A broca da cana-de-açúcar, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) é naturalmente infectada por diversos patógenos, sendo os mais importantes Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae), Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) (Ascomycota: Cordycipitaceae) e vírus da granulose. Esses microrganismos podem co-infectar um mesmo indivíduo em condições de campo, mas os resultados das interações desses patógenos não são conhecidos. O presente trabalho objetivou determinar a virulência desses patógenos aplicados de forma isolada e em infecções mistas na fase larval de D. saccharalis em condições de laboratório sobre dieta artificial e em plantas de milho. A maioria das combinações resultou em efeito aditivo na mortalidade dos insetos (M. anisopliae + B. bassiana, M. anisopliae + DsGV e M. anisopliae + B. bassiana + DsGV), entretanto ficou evidenciado antagonismo entre B. bassiana e o granulovírus. Todos os cadáveres oriundos das aplicações associadas apresentaram sintomas de apenas um dos patógenos envolvidos na infecção. A produção de conídios de uma espécie de fungo nos cadáveres submetidos à co-infecção foi semelhante à produção de conídios da mesma espécie na infecção isolada. Na infecção mista, os dois fungos se desenvolveram na hemolinfa do hospedeiro, entretanto em um estágio tardio do processo infectivo ocorreu a exclusão de um dos patógenos. A infecção por B. bassiana diminuiu drasticamente a densidade de hemócitos circulantes na hemolinfa das lagartas, efeito não observado para M. anisopliae. Duas populações de laboratório de D. saccharalis, uma oriunda de Piracicaba-SP e outra de Araras-SP, foram testadas quanto à suscetibilidade aos fungos M. anisopliae e B. bassiana. A população de insetos de Piracicaba foi menos suscetível em 2009 do que a mesma população em 2008 e também em relação à população de Araras. Dessa forma, foi realizado um bioensaio comparando a suscetibilidade de insetos das duas populações e da progênie (F1) dos cruzamentos diretos entre elas, criadas nas mesmas condições bióticas e abióticas, para determinar se a suscetibilidade diferencial estaria relacionada a fatores genéticos. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na suscetibilidade das duas populações e dos cruzamentos aos fungos. A suscetibilidade diferencial observada nos dois primeiros bioensaios provavelmente esteja relacionada às variações no sistema de criação, em componentes nutricionais e antimicrobianos da dieta e não a variações entre as populações dos hospedeiros. / The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is naturally infected by various pathogens, the most important are Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae), Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) (Ascomycota: Cordycipitaceae) and granulovirus. These microorganisms may coinfect the same host under field conditions, but the result of these pathogens interactions is not known. This study investigated the virulence of these pathogens applied separately and together on larvae of D. saccharalis in the laboratory on artificial diet and on corn plants. Most combinations resulted in additive effect on insect mortalities (M. anisopliae + B. bassiana, M. anisopliae + DsGV and M. anisopliae + B. bassiana + DsGV), however it became apparent antagonism between B. bassiana and the granulovírus. In all cadavers resulted from mixed applications, only one pathogen sporulated or externalized their symptoms in the host. Production of conidia of one fungal species on the cadavers subjected to co-infection was similar to the production of conidia of the same species in a single infection. In mixed infection, the two fungi have developed in the hemolymph of the host, and the exclusion of one pathogen occurred at a later stage of the infective process. Infection with B. bassiana has drastically reduced the density of circulating hemocytes in the hemolymph of the larvae, which was not observed for M. anisopliae. Two laboratory populations of D. saccharalis, one coming from Piracicaba-SP and other from Araras-SP, were tested for susceptibility to M. anisopliae and B. bassiana. The insect population from Piracicaba was less susceptible to application of fungi in 2009 compared to the same population in 2008 and compared to the Araras population. Therefore, a bioassay was performed comparing the susceptibility of the two populations and the progeny (F1) of direct crossings between them, using insects reared in the same conditions. This assay was performed to determine if the differential susceptibility would be related to genetic factors. No significant differences were observed in the susceptibility of insect populations and crossings to both fungi. The differential susceptibility observed in the first two assays was probably related to variations in the rearing system and nutritional and antimicrobial components in the diet and not due to variations among host populations.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2016-04-12T18:03:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carla Vasco de Toledo.pdf: 9258967 bytes, checksum: 20f32851ae2b9cae63ba55ba0ee815be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-12T18:03:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carla Vasco de Toledo.pdf: 9258967 bytes, checksum: 20f32851ae2b9cae63ba55ba0ee815be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-17 / The current work discuss the public policies on the WHO recommendation in the 63rd General Assembly of Health that recommended ten guidelines to reduce harmful of alcohol. Alcohol is the cause of 3.3 million deaths per year. The Members of WHO are forced to adopt these recommendations because its binding character; a fact that was ruled by Brazil, culminating in the PNA (acronym for Alcohol National Policies). However, to accomplish empirically each guideline, Brazil is far from achieving its national and international goals and is also responsible for international violations of human rights by omission on reducing the harmful consumption of alcoholic beverages. / O tema versa sobre as políticas públicas da OMS, que recomendou na 63ª Assembleia Geral de Saúde dez diretrizes para reduzir o consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas, causa de 3,3 milhões de mortes anuais. Por tratar-se de uma recomendação advinda de uma Organização internacional, entende-se o caráter vinculante desta, obrigando seus Estados-Membros a aplicarem as referidas diretrizes, que inclusive foi normatizada pelo Brasil, culminando na PNA. Contudo, ao depararmos com o estudo realizado de forma empírica sobre cada diretriz (10 ao todo), constatou-se que o Brasil está longe de alcançar os objetivos internacionais e nacionais, tornando-se responsável por violar o direito humano à saúde devido à sua omissão na redução do consumo indevido de bebidas alcoólicas.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people (LGBTI) are discriminated and subjected to violence in societies across the world, and ensuring their rights is on the international agenda. On a European level, nationalism, state-led persecution and rhetoric of hate have slowed down the process of ensuring human rights for LGBTI people particularly in Eastern Europe, where they are subject to violence, discrimination and hostility. One type of hostility targeting LGBTI people is hate speech. As literature has shown, hate speech can have harmful effects on its targets. Additionally, with the increased accessibility and use of the Internet and social media networks, hate speech has become more widespread and new challenges have appeared. Our research objective has addressed the gap identified by Brown (2018); to contribute to the research on hate speech and its harmful effects in general, comparing the effects of online and offline hate speech in particular. Additionally, by comparing the findings from Moldova and Ukraine, we have investigated if the context in which the hate speech is produced has any effect on the harmful effects experienced by targets. The research was conducted using a mixed method with a parallel convergent design, giving equal priority to qualitative and quantitative data. Data collection took place in Moldova (Chisinau) and in Ukraine (Kyiv) during Pride in the respective countries. Due to the nature of this research, results are not representative, and conclusions drawn can neither be applied to the entire LGBTI community in Moldova nor in Ukraine. Conclusions can, however, provide interesting insights for further research. Constitutive and consequential harms from online and offline hate speech are experienced by the LGBTI activists and community in both countries. In terms of constitutive harms, LGBTI community have suffered from harms like negative impact on self-esteem, silencing, psychological distress and restrictions on freedom of movement and association. Experienced consequential harms were negative stereotyping, physical violence and normalization of discrimination. Further, this research indicated that there is a difference in terms of harms caused by online and offline hate speech when it comes to the constitutive harms, as the harms from offline hate speech seemed to be experienced to a larger extent. Comparing results from Moldova and Ukraine, it can be concluded that the content of hate speech and harmful effects of hate speech are experienced differently depending on the context in which hate speech was produced. In general, hate speech in Ukraine seemed to be more violent and aggressive while in Moldova it was more related to the structural violence.

Cette thèse se propose d’examiner et d’analyser les conditions d’application des règles françaises et européennes de compétence dans le domaine des litiges nés des opérations bancaires électroniques. De manière générale, le tribunal saisi vérifie sa compétence en analysant le différend, en déterminant les éléments du rapport de droit, en caractérisant les parties en conflit, et en établissant que les exigences de chacune des règles sont satisfaites. Mais, dans le cadre des relations bancaires électroniques, la juridiction exerce sa fonction en tenant compte des facteurs technologiques qui affectent la conclusion et l’exécution et de la relation litigieuse,et en prenant en considération le poids réel et juridique de la banque et du client.Pour que les critères juridictionnels et leurs liens de rattachement soient applicables de manière correcte, logique et équitable, la juridiction se doit appréhender avec un oeil neuf, des notions et concepts aussi variés que l’accord électronique d’élection de for, l’autorité de la banque, l’étendue de la protection des consommateurs, le domicile et la résidence, la notion de l’obligation bancaire, ainsi que le lieu de la conclusion et de la prestation de service, le lieu où se produit le fait dommageable, et le dommage économique. / This thesis examines the possibility of applying of relevant French and European rules in the field of litigations arising from electronic banking. The seized court checks its jurisdiction by analyzing disputed subject, identifying the elements of legal relationship, characterizing the parties of the dispute, and establishing that requirements of each rule are met. Once the court exercises its function, it considers the technological factors that may affect the fulfilling way of the legal relationship and dispute over it, as well as taking into account the actual and legal weight of both bank and customer. So that, in order to practice relevant criteria and connecting links in correct, logical and fair way, it is necessary for the court to reconsider it sunderstanding of different aspects of disputed subject. In other words, the court should renew its view on several issues, such as the electronic agreement on jurisdiction, the authority of the bank, the extent of the protection of consumers, the domicile and residence, the concept of bank obligation, the place of signing and fulfilling the contract, the place where the service is provided, as well as the place of occurrence of harmful event and economic damage.

<p>The importance of cryptic female choice, i.e. female post-copulatory influence over male reproductive success, in driving the evolution of male traits remains controversial. The main aim of this thesis was to understand the post-copulatory consequences of sexual interactions and the importance of cryptic female choice in two species of beetle.</p><p>Males of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum use their legs to rub the lateral edges of the female elytra during mating. When manipulating female perception of this behaviour, I found that females preferentially use the sperm of males with vigorous leg rubbing when they mate with more than one male. Leg rubbing also appeared to increase female rate of oviposition. Females do not seem to gain any indirect benefits by preferring males with an intense leg rubbing behaviour since this behaviour was found to have very low narrow sense heritability and did not appear to be condition dependent in its expression.</p><p>Males of the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus have spiny genitalia that harm their mates. Females kick males during copulation and when prevented from kicking, suffered reduced lifetime offspring production as a consequence of more extensive injuries. Males were not able to delay female remating, increase rate of oviposition or increase sperm precedence by inflicting relatively severe injuries to non-kicking females. Hence, the injuries appear to be side effects of male efforts to remain in copula. When copulation duration was manipulated, ejaculate size and female lifetime offspring production increased with the length of copulation. Females reduced their mating rate when they had access to water, suggesting that they obtain water from the large ejaculates and trade-off their need for additional water against the costs of mating. Males may then reduce the benefits of remating by providing their mates with a large amount of water. Females did not increase their remating propensity to avoid inbreeding when they had mated to brothers. Together, these studies reveal the complexity of sexual interactions and the importance of post-copulatory processes for the fitness of both males and females.</p>

The importance of cryptic female choice, i.e. female post-copulatory influence over male reproductive success, in driving the evolution of male traits remains controversial. The main aim of this thesis was to understand the post-copulatory consequences of sexual interactions and the importance of cryptic female choice in two species of beetle. Males of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum use their legs to rub the lateral edges of the female elytra during mating. When manipulating female perception of this behaviour, I found that females preferentially use the sperm of males with vigorous leg rubbing when they mate with more than one male. Leg rubbing also appeared to increase female rate of oviposition. Females do not seem to gain any indirect benefits by preferring males with an intense leg rubbing behaviour since this behaviour was found to have very low narrow sense heritability and did not appear to be condition dependent in its expression. Males of the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus have spiny genitalia that harm their mates. Females kick males during copulation and when prevented from kicking, suffered reduced lifetime offspring production as a consequence of more extensive injuries. Males were not able to delay female remating, increase rate of oviposition or increase sperm precedence by inflicting relatively severe injuries to non-kicking females. Hence, the injuries appear to be side effects of male efforts to remain in copula. When copulation duration was manipulated, ejaculate size and female lifetime offspring production increased with the length of copulation. Females reduced their mating rate when they had access to water, suggesting that they obtain water from the large ejaculates and trade-off their need for additional water against the costs of mating. Males may then reduce the benefits of remating by providing their mates with a large amount of water. Females did not increase their remating propensity to avoid inbreeding when they had mated to brothers. Together, these studies reveal the complexity of sexual interactions and the importance of post-copulatory processes for the fitness of both males and females.

The general programs at Lithuanian secondary schools and educational standards emphasize the importance of the knowledge about healthy living in promoting successful development of physical education. The activity of physical education (PE) teacher is closely related to health education and his personal competence has a very large educational impact on it. Thus we have a problematic question to answer and would like to know if PE teachers themselves lead healthy living while promoting healthy lifestyle. The aim of this research is to investigate PE teachers in the aspect of healthy living. To reach this aim the following objectives have been raised: 1. To define some peculiarities of nutrition of PE teachers; 2. To define mostly spread harmful habits among PE teachers; 3. To evaluate physical activity of PE teachers. All investigated consisted of 320 PE teachers (184 men and 136 women) who have been selected randomly from all Lithuanian secondary schools. The average age of all investigated is 42,5±21,5. All investigated represent the population of all Lithuanian physical education teachers. The PE teachers were questioned and the research showed that PE teachers don’t use enough fresh and boiled vegetables. Women take more fresh vegetables than men as well as all investigated use a lot of salt. 60 % of all investigated salted down ready food additionally. 39% of men and 35% of women use wrong water. Nearly all investigated PE teachers were using seed-oil to prepare their... [to full text]

Magistro darbe tiriama geriamojo vandens tarša geležimi ir manganu bei tam tikri aplinkos veiksniai, kurie gali didinti riziką susirgti įgimtomis širdies ydomis. Darbo objektas – geležis ir manganas geriamajame vandenyje, kenksmingi aplinkos veiksniai, įgimtos širdies ydos, rizika. Darbo tikslas – 1) išanalizuoti tam tikrų aplinkos veiksnių poveikį naujagimių sveikatai ir 2) įvertinti vandens taršos geležimi ir manganu bei kitų aplinkos veiksnių įtaką įgimtų širdies ydų rizikai. Darbo metodai – atvejis-kontrolė tyrimas, naudoti epidemiologijos analizės metodai nustatant suminę ir priskirtinę rizikas ir jų 95 proc. PI. Darbo rezultatai. Įgimtų širdies anomalijų riziką lėmė geležies ir mangano rizikos santykis (RS=1,06; 95 proc. PI=0,74-1,51), ribinis motinos amžius gimdymo metu (RS=1,73; 95 proc. PI=1,07-2,79); šeiminė padėtis (RS=2,82; 95 proc. PI=1,60-4,96); motinos išsilavinimas (RS=1,06; 95 proc. PI=0,74-1,52); motinos rūkymas (RS=2,73; 95 proc. PI=1,75-4,25); cheminės medžiagos darbe (RS=2,04; 95 proc. PI=1,09-4,17); kenksmingi gyvenamosios aplinkos veiksniai, tarp kurių dažniausiai minimi intensyvus eismas (RS=1,21; 95 proc. PI=0,90-2,79), nepalankūs santykiai šeimoje (RS=1,06; 95 proc. PI=0,51-2,18), žmogui tenkantis < nei 1 kambarys (RS=1,16; 95 proc. PI=0,73-1,83) ir kiti kenksmingi veiksniai (RS=1,21; 95 proc. PI=0,73-1,98). Geriamojo vandens tarša geležimi ir manganu bei kiti aplinkos veiksniai turėjo tendenciją didinti įgimtų širdies ydų riziką. / In this Master's work examined the drinking water with iron and manganese, and certain environmental factors, which may increase the risk of congenital heart defects. Work item - the iron and manganese in drinking water and harmful environmental factors, congenital heart failure, the risk. The aim - 1) to analyze certain environmental factors impact the health of the newborn, and 2) to assess the pollution of water with iron and manganese, and other environmental factors influence the risk of congenital heart failure. Working methods - case-control study, the use of analytical methods for determining the epidemiology of the total and attributable risks and their 95 percent. CI. Results of the work. Congenital cardiac anomalies has led to the risk of iron and manganese and the risk ratio (RS=1,06, 95 percent CI=0,74-1,51), the threshold age of the mother during childbirth (RS=1,73, 95 percent CI=1,07-2,79), family situation (RS= 2,82, 95 percent CI=1,60-4,96), maternal education (RS=1,06, 95 percent CI=0,74-1, 52); mother smoking (RS=2,73, 95 percent CI=1,75-4,25), the chemical at work (RS=2,04, 95 percent. CI 1,09-4,17); harmful to residential environmental factors, among which the most frequently referred to traffic congestion (RS = 1.21, 95 percent CI=0,90-2,79), adverse family relations (RS=1,06, 95 percent CI=0.51 -2.18), per person <than 1 room (RS=1,16, 95 percent CI=0,73-1,83), and other nuisances (RS=1.21, 95 percent CI=0, 73-1,98). the risk of heart failure... [to full text]

Harmful algal blooms, commonly referred to as red tides, occur yearly with dramatic impacts on marine ecology, coastal economies, and human health. As a consequence, research into the zooplankton grazers that consume HABs is highly important. However, changes in ocean temperature may increase the range of many HABs, exposing historically naive copepods to new species and their associated chemicals. Little research into the impact of allopatric verses sympatric species, particularly on the immediate behavioral impact, has been performed, leaving the indirect fitness effects of HAB exposure and consumption relatively unknown. We measured alterations in the swimming behavior of the calanoid copepod Temora longicornis following exposure to sympatric Alexandrium fundyense and allopatric Karenia brevis treatments. After a 15-16 hours depuration period postA. fundyense exposure, T. longicornis exhibited increased average swimming speed and an elevated net to gross displacement ratio (NGDR). During exposure toK. brevis, copepods exhibited an immediate decrease in swimming speed and NGDR, as well as an increased frequency of jump behavior. However, these effects faded after an one-hour depuration period, and disappeared after a 15-16 hour depuration period. The alterations in swimming behavior demonstrated by the copepods treated A. fundyense may increase encounter rate with predators, while copepods treated with K. brevis remain in bloom conditions for longer periods of time, negatively affecting survivorship. Temora longicornis individuals also may be made more visible to predators due to the increase in jumps seen during treatment with K. brevis. These behavioral changes suggest how HABs escape from zooplankton grazer control by altering copepod swimming behavior, and the pattern of predator-prey evolution that occurs over time.

Tyrimo objektas – Kauno miesto gimnazijos, 9 – 12 klasių mokiniai. Tyrimo tikslas: nustatyti ir įvertinti 9 – 12 klasių mokinių mitybos, fizinio aktyvumo ir žalingų įpročių įtaką jų sveikatai; Hipotezė: nesveika ir nereguliari mityba, nepakankamas ir mažas fizinis aktyvumas, alkoholio ir rūkymo įpročiai turi įtakos 9 – 12 klasių mokinių sveikatai. Uždaviniai: 1. Palyginti mitybos įpročius tarp 9 – 12 klasių mokinių; 2. Įvertinti fizinį aktyvumo lygį tarp 9 – 12 klasių mokinių; 3. Nustatyti žalingus įpročius tarp 9 – 12 klasių mokinių; 4. Įvertinti mitybos, fizinio aktyvumo ir žalingų įpročių įtaką 9-12 klasių mokinių sveikatai. Tyrimo imtis ir organizavimas. Momentinė anketinė apklausa (1 priedas) buvo vykdoma 2012 m. gruodžio mėnesį, vienoje Kauno miesto gimnazijų. Viso apklausoje dalyvavo 400 gimnazijos mokinių, atsitiktinai parinkus iš 9 klasės 100 mokinių, 10 klasės 100 mokinių, 11 klasės 100 mokinių ir 12 klasės 100 mokinių. Išvados: 1. Mokinių mitybos įpročiai neatitinka sveikos mitybos rekomendacijų. Jų mityba neracionali, nėra subalansuota. Visgi dalis mokinių eina į mokyklą nepusryčiavę. Valgykloje pietauja mažas procentas mokinių. Paaugliai kasdien suvartoja didelį kiekį riebalų. Mokiniams nesvarbu sveikai maitintis. 2. Mokinių kasdieninėje veikloje fizinis aktyvumas pasižymi retai. Dalis mokinių išvis nesimankština. Daugiau nei pusę mokinių fiziškai aktyvūs būna laisvalaikiu po pamokų. Nepakankamas fizinis aktyvumas pastebėtas tarp mokinių. 3. Žalingi įpročiai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Subject: the gymnasiums in Kaunas, students in 9-12 grades. Aim of the study: to determine and estimate the nutrition, physical activity and harmful habits on students’ health in grades 9-12. Hypothesis: unhealthy and irregular nutrition, insufficient and less physical activity, consumption of alcoholic beverages and smoking have influence on students’ health in grades 9-12. Objectives: 1. To compare nutrition habits between 9-12 grade students; 2. To evaluate the level of physical activity between 9-12 grade students; 3. To estimate harmful habits between 9-12 grade students; 4. To estimate the nutrition, physical activity and harmful habits on students’ health in grades 9-12. Sample and organization. A questionnaire (1 affix) was distributed in one of Kaunas gymnasiums in December 2012. 400 students from grades 9-12 (100 students from each grade) were chosen at random and filled in the questionnaire. Conclusions: 1. Students’ nutrition habits do not respond to guidelines for healthy eating. Their nutrition is irrational and non - balanced. Some students do not eat breakfast. Lunch in the dining room a small percentage of students. They consume a big amount of fat every day. It is not important for students to eat healthy. 2. Physical activity in students’ life is very rare. Part of the student's not active. More than half of the student’s physical activity is in his spare time after school. Insufficient physical activity observed between students. 3. Harmful habits... [to full text]