Thesis (Master of Military Studies)-Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. / Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Jan 12, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Master of Military Studies)-Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. / Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Jan 12, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Text in Afrikaans / This study aims to analyze the conflict resolution process in Zimbabwe after the Lancaster House Agreement and the subsequent elections from March 4, 1980 up until 2002. The objective is to determine what effect this process has had on all the people in Zimbabwe, both nationally and locally. It also endeavours to evaluate their attempts to transform from a violent culture of guerilla warfare, to an all-inclusive sustainable peaceful environment and culture. The reason for this specific time period of the study lies in the fact that the peace building process of the Zimbabwean conflict resolution process was supposed to be introduced during this time. This is the era during which the root of historic conflict, according to the peace building theory, has had to be transformed. It also implies the start of the implementation of the radical land reform process. From this perspective the following 5 key questions form the raison d‟être of the study and will be analyzed in the different chapters: 1. The requirements for sustainable peace, according to the conflict resolution and peace building theory, as developed by Galtung, Mitchell, Lederach, Burton and Anstey. 2. The characteristics of the historical conflict structure to be transformed during the post-1980 period. 3. An evaluation of the development of an all inclusive, multi-faceted and integrated program for the transformation of the historical conflict structure. 4. An evaluation of the international managers‟ contributions for laying the foundation for the integration of peace-making and the subsequent phases of the peace building process. It also questions the degree of reconciliation and peace building. 5. The lessons learnt from the Zimbabwean experience and its implications for conflict resolutions and peace implementation processes in Southern African societies. Included in this question is to seek clarification and to develop proposals about the roles and contributions of internal and external role players on all levels of society in such processes. Hence the conclusive finding that conflict resolution and peace building is an integrated multi-dimensional process. This conclusion is confirmed in the Zimbabwean situation. Conflict involves the entanglement of needs, unappeased perceptions and codes of conduct during the period of negotiations. In Zimbabwe the escalation and de-escalation of these influences are clearly observed. The evaluation and manipulation of the history of Zimababwe, of which the manipulation is still continuing, is harming the process of reconciliation and peace building. The absence of an inclusive raison d‟être for all parties involved (regarding differences and diversities on ethnical, social, economical and other levels) implies a strong escalating and de-escalating factor in the irreconcilability in Zimbabwe. The initiation of an integrated and multi-dimensional process, mechanism and framework of reconciliation and peace is strongly advised. This process, mechanism and framework has to have an integrated structure starting at international level (United Nations Peace Building Commission) decentralizing into regional, national, provincial and local government structures. The process and mechanism must be part of the establishment of conflict resolution and peace building as an generic management style and approach aimed at the political and governing processes of societies in transformation. This is especially important for the current Zimbabwean situation. / Die oogmerk van die studie is „n ontleding van die konflikresolusie-proses in Zimbabwe sedert die Lancaster House-ooreenkoms en die daaropvolgende verkiesings van 4 Maart 1980 tot en met die jaar 2002. Die doelstelling is om te bepaal in watter mate en op welke wyse, daar op alle vlakke van die gemeenskap nasionaal en op plaaslike vlak, gepoog is om die geweldskultuur, wat kenmerkend van die guerrilla-oorlog was, te transformeer tot „n volhoubare inklusiewe vredesomgewing en -kultuur. „n Primêre motivering vir die keuse van die bepaalde navorsingstydperk is dat dit veronderstel is om die vredebou-periode van die Zimbabwiese konflikresolusie-proses in te lui. Dit is die era waartydens die bronne van die historiese konflik, ooreenkomstig die vredebou-teorie, getransformeer moes word. Dit sluit ook die era in waartydens die eerste stappe van die radikale grondhervormingsproses geïmplementeer is. In die lig hiervan word die onderstaande 5 kernvraagstukke as raison d‟être van die studie op „n hoofstukbasis ondersoek: 1. Wat is die vereistes vir volhoubare vrede, ooreenkomstig die konflikresolusie- en vredebouteorie soos veral ontwikkel deur Galtung, Mitchell, Lederach, Burton en Anstey? 2. Wat was die kenmerke van die historiese konflikstruktuur wat in die post-1980- periode moes transformeer? 3. Het daar in die post-1980-periode „n inklusiewe, multi-vlakkige en geïntegreerde program vir die transformasie van die historiese konflikstruktuur, ontwikkel? 4. Het die internasionale bestuurders van die proses die grondslag gelê vir „n integrering van vredevestiging met die verdere fases van vredebou? In watter mate was versoening en vredebou enigsins „n prioriteit? Indien nie, waarom nie? 5. Watter lesse kan vanuit die Zimbabwiese ervaring geleer word wat kan bydra tot 'n beter begrip van praktiese konflikresolusie en vredebou-implementeringsprosesse in veral Suider-Afrikaanse gemeenskappe? Watter bydraes kan en moet interne en eksterne rolspelers speel? Voortspruitend hieruit word daar ook aanbevelings aan die hand gedoen oor die integrasie van internasionale en nasionale (eerste, tweede en derde vlakke) rolspelers in hierdie verband. Teen hierdie agtergrond word samevattend bevind dat konflikresolusie en vredebou, „n geïntegreerde multi-dimensionele en multi-vlakkige proses is. Vanuit die Zimbabwe situasie word bevind en bevestig dat konflik uit „n geïntegreerde wisselwerking van behoefte- en doel-onversoenbaarheidspersepsies met voort-spruitende konflikterende gesindhede en gedragspatroon-verskynsels, bestaan. Daar word ook aangetoon dat daar duidelike eskalerende en de-eskalerende invloede teenwoordig is. Daar is ook bevind dat die wyse hoe die geskiedenis van Zimbabwe evalueer en hanteer is en steeds word, die bou van versoening en langtermyn vrede benadeel. Die afwesigheid van „n inklusiewe raison d‟être wat alle rolspelers inbind tot een Zimbabwiese sentiment, ten spyte van diepliggende verskille en diversiteite op etniese, stam, sosiale, ekonomiese, klas en ander terreine, is „n sterk eskalerende faktor en gevolg in hierdie verband. Die loodsing van „n diepliggende en veelvlakkige versoeningsproses, sal die identifisering van sódanige sentiment – die aorta van Zimbabwe se konstruktiewe, volhoubare voortbestaan – as primêre samebindende prioriteit moet neem. Teen hierdie agtergrond word „n geïntegreede versoenings- en vredebou meganisme en raamwerk ontwikkel en voorgestel. „n Meganisme en proses wat multi-vlakkige deelname vanaf „n internasionale (United Nations Peace Building Commission) tot en met „n streeks, nasionale, provinsiale en plaaslike fokusvlak, verseker. „n Proses en meganisme wat ook deel uitmaak van die meer prominente vestiging en institusionalisering van konflikresolusie en vredebou as „n generiese bestuurstyl en program in die politieke en regeerprosesse in oorgangsamelewings, maar veral ook in die Zimbabwe situasie. / Political Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrika-Politiek)

A agricultura urbana encontra-se presente em diversas civilizações e períodos da História. Entretanto, é na segunda metade do século XX, no contexto dos movimentos contraculturais (com início nos anos 1960/1970), que ela se materializará enquanto resultado de ativismos urbanos, destacadamente via guerrilha verde/guerrilla gardening, ou seja, mediante ações em terrenos públicos ou privados sem permissão prévia. Com isso, hortas comunitárias se tornaram símbolos da luta pela reestruturação do espaço urbano e ampliaram as reflexões sobre a apropriação do espaço público, a origem e qualidade dos alimentos, a cooperação cidadã e o direito à cidade. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo principal melhor compreender a agricultura urbana enquanto expressão ativista, destacadamente na cidade de São Paulo, onde ela se tornou mais evidente a partir da segunda década do século XXI, sobretudo com a emergência da rede Hortelões Urbanos e com a materialização da Horta das Corujas (horta comunitária em praça pública no território da Subprefeitura de Pinheiros), que também ajudaram a impulsionar mudanças legislativas e na composição de conselhos participativos. A partir de um recorte histórico-temporal adequado, empreendeu-se uma análise referente às dinâmicas da metrópole; atentou-se à problemática socioambiental; e regataram-se diferentes conceituações de agricultura urbana, evidenciando suas múltiplas soluções para a questão urbana. A partir da metodologia da pesquisa-ação, desenvolveu-se, por fim, o estudo de caso da Horta das Corujas, apresentando os seus diferentes aspectos socioespaciais vividos e percebidos cotidianamente. Na utopia das revoluções tranquilas, a referida horta comunitária sinaliza outra maneira de se apropriar do espaço público e de viver a cidade, pautada na experiência comunitária de caráter solidário. / Urban agriculture can be found in different civilizations and historical periods. However, it was not until recent times, from the countercultural movements of the 1960s and 70s onwards, that it became associated with \"green guerrilla\" or \"guerrilla gardening\", an activity that includes political actions in publicly or privately-owned land without prior permission. The resulting community gardens came to symbolise the struggle for the re-organisation of the urban space, including the reflection on the uses of public space, the origin and quality of food, the citizens\' rights to cooperate and intervene in the city. This dissertation will focus on urban agriculture as an activist expression, notably in Sao Paulo city, where it has experienced a remarkable development in the last two decades, especially with the emergence of the \"Hortelões Urbanos\" (Urban Gardeners) network and the founding of the Corujas Community Garden on a public square in the subprefecture of Pinheiros, which has contributed to legislative changes and to the reorganisation of participatory councils. My approach will question the adequacy of the historical approach, proposing instead an analysis based on the dynamics of the metropolis, the evaluation of environmental problems and of the different concepts of urban agriculture. Multiple solutions to urban issues will be suggested along the way. Guided by the methodology of the action research, the last section will be devoted to the case study of the Corujas Community Garden, giving pride of place to its socio-spatial aspects as perceived in daily life. I will conclude by addressing the utopia of the \"peaceful revolution\", i.e., the possibility that community gardens can provide a better kind of relationship with the public space and urban life, based on the communal sharing of assets and experiences.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-03-30T18:47:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RICARDO PEREZ PEREZ.pdf: 927867 bytes, checksum: 62378977001364fbf71dd1b1d1d76954 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T18:47:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RICARDO PEREZ PEREZ.pdf: 927867 bytes, checksum: 62378977001364fbf71dd1b1d1d76954 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-01 / The present study is based on an analysis of the intellectual trajectory of Carlos Marighella. Consequently, the construction and ideological line adopted by the ALN, one of the most important guerrilla organizations formed in Brazil after the 1964 civilmilitary coup. Therefore, the established sieve essentially included the writings of Carlos Marighella, founder and leader of the aforementioned revolutionary organization. The incendiary combined the dynamism of practical revolutionary with an intense literary production. Marighella's writings merge with the nature of the leftist guerrilla organization - the ALN - in which the whole ideological and doctrinal structure is initiated, including "organizational principles," "tactical principles," and "strategic principles." Then, it is possible to highlight, in the process of maturity of its texts, the theoretical, ideological and practical construction proposed by Marighella for the ALN that will converge in the action as guiding principle of the organization, bringing to the surface the sui generis contribution of its ideas to the Revolutionary left. The period comprised by the research began in 1948 when party teaching debates initiated due illegality that the Brazilian Communist Party had initiated and ended in 1969 with the assassination of Carlos Marighella for military repression. / O presente trabalho debruça-se numa análise sobre a trajetória intelectual de Carlos Marighella. Ilumina-se, consequentemente, a construção e linha ideológica adotada pela ALN, uma das mais importantes organizações guerrilheiras formadas no Brasil após o golpe civil-militar de 1964. Para tanto, o crivo estabelecido, essencialmente, abarcou os escritos de Carlos Marighella, fundador e líder da organização revolucionária citada. O guerrilheiro conjugou o dinamismo de revolucionário prático a uma produção literária intensa. Os escritos de Marighella fundem-se à natureza da organização guerrilheira de esquerda – a ALN –, neles, toda a estrutura ideológica e doutrinária é lançada, incluindo os ―princípios organizativos‖, os ―princípios táticos‖ e os ―princípios estratégicos‖. Com isso, é possível evidenciar, no processo de maturidade de seus textos, a construção teórica, ideológica e prática proposta por Marighella para a ALN que convergirá na ação como princípio norteador da organização, trazendo à superfície a contribuição sui generis de suas ideias para a esquerda revolucionária brasileira. O período abrangido pela pesquisa inicia-se em 1948 quando dos debates de direcionamento partidário inaugurados devido à ilegalidade que o Partido Comunista Brasileiro fora lançado e finaliza-se em 1969 com o assassinato de Carlos Marighella pela repressão militar.

konsumenterna för att kunna tränga igenom ett samhälle starkt präglat av mediebrus. Deträcker inte att öka frekvensen av reklam då konsumenter visar en allmän reklamtrötthet. Dentraditionella marknadsföringen har tappat sin effekt och nya marknadsföringsmetoder, såsomgerillamarknadsföring, har vuxit fram. Genom annorlunda metoder kommunicerargerillamarknadsföraren med mottagaren med målet att nå maximal effekt med minimalaresurser. Denna metod har främst tillämpats i små och mellanstora företag, medan störreföretag tenderar att förbli mindre innovativa i sin marknadsföring. Däremot finns det brist påforskning som visar att gerillamarknadsföringen är tillräckligt effektiv trots sina kreativametoder. Studien undersökte således hur kombinationen av traditionell marknadsföring ochgerillamarknadsföring kan användas som ett alternativ i större företag. Studien syftade till attöka förståelsen för hur större företag kan lyckas med att kombinera dessa två metoder. Dennafallstudie undersökte på vilket sätt kreativitet, trovärdighet och budskap framkom genomkampanjen Nyöppning i Mobilia för en nyöppnad Willys stormarknad i centrala Malmöhösten 2013. De använda metoderna, semistrukturerade intervjuer samt fokusgrupper,kompletterade varandra. Uppsatsen byggde på teorier om konsumentbeteende som rördekreativitet och trovärdighet, den traditionella marknadsföringsmixen samtgerillamarknadsföringens kommunikationsverktyg. I analysen jämfördes empirin med denteoretiska analysmodellen och sökte efter framträdande mönster och nya upptäckter. Detframkom att trovärdighet bygger på långsiktighet och kan inte enbart formas utifrån ettkortare och tidsbegränsat kampanjsamarbete. Slutsatsen var att denna alternativamarknadsföringsform inte har lyckats tränga fram genom bruset som ett resultat av enmisslyckad integration. Studien visade att Willys hade svårt att vara innovativa i sinmarknadsföringskampanj som ett resultat av rädslan att förlora sin befintliga plats hoskonsumenterna. Dessutom kopplades Willys begränsning till svårigheten att härleda källan tillutfallet då Willys syns i flera kanaler simultant. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

Företag inom modebranschen står i dag inför en ökande konkurrenssituation. På grund av globaliseringen och interaktionen mellan kunder över internet, är konsumenterna idag mer medvetna än tidigare. Den största faktorn bakom den nya medvetenheten är den generation av unga människor som växt upp i en digitaliserad värld, benämnd som Generation Y. Företag får kämpa för att få konsumenternas uppmärksamhet och situationen beskrivs som ett marknadsföringskrig. Många marknadsförare misslyckas med att nå fram till konsumenterna med traditionella marknadsföringsverktyg som; reklam, PR, direktmarknadsföring och personlig försäljning. För att få uppmärksamhet av kunderna, undkomma det pågående mediebruset och differentiera sig på marknaden, tvingas företag att bli mer kreativa och aggressiva i sin marknadsföring. Vissa av de här kreativa aktiviteterna är kända som okonventionell marknadsföring. Ämnet är brett, men några av de viktigaste aspekterna är gerilla, viral och stealth marknadsföring. Gerilla marknadsföring är allmänt känt som okonventionella sätt att få företagens ord ut på gatorna. I gerilla marknadsföring ses allt som en reklambakgrund. Viral marknadsföring är känt som onlineversionen av word-of-mouth marknadsföring. Sociala medier som Facebook och bloggar, gör att informationsutbytet mellan användare går snabbt. Stealth marknadsföring är ett sätt att marknadsföra där avsändaren är okänd för kunderna. Vi ställer oss frågande till om det verkligen är så enkelt för ett företag att, med hjälp av okonventionell marknadsföring, skapa uppmärksamhet hos konsumenter. Det har lett oss in på vår frågeställning, som är att undersöka vad okonventionell marknadsföring har för påverkan, samt vilka attityder och beteenden metoden kan generera hos Generation Y. Vi har även valt att studera hur svenska moderelaterade företag på bästa vis kan använda sig av okonventionella marknadsföringsmetoder. Vi kom fram till följande resultat: Konsumenter uppfattar den här typen av marknadsföring som mer påtaglig och interagerande, jämförelsevis med traditionella medier. Faktorer som påverkar effekten av metoderna är konsumentens tidigare upplevelser och referenser. Då konsumenten från början hade en positiv eller en negativ attityd gentemot företaget, förstärktes attityden efter en okonventionell kampanj. Det var särskilt tydligt när det handlade om stealth marknadsföring. Viral marknadsföring kan vara mer lämplig för Generation Y, jämförelsevis med andra generationer, eftersom de generellt sett har mer internetvana. Okonventionell marknadsföring skapar starkare attityder och ger upphov till mer word-of-mouth, jämfört med traditionell marknadsföring. Det finns dock en risk att okonventionell marknadsföring inte leder till ett positivt köpbeteende hos konsumenten. Därför bör okonventionella kampanjer kompletteras med en mer säljdriven marknadskanal. Det innefattar dock inte modebloggar, eftersom att den kanalen räknas som mer säljfokuserad. Undersökningen visar att modereklamen ofta betraktas som traditionell och ointressant. Företagen kan då använda de här typerna av marknadsföringsmetoder för att differentiera sig från sina konkurrenter. Två faktorer är av stor betydelse i genomförandet av dessa strategier; kunskap om sin målgrupp och att ha en samstämmande image och kommunikation. Då ett företags kommunikation inte överensstämmer med hur konsumenten förväntar sig, kan det skada företaget. Vi kom även till slutsatsen att just gerilla är särskilt lämpligt för att sprida kunskap om nya eller små företag. Det är även lättare för små och trendiga företag att implementera de här metoderna, då det ofta förväntas av deras målgrupp att deras marknadskommunikation skall vara innovativ.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo estudar a trajetória do Grupo de Osasco, grupo que reunia operários, estudantes e estudantes-operários. Para o desenvolvimento de nosso projeto utilizaremos fontes documentais provenientes de inquéritos policiais e material produzido pelas organizações revolucionárias (periódicos, manifestos, programas). Estes documentos são encontrados em arquivos como o Arquivo do Estado de São Paulo e o Centro de Documentação e Memória da UNESP (CEDEM). Também trabalharemos com História Oral, com base em depoimentos colhidos com personalidades que estiveram diretamente envolvidas com os eventos analisados em minha pesquisa. O recorte cronológico abrangerá o período que vai de 1966, início das atividades políticas do Grupo de Osasco, até 1971, quando praticamente todos os seus membros estavam exilados, presos ou mortos. Em setembro de 1971 tomba a última grande liderança remanescente de Osasco, José Campos Barreto, juntamente com Carlos Lamarca, no sertão da Bahia. Ao longo da segunda metade da década de sessenta, o Grupo de Osasco foi o principal movimento de esquerda nesta cidade. Em meados de 1968 dominava o movimento estudantil local, reunido em torno do CEO; dominava o sindicato dos metalúrgicos, e expandia sua influência a outras categorias através da criação de comissões de fábrica, mecanismo de representação que articulava os trabalhadores pela base, a margem do sindicato. Possuíam um vereador e vários representantes seus nas secretárias municipais. Pouco antes do AI-5, este grupo estava organizando associações de bairro sob sua influência, e nessas associações ministravam cursos de marxismo para populares. Coube ao Grupo de Osasco a organização da greve de julho de 1968, que se somou a onda de manifestações anti-ditadura que sacudiram o país. A repressão pós greve de julho jogou praticamente todos os militantes do Grupo de Osasco na clandestinidade, e estes acabaram por se integrar a VPR e partiram para a luta armada. / This research aims to study the trajectory of the Group of Osasco, group bringing together workers, students and student-workers. For development of our project will use documentary sources from of police investigations and material produced by organizations revolutionary (journals, manifestos, programs). These documents are found in archives and the Archive of State of São Paulo and the Documentation Center and Memorial of UNESP (CEDEM) . Also work with oral history, based on testimonies gathered with personalities who were directly involved in the events analyzed in my research. The outline will cover the chronological period from 1966, beginning of political activities of the Group of Osasco, until 1971, when virtually all of its members were exiled, imprisoned or killed. In September 1971 falls the last great remaining leadership of Osasco, Joseph Campos Barreto, along with Carlos Lamarca, in the interior of Bahia. Throughout second half of the sixties, the Group was the main Osasco leftist movement in this city. In mid-1968 dominated the movement local student, gathered around the CEO; dominated the union metallurgical, and expanded its influence to other categories by creating workplace committees, representation mechanism which articulated the workers at the base, the margin of the union. They had a city councilman and several their representatives in the municipal secretaries. Shortly before the AI-5, this group was organizing neighborhood associations under its influence, and these ministered associations for popular courses on Marxism. It fell to Group Osasco organizing the strike in July 1968, which added to the wave anti-dictatorship protests that rocked the country. The repression of post strike July played virtually every militant group in Osasco underground, and these will eventually join the VPR and went to battle armed.

Problem Investigated. This dissertation is a study of the political effects of low-intensity warfare in Indonesia since 1945. In particular, it examines the interaction between general principles and contextual variables in guerrilla conflict, to determine whether such conflict causes the diffusion of political power. Analysis of insurgent movements indicates that power structures within a guerrilla group tend to be regionalised, diffuse and based on multiple centres of roughly equal authority. Conversely, studies of counter-insurgency (COIN) techniques indicate that successful COIN depends on effective political control over the local population. This tends to be exercised by regional or local military commanders rather than by central authority. Based on this, the author???s initial analysis indicated that one should expect to see a diffusion of political authority from central leaders (whether civilian or military) to regional military leaders, when a society is engaged in the conduct of either COIN or guerrilla warfare. The problem investigated in this dissertation can therefore be stated thus: To what extent, at which levels of analysis and subject to what influencing factors does low-intensity warfare in Indonesia between 1945 and 1999 demonstrate a political power-diffusion effect? Procedures Followed. The procedure followed was a diachronic, qualitative, fieldwork-based analysis of two principle case studies: the Darul Islam insurgency in West Java 1948-1962 and the campaign in East Timor 1974-1999. Principle research tools were: ??? Semi-structured, formal, informal and group interviews. ??? Analysis of official and private archives in Australia, Indonesia, the Netherlands and the UK. ??? Participant observation using anthropological fieldwork techniques. ??? Geographical analysis using transects, basemapping and overhead imagery. ??? Demographic analysis using historical data, cartographic records and surveys. Research was conducted in Australia, Indonesia (Jakarta and Bandung), the Netherlands (The Hague and Amsterdam) and the United Kingdom (London, Winchester, Salisbury and Warminster). Fieldwork was conducted over three periods in West Java (1994, 1995 and 1996) and one period in East Timor (1999-2000). General Results Obtained. The two principal case studies were the Darul Islam insurgency in West Java 1948-62 and the campaign in East Timor since 1974. The fieldwork data showed that low-intensity warfare in Indonesia between 1945 and 1999 did indeed demonstrate the political power-diffusion effect posited by the author. This effect was triggered by the outbreak of guerrilla warfare, which itself flowed from crises generated by processes of modernisation and change within Indonesian society from traditional hierarchies to modern forms of social organisation. These crises were also affected by events at the systemic and regional levels of analysis ??? the invasion of the Netherlands East Indies by Japan, the Cold War, the Asian financial crisis and increasing economic and media globalisation. They resulted in a breakdown or weakening of formal power structures, allowing informal power structures to dominate. This in turn allowed local elites with economic, social or religious influence and with coercive power over the population, to develop political and military power at the local level while being subject to little control from higher levels. This process, then, represented a power diffusion from central and civilian leadership levels to local leaders with coercive means ??? most often military or insurgent leaders. Having been triggered by guerrilla operations, however, the direction and process by which such power diffusion operated was heavily influenced by contextual variables, of which the most important were geographical factors, political culture, traditional authority structures and the interaction of external variables at different levels of analysis. Topographical isolation, poor infrastructure, severe terrain, scattered population groupings and strong influence by traditional hierarchies tend to accelerate and exacerbate the loss of central control. Conversely good infrastructure, large population centres, good communications and a high degree of influence by nation-state and systemic levels of analysis ??? particularly through economic and governmental institutionalisation ??? tend to slow such diffusion. Moreover, while power may be diffusing at one level of analysis (e.g. nation-state) it may be centralising at another (e.g. into the hands of military leaders at local level). Analysis of the Malayan Emergency indicates that, in a comparable non-Indonesian historical example, the same general tendency to political power diffusion was evident and that the same broad contextual variables mediated it. However, it would be premature to conclude that the process observed in Indonesia is generally applicable. The nature and relative importance of contextual factors is likely to vary between examples and hence additional research on non-Indonesian examples would be necessary before such a conclusion could be drawn. Further research on a current instance of guerrilla operations in Indonesia is also essential before the broader contemporary applicability of these findings can be reliably demonstrated. Major Conclusions Reached. Based on the above, the theses developed to answer the initial problem can be stated thus: The command and control (C2) structures inherent in traditional, dispersed rural guerrilla movements that lack access to mass media or electronic communications tend to lessen the degree of control by central (military or political) leaders over regional leaders. If COIN or Internal Security Operations are conducted, two factors will operate. First, there will be an increase in the degree of control over the civil population by local military leaders, at the expense of local or central political leaders. Second, where military command structures are pyramidal or segmentary, there will be an increase in control by local commanders at the expense of central military leaders. Where the central government is civilian or has interests divergent from the military???s, the first of these factors will dominate. Where the government is military or has interests largely identical to those of the military, the second factor will be dominant. The process of power diffusion can thus be summarised as follows: A crisis driven by processes of societal change or by external causes, leads to the outbreak of violence, one facet of which may include guerrilla operations. If guerrilla operations do occur, the C2 structures inherent in such operations give a high degree of autonomy and independence to local military leaders. The same (or a contemporaneous) crisis produces a breakdown of formal power structures, causing organisations to fall back upon informal power structures. The nature of these informal power structures is determined by geography, political culture, patterns of traditional authority within the society and the degree of interaction of systemic/regional factors with local events. Thus the guerrilla operations and the concomitant breakdown in formal power structures form the trigger for political power diffusion. The precise nature and progress of this diffusion is then determined by contextual variables.

Titel: När mediabruset tar över- Hur en butik kan använda sig av gerillamarknadsföring Kurs: 2FE07E Examensarbete i företagsekonomi, Kandidatuppsats 15hp, VT2011 Författare: Rebecca Einarsson, Lejla Kurtovic och Izla Seffo Handledare: Martin Amsteus Examinator: Frederic Bill  Nyckelord: Gerillamarknadsföring, Generation Y, Målgruppsanalys, Attityder, Varumärke:företagsidentitet och företagsimage, Varumärkeskännedom. Syfte: Att skapa kunskap rörande hur en butik kan marknadsföra sig mot Generation Y med hjälp av gerillamarknadsföring.    Metod: Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär med ett induktivt angreppssätt. Det är även en fallstudie och primärdata samlades först in genom en djupgående intervju med fallföretaget, därefter utfördes en målgruppsanalys genom en fokusgrupp samt enkät.                                                                                                   Empiri: Det empiriska kapitlet påbörjas med en presentation av Rut m.fl. som följs av en intervju där målgruppen definierades till Generation Y. Utefter intervjun utformades en målgrupssanalys genom en fokusgrupp och enkät. Teori: De teorier som presenteras har härletts av det empiriska materialet och är relevant för de ämnen som tagits upp. Kapitlet behandlar målgruppsanalys, Generation Y, Varumärke:företagsidentitet och företagsimage,varumärkeskännedom samt gerillamarknadsföring. Avslutning: Studiens slutsatser är att gerillamarknadsföring är användbar då den är kostnadseffektiv, tilltalar Generation Y, ökar varumärkeskännedom och igenkänningsfaktorn samt kan skapa Buzz vilket kan leda till Word-of-mouth.                  Vidare forskning: Förslag till vidare forskning skulle kunna vara att studera ämnet mer ingående och skapa vetenskapligt material då gerillamarknadsföring är ett relativt outforskat område. Det skulle även vara intressant att mäta responsen till gerillamarknadsföring, speciellt de förslag som resulterat från denna studie. / When the media noise is taking over – How a store can make use of Guerrilla marketing Authors: Rebecca Einarsson • Lejla Kurtovic • Izla Seffo Tutor: Martin Amsteus Examiner: Frederic Bill 2FE07E Bachelor thesis in Business administration • Marketing programme School of Business and Economics atLinneaus University in Växjö • Spring 2011 Keywords: Guerrilla marketing • Generation Y • Target audience analysis • Attitudes • Brand: corporate identity and corporate image • Brand recognition Traditional marketing has been caught in a vicious circle. People have limited attention and are also limited by money, which means that consumers cannot pay attention to all advertising or buy everything. As companies invest more money on advertising it results in even more messages for people to take in and then it may be difficult for the company to get through the "noise". The consumers also tend to build up defenses against these types of traditional messages and actively avoid it, which do not make it easier for today's marketers so therefore marketers must simply find new ways to catch their attention. The purpose of this thesis is to generate knowledge regarding how a store can advertise to Generation Y by means of Guerrilla marketing. The research undertakes a qualitative data collection. Primarily a case study was undertaken and primary data for the main study was collected through an in-depth interview with the case business, and thereafter through a focus group and a survey that were based on an target audience analysis in order to understand the target audience, which in this study is limited to Generation Y.  Secondary data was collected from academic literature, scientific articles, dissertations and webpages. The theories that are researched are derived from the topics that arose from the empirical data. The findings and conclusion of the study is that Guerrilla marketing is cost-efficient, more appealing to Generation Y, enables a dialogue with the customers, increases brand recognition and recognition factor in general, but mostly it can create Buzz which can turn into Word-of-mouth communication. Guerrilla marketing is a relatively unexplored field and suggestions for further research would be to study the subject more profoundly and to create more scientific material in general. It would also be of interest to measure the response to guerilla marketing and especially to test the Guerrilla marketing suggestions that have resulted from this study on Generation Y.