žaidėjų varžybinės veiklos struktūros, lokomocinių ir fiziologinių poreikių ypatumai žaidžiant skirtingomis sąlygomis? Tyrimo objektas – jaunųjų golfo žaidėjų varžybinė veikla ir funkcinis pajėgumas. Tyrimo hipotezė – sunkėjant žaidimo sąlygoms didėja jaunųjų golfo žaidėjų fiziologiniai poreikiai ir kartu blogėja varžybinės veiklos rodikliai. Sunkėjančios žaidimo sąlygos sudaro galimybes gerinti jaunųjų golfo žaidėjų aerobines galias. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti ir įvertinti jaunųjų golfo žaidėjų varžybinės veiklos struktūros, lokomocinių ir fiziologinių poreikių ypatumus žaidžiant skirtingomis sąlygomis. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti jaunųjų golfo žaidėjų varžybinės veiklos struktūros, lokomocinių ir fiziologinių poreikių rodiklius žaidžiant skirtingomis sąlygomis. 2. Nustatyti ir įvertinti didesnio ir mažesnio meistriškumo jaunųjų golfo žaidėjų varžybinės veiklos struktūros, lokomocinių ir fiziologinių poreikių ypatumus. 3. Nustatyti ir įvertinti jaunųjų golfo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Sport performance indicators and physiological demands of elite golfers are fundamental factors, when youth golfers and their trainers compose training programs (models). Youth golfers practise and play under three different conditions (carrying golf bag, pulling golf bag and using golf power cart), but it is not known what influence these different conditions have on youth golfers’ peculiarities of their sport performance and physiological demands. The problem of the research: what are the peculiarities of the profile (structure) of sport performance and physiological demands in youth golfers? The object of the research was sport performance and physiological demands in selected youth golfers. The hypothesis of the research: youth golfers’ physiological demands will be higher, but sport performance indicators will be worse under more strenuous conditions. Training effect on youth golfers’ aerobic fitness will be higher under more strenuous conditions. The aim of the research was to determine and assess the peculiarities of sport performance and physiological demands in selected youth golfers under three different conditions. Objectives of the research: 1. To determine the sport performance and physiologicl demands indicators in selected youth golfers under three different conditions. 2. To determine and assess the sport performance and physiological demands peculiarities of different skills in selected youth golfers under three different conditions. 3. To determine and... [to full text]

Magistro darbe tiriama azotinių medžiagų dinamikos dėsningumai skirtingo amžiaus ir priežiūros sąlygų golfo laukų dirvožemiuose. Darbo objektas – seniai naudojamo ir naujai įrengto golfo laukų dirvožemiai. 2009-2010 m. laikotarpyje senojo golfo lauko (16 ha) dirvožemiams tręšti sunaudota 3303,2 kg ha-1, o naujojo golfo lauko (140 ha) dirvožemiams – 5006 kg ha-1 trąšų, t.y. 1,5 karto daugiau. Darbo rezultatai. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, kad vidutiniai suminiai (Nb) ir mineralinio azoto (Nmin) kiekiai tirtuose senojo ir naujojo golfo laukų dirvožemiuose buvo 2-2,6 karto didesni nei vidutiniškai Lietuvos dirvožemiuose ir kito nuo 0,11 % naujojo iki 0,19 % senojo golfo laukų dirvožemiuose. Nmin senojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje vidutiniškai sudarė 17,98 mg kg-1 arba 0,94 % bendrojo N kiekio (Nb+Nmin), o naujojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje – 13,58 mg kg-1 arba 1,22 % Nb+Nmin. Amonio azoto (NH4-N) senojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje nustatyta vidutiniškai 1,69 ± 0,91 mg kg-1 arba 9,4 % Nmin. Naujojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje NH4-N sudarė 8,5 % Nmin ir buvo statistiškai reikšmingai (p<0,05) mažiau negu senojo golfo lauko. Nitritų azotas (NO2-N) sudarė 1,91 % Nmin naujojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje ir 2,11 % senojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje (skirtumai nereikšmingi, p>0,05). Nitratų azoto (NO3-N) senojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje nustatyta 88,5 % Nmin, o naujojo golfo lauko dirvožemyje – 89,6 % Nmin , tačiau DLK (130 mg kg-1 pagal NO) neviršijo. Priklausomai nuo vegetacijos sezoniškumo senojo golfo lauko... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Dynamics of nitrogen substances in soil of golf courses of various age and management conditions are investigated in the Master’s Thesis. Object of the work – soils of long-used and newly installed golf courses. In the year 2009-2010 3303.2 kg ha-1 of fertilizers were used to fertilize the soils of the old golf course (16 ha) and 5006 kg ha-1 of fertilizers were used for the soils of the new golf course (140 ha). Results of the work. The research disclosed that total (Nb) and mineral nitrogen (Nmin) contents in the soils of investigated old and new golf courses were 2-2,6 times more than mean Lithuanian soil Nb contents and varied in the range 0.11-0.19% . The Nmin content in the soil of the old golf course was 17.98 mg kg-1 or 0.94% of the total amount of N (Nb + Nmin), while the amount in the soil of the new golf course was 13.58 mg kg-1 or 1.22% Nb+Nmin. The mean amount of ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) in the soil of the old golf course was 1.69 ± 0.91 mg kg-1 or 9.4%. NH4-N constituted 8.5% of the Nmin in the new golf course, and it was significantly less (p<0.05) than in the old one. The amount of nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N) constituted 1.91% of Nmin in the soil of the new golf course and 2.11% in the old golf course, but difference insignificant (p>0.05). Amount of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) in the soil of the old golf course constituted 88.5% of Nmin, and in the new golf course – 89.6%of Nmin, but it did not exceed the MPC (130 mg kg-1 according to NO) (HN 60:2004)... [to full text]

Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti įvairias golfo mosto kinematines charakteristikas, jų tarpusavio sąsajas ir ryšį su žaidėjų meistriškumu. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Palyginti mažo ir vidutinio meistriškumo golfo žaidėjų mosto kinematines charakteristikas smūgiuojant dviem skirtingomis lazdomis. 2. Nustatyti tirtų kinematinių rodiklių tarpusavio sąsajas ir ryšį su golfo žaidėjų meistriškumu. Rezultatai Mažo meistriškumo (MM) grupės medinės lazdos Nr. 1 (M1) galvutės greitis buvo 140,6 km/h, o vidutinio meistriškumo (VM) – 156,6 km/h. Mojant tiek geležine lazda Nr. 7 (G7), tiek M1 lazdomis VM grupės riešo ulnarinio lenkimo kampinio greičio vidurkiai buvo 1270,3 ir 1302,3 l./s atitinkamai, o MM – 1113,0 bei 1160,5 l./s. Taip pat mosto atgal fazių trukmė VM grupės smūgiuojant abiem lazdomis buvo ilgesnė, o mosto fazių santykiai didesni. Išvados: 1. Smūgiuojant medine lazda Nr. 1 vidutinio meistriškumo grupės atstovų reikšmingai didesnis buvo lazdos galvutės greitis, riešo ulnarinio lenkimo kampinis greitis, smūgiuoto kamuoliuko atstumas, mosto fazių santykis, patikimai ilgesnė mosto atgal fazės trukmė negu mažo meistriškumo golfininkų. 2. Smūgiuojant geležine lazda Nr. 7 vidutinio meistriškumo grupės atstovų patikimai didesnis buvo plaštakų greitis, riešo ulnarinio lenkimo kampinis greitis, smūgiuoto kamuoliuko atstumas, mosto fazių santykis, reikšmingai ilgesnė mosto atgal fazės trukmė. 3. Smūgiuojant geležine lazda Nr. 7 nustatytas stiprus teigiamas ryšys tarp nuokrypio nuo mosto... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim of the research – to indentify different golf swing kinematic indicators, interrelation between them and the correlation to the player's skill. Tasks of the research: 1. To compare the kinematic characteristics of swing of low and middle skill golfers with two different golf clubs. 2. To identify the interrelation among investigated kinematic parameters‘ interfaces and the correlation with the golfers’ skills. Results. Low skill group’s driver head speed was 140,6 km/h, and the average skill group’s ¬– 156,6 km/h. Swinging 7 iron and driver average skill group ulnar wrist flexion angular velocity averages were 1270,3 and 1302,3 d./sec, respectively, and low skill – 1113,0 and 1160,5 d./sec. Additionally backswing phase duration of average skill group with both clubs were longer and had bigger swing phase ratio. Conclusions: 1. Swing with driver were significantly higher in the average skill group in regards to the club‘s head speed, ulnar wrist flexion angular velocity, ball distance, swing phase ratio and significantly longer backswing phase duration in comparison to the low skill golfers. 2. Swing with 7 iron were significantly higher in the average skill group in regards to the hand speed, ulnar wrist flexion angular velocity, ball distance, swing phase ratio and significantly longer duration of the backswing phase. 3. Swing with the 7 iron club show a strong positive relation between the deviation from swing path and angle of the club head. During the swing with... [to full text]

En los últimos años se ha incrementado el interés por el estudio de los volcanes de fango ya que se ha demostrado su frecuente relación con hidrocarburos situados en profundidad. El Golfo de Cádiz, en él que se han descubierto más de 30 volcanes de fango, es una de las zonas más importantes para el estudio de los volcanes de fango y de los procesos sedimentarios, biológicos y bioquímicos asociados a estas estructuras. Relacionados con la actividad de estos volcanes se ha observado la formación de carbonatos autigénicos asociados a la presencia de metano en el sedimento. En esta Tesis Doctoral se presentan los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de carbonatos (costras, brechas y concreciones) pertenecientes a tres zonas del Golfo de Cádiz: la zona de Diasom, dónde se estudian concreciones de los montículos de fango Ibérico, Cornide y Arcos, la zona del Complejo de Volcanes de fango Hespérides (denominada en la presente tesis como Bosta), y el Escarpe Pen Duick, situado en el Complejo de Volcanes El Arraiche. El estudio de estos carbonatos nos ha proporcionado información sobre el origen del metano, ya sea termogénico o biogénico del Golfo de Cádiz, y los procesos bioquímicos implicados en la formación de estos carbonatos.Los objetivos generales definidos para esta tesis son: a) La caracterización de los procesos bioquímicos implicados en la génesis de los carbonatos; b) La identificación de los fluidos parentales de las costras, brechas y concreciones carbonatadas del Golfo de Cádiz, y c) La determinación del origen del metano asociado a la formación de estos carbonatos. Para poder alcanzar estos objetivos se definieron otros más concretos: a) El análisis de la morfología externa y estructuras internas de los carbonatos; b) La caracterización petrográfica, mineralógica y geoquímica de las muestras, c) La identificación de todos los productos diagenéticos (generaciones de cementos, porosidad), d) La datación de los carbonatos y de las generaciones de cementos diagenéticos con el objeto de establecer la secuencia paragenética, y e) La definición y caracterización de los estadios de precipitación observados en cada uno de los tipos de carbonato.Los principales minerales observados en los carbonatos del Golfo de Cádiz son calcita con bajo contenido en magnesio, calcita con alto contenido en magnesio, dolomita, dolomita ferruginosa, ankerita y como minerales accesorios óxidos de hierro (secundarios de pirita preexistente), barita y como componentes terrígenos cuarzo y feldespatos. La actividad biológica de organismos bioturbadores y de organismos bioerosionadores es el principal factor de control tanto para la morfología externa (concreciones de Diasom) como para la morfología o estructura interna (costras de Bosta y costras de Pen Duick) de estos carbonatos. El origen del metano implicado en la mayoría de los carbonatos estudiados del Golfo de Cádiz tiene un origen termogénico y solamente en el caso de las costras de Pen Duick y en escasas concreciones del montículo de fango Ibérico y Cornide (zona Diasom) se ha apreciado la influencia de metano biogénico. Los principales fluidos implicados son agua marina, agua marina modificada por la interacción de roca:agua y fluidos enriquecidos en 18O asociados a la desestabilización de hidratos de gas. La formación de los carbonatos estudiados se produjo a profundidades varias. La mayoría de ellos se formaron cerca de la interfase agua-sedimento, excepto en el caso las costras carbonáticas de Pen Duick, que se formaron en la zona de metanogénesis, lejos del sulfato marino y bajo la influencia de fluidos asociados a la desestabilización de hidratos de gas.PALABRAS CLAVE: Carbonatos antigénicos, volcanes de fango, golfo de Cádiz, Metano, Hidratos de gas, Desestabilización - hidratos de gas, Metanogénesis / PH.D. THESIS ABSTRACT "Origin of authigenic carbonates associated to mud volcanoes from the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain): influence of biochemical processes and destabilization of gas hydrates ".TEXT:During the last years, it has grown a progressive interest in the study of mud volcanoes, since it has been highlighted the recurrent relationship between these mud volcanoes and the presence of deep hydrocarbons. The Gulf of Cadiz, where more than 30 mud volcanoes have been discovered, is one of the most important zones to study the sedimentological, biological and biochemical processes related to these mud volcanoes. Authigenic carbonate formation has been related to the activity of the mud volcanoes, owing to the presence of methane.The present Ph.D. Thesis presents the results derived from the carbonate characterization (crusts, breccias and concretions) from three areas of the Gulf of Cadiz: Diasom zone (mud mounds concretions from Ibérico, Cornide and Arcos), Hespérides mud volcanoes complex zone (identified as Bosta in the present Ph.D. Thesis), and Pen Duick escarpment zone, located in El Arraiche mud volcanoes complex area. The characterization of the carbonate samples from these three zones has provided insights about the methane origin (thermogenic or biogenic) and the biochemical processes involved in their formation.The main goals of this Ph.D. Thesis are: a) characterization of the biochemical processes responsible of the carbonate formation, b) Identification of the parental fluids of the carbonate crusts, breccias and concretions present in the Gulf of Cadiz, and c) Determination of the methane origin responsible of the carbonate formation. In order to fully achieve these main goals, a number of more specific objectives have been established: a) External and internal morphological descriptions of the carbonate samples, b) Petrographical, mineralogical and geochemical characterization of the carbonate samples, c) Identification of all diagenetic products (cement generations, porosity), d) Radiometric dating of the carbonate samples and of the diagenetic cement generations in order to establish the paragenetic sequence, and e) Definition and characterization of the precipitation stages for the different carbonate types.

In competitive golf, the player’s ability to hit the ball a long distance affects the score in a positive way. Swing kinematics is considered an important factor in driver performance; one way of improving swing kinematics is through strength and power training. Subsequently, high-level golfers and their coaches often explore novel ways of increasing the distance of a shot, in particular driver carry distance (CD). This licentiate thesis presents two studies with the overall aim of studying how swing kinematic and physical characteristics are associated with driver performance among intercollegiate golf players. The studies report swing kinematics associated with driver performance (study 1) and the impact of isokinetic rotational training on driver performance and swing kinematic variables (study 2). The methods used were (1) a cross-sectional correlation study (n=15) and (2) an open trial intervention study (n=20). The studies investigated (1) the relationship between golf swing kinematics and driver performance, and (2) the impact of strength training on swing kinematics and driver performance variable. The results show variables that were distinctive for the club head speed (CHS) were mainly during the downswing: greater X-factor stretch; and higher pelvis peak speed. Whilst, factors distinctive to the regression model for CD were mainly at impact: reduced thorax rotation; and greater thorax lateral bend. Nine weeks of isokinetic training increased seated rotational force and power, peak arm speed and arm acceleration, ball speed, and CD more compared to isotonic training. Even though isokinetic training did not increase CHS, it did result in greater CD. This licentiate thesis contributes to the understanding of which variables influence driver performance, in particular CD, among high-level golfers. Segmental interactions (pelvis-thorax), lead arm speed and acceleration, isokinetic and isotonic training. These results may guide training interventions aiming to improve driver and golf performance among high-level golfers, particularly those with a background of strength training. Future studies could investigate how the interaction between swing kinematics, clubhead trajectory, and driver performance variables differ between male and female golfers.

Submitted by SAMARA AZEVEDO DE OLIVEIRA null (samaranematologia@gmail.com) on 2016-01-26T15:36:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira, S.A. Dissertação._pdf: 2425906 bytes, checksum: e8dd0c0a0c5a8d3577dc7b76b4e8f071 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-01-28T17:15:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_sa_me_bot.pdf: 2425906 bytes, checksum: e8dd0c0a0c5a8d3577dc7b76b4e8f071 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-28T17:16:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_sa_me_bot.pdf: 2425906 bytes, checksum: e8dd0c0a0c5a8d3577dc7b76b4e8f071 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O cultivo de gramas no Brasil está em expansão. O maior mercado consumidor de gramados é a indústria do esporte, principalmente campos de futebol e golfe. A qualidade do gramado nessas áreas esportivas é fundamental, principalmente quando se trata de campos de golfe, nos quais, qualquer imperfeição pode prejudicar o resultado do jogo. Os nematoides parasitos de plantas do gênero Meloidogyne, também conhecidos como nematoides formadores de galhas, são considerados os de maior importância econômica devido à intensidade dos danos que causam às plantas cultivadas. As principais espécies associadas às gramas em campos de golfe são M. graminicola, M. graminis, M. marylandi, M. naasi, M. minor e M. sasseri. No Brasil, a ocorrência de espécies de Meloidogyne associadas a gramas restringe-se aos relatos de Meloidogyne sp. em raízes de grama esmeralda (Zoysia japonica) no Estado do Paraná e M. graminicola em raízes de arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. No ano de 2006, a espécie M. graminis foi detectada pela primeira vez na América do Sul, parasitando raízes de grama Tifdwarf bermuda em campo de golfe na Venezuela. Até o momento esta espécie ainda não foi relatada no Brasil. Assim, o objetivo foi identificar o nematoide das galhas encontrado parasitando raízes de gramas de campos de golfe no Estado de São Paulo. Visando a correta diagnose dessa espécie, foram realizados estudos detalhados englobando o conceito de taxonomia integrativa, que incluiu estudos de morfologia, morfometria, biologia, estudos bioquímicos, moleculares e filogenéticos. Todas as análises realizadas confirmaram que a espécie presente nos campos de golfe das cidades de Araras e São Paulo - SP trata-se de M. graminis, que caracteriza o primeiro relato desta espécie no Brasil. / Currently, the grasses growing in Brazil is expanding. The biggest consumer market for lawns is the industry of sports, especially football and golf courses. The quality of the lawn in these sports areas is crucial, especially when it comes to golf courses, where any imperfection can prejudice the outcome of the game. The nematode parasites of plants of the genus Meloidogyne, also known the root-knot nematodes, are considered the most economically important because of the intensity of the damage they cause to crops. The main species associated with grasses on golf courses are M. graminicola, M. graminis, M. marylandi, M. naasi, M. minor and M.sasseri. In Brazil Meloidogyne sp. has been reported in esmerald grass roots (Zoysia japonica) in the State of Paraná. The species M. graminicola was detected in rice roots in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. In 2006 the species M. graminis, was first detected in South America parasitizing grass roots Tifdwarf shorts on golf course in Venezuela. So far this species has not been reported in Brazil. The objective of this project is to identify the root-knot nematodes found parasitizing roots of grasses of golf courses in the state of Sao Paulo. For this were carried out detailed studies of integrative taxonomy, including morphological and morphometric studies, biology, biochemical, molecular and phylogenetic. All analyzes have confirmed that the species in golf courses in São Paulo state is M. graminis, that characterized the first report of the species in Brazil.

From among all the presented financial tools the one which meets best the project requirements is the measure Rural development program {--} axis III. 1.3. Promotion of tourism, which implements the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development. As indicated by the title, the fund supports projects that may improve the quality of tourism in rural areas. The golf course is exactly the project that fits this category.

The aim of this thesis is to prepare a study on feasibility of the area of a golf course in Mikulov. The study will be used as a material for potential negotiations with a possible investor. Drawing up a budget and quotation a total price of the project implementation are also the parts of the study.