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Le paludisme et la schistosomiase sont des maladies parasitaires tropicales qui affectent plus de 800 millions de personnes dans le monde, notamment dans des pays en voie de développement. Bien qu’il existe des traitements contre ces infections, de nombreuses résistances à ces dernières sont apparues les dernières décennies. Malgré « l’urgence humanitaire », l’industrie pharmaceutique n’est que très peu investie dans la conception et le développement de nouvelles thérapies pour ces maladies dites « de la pauvreté ». Afin de trouver des nouveaux candidat-médicaments contre ces parasites, une librairie de 3- benzyl-2-méthylnaphtoquinones portant différents substituants sur la partie benzylique avait été précédemment développée au sein du laboratoire d’accueil. Malgré la puissante activité antipaludique d’une molécule identifiée comme tête de série, il n’y avait pas de guérison totale des souris infectées, suggérant que les naphtoquinones sont rapidement métabolisées en milieu biologique. Une plateforme de synthèse a été établie permettant d’obtenir de façon relativement simple des nouvelles naphtoquinones avec des substituants divers sur la partie aromatique, et ainsi, améliorer leurs propriétés pharmacocinétiques, d’une part en augmentant leur demie-vie, leur solubilité, et leur biodisponibilité dans les milieux biologiques, d’autre part en modifiant leurs potentiels redox, et en étudiant les métabolites actifs. L’ensemble de ce travail nous a permis de synthétiser une cinquantaine de nouvelles naphtoquinones et ainsi d’obtenir les premières connaissances des relations structure/activité, qui serviront en infochimie à développer des outils de prédiction pour la chimie médicinale redox. / Malaria and schistosomiasis are tropical parasitic diseases, which affect more than 800 million people worldwide, especially in developing countries. Multidrug-resistance of malarial strains toward broadly used antimalarial drug treatment (e.g. chloroquine, quinine) has spread all over the world in the last five decades. Despite the humanitarian emergency, pharmaceutical industries are not investing in the research and production of new therapies for diseases of poverty.In order to develop new potential ethical drugs against these parasites, a library of polysubstituted 3-benzyl-2-methylnaphthoquine derivatives functionalized at the benzylic core were previously synthetized in the host laboratory. Despite the strong antimalarial activity of an identified lead compound, the infected mice were not totally cured, suggesting that the naphthoquinones are rapidly metabolized under biological conditions.A platform of synthetic methodologies has been established in order to produce, via straightforward routes, new polysubstituted benzylmenadione derivatives functionalized at the aromatic ring of the naphthoquinone core, and to improve their pharmacokinetic properties by (i) increasing their half-life, solubility, bioavailability, (ii) modifying their redox potentials, and (iii) studying their active metabolites. The synthetic methodologies exemplified with 50 described compounds provide the structure–activity relationships as the basis for the development of new cheminformatics tools to be used in redox medicinal chemistry .

La formation et la morphologie des boîtes quantiques est un sujet d'un grand intérêt, ces structures ayant de nombreuses application potentielles, en particulier en microélectronique et optoélectronique. Cette thèse porte sur l'étude théorique et numérique de la croissance et de la morphologie d'ilots par épitaxie par jet moléculaire. Un premier modèle de croissance est une étude non-linéaire de l'instabilité de type Asaro-Tiller-Grinfeld, il convient pour les systèmes à faibles désaccords de maille, et est plus spécifiquement appliquée au cas où le désaccord de maille est anisotrope (voir le cas du GaN sur AlGaN). Le calcul de l'instabilité que nous avons effectué prend en compte les effets élastiques causés par le désaccord de maille, les effets de mouillage et les effets d'évaporation. La résolution numérique de l'instabilité nous permet de constater une croissance plus rapide dans le cas anisotrope comparé au cas isotrope, ainsi que la croissance d'ilots fortement anisotropes.Le deuxième modèle est basé sur des simulations Monte Carlo cinétiques, qui permettent de décrire la nucléation d'ilots 3D. Ces simulations sont utilisées pour les systèmes à fort désaccord de maille, comme Ge sur Si. Nos simulations prennent en compte la diffusion des adatomes, les effets élastiques, et un terme simulant la présence de facettes (105). Des ilots pyramidaux se formaent, conformément aux expériences et subissent un mûrissement interrompu. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés au cas de la nucléation 2D, et on retrouve en particulier une densité d'ilots en loi de puissance par rapport au rapport D/F du coefficient de diffusion et du flux de déposition. / The growth and morphology of quantum dots is currently a popular subject as these structures have numerous potential uses, specifically in microelectronics and optoelectronics. Control of the size, shape and distribution of these dots is of critical importance for the uses that are being considered. This thesis presents a theoretical and numerical study of the growth of islands during molecular beam epitaxy. In order to study these dots, we used two models : a nonlinear study of an Asaro-Tiller-Grinfeld like instability, and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The first model is appropriate for low misfit systems, and is detailed in the case where misfit is anisotropic (this is the case when depositing GaN on AlGaN). In this case we took into account elastic effects, wetting effects and evaporation. Numerical calculations show faster growth, compared to the isotropic misfit case, and the growth of strongly anisotropic islands.The second model is based on kinetic Monte Carlo simulations that can describe 3D island nucleation. We use these simulations to study systems with high misfits, specifically Ge on Si. Adatom diffusion on a surface is considered and takes into account elastic effects, and surface energy anisotropy, that allows us to stabilize (105) facets. Simulation results show the growth of pyramid-shaped 3D islands, as observed in experiments, and their ripening is interrupted. The results of these simulations are then compared to the case of 2D nucleation, and we find that several of the known 2D properties also apply to 3D islands. Specifically, island density depends on a power law of D/F, the diffusion coefficient divided by the deposition flux.

PhD thesis - Faculty of Science / The main aim of this thesis has been to study the way in which Fe(III) and Co(II) incorporation into Si-MCM-41 synthesis gels affects the properties of the unmodified material. Another aim was to investigate the influence of these hetero-atoms on the dispersion and particle size distribution as well as the catalytic activity of supported Au nanoparticles in the CO oxidation reaction. Si-MCM-41 has been successfully synthesized in this work using mixtures containing CTAB as a structure-directing agent (SDA) and water-glass as a SiO2 source. Replacement of water-glass with pre-calcined Si-MCM-41 for SiO2 source in the secondary synthesis step has produced Si-MCM-41 with improved structural properties (XRD, HRTEM and Raman spectroscopy), including restructured and more crystalline pore walls (Raman spectroscopy). The conventional shortcomings of Si-MCM-41 as a support for catalyticallyactive (transition) metal components such as low hydrothermal stability, low PZC, lack of cation exchange capacity and no reducibility have been partially addressed by modification with Fe(III) and Co(II). The premodification was achieved both during framework synthesis and after synthesis by the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) method. As opposed to the one-pot synthesis of metal-containing derivatives, the IWI method gave materials with high metal loadings and maximal retention of the properties of pristine Si-MCM-41. On the other hand, metal incorporation during synthesis to a loading of ~8.8 wt% using aqueous solutions of metal precursors showed some collapse of the mesostructure. Consequently methods were sought to incorporate this amount of metal (and up to double, i.e., 16 wt%) with maximal retention of the MCM-41 characteristics. These methods included (i) using Si-MCM-41 as a SiO2 source, (ii) dissolving the metal precursors in an acid solution before inclusion into the synthesis gel, and (iii) using freshly precipitated alkali slurries of the metal precursors. The first method produced a highly ordered 16wt% Fe-MCM-41 material with excellent reducibility (TPR showed three well-resolved peaks) and pore-wall structure (Raman spectroscopy). Like the aqueous route, the acid-mediated metal incorporation route did not produce ordered materials at metal contents of ~16 wt%. The base precipitate route produced highly ordered composite materials up to 16 wt% metal content, with characteristics similar to those of Si-MCM-41 (XRD, BET and HRTEM), although some metal phases were observed as a separate phase on the SiO2 surface. Thus, metal-containing MCM-41 materials could be obtained with conservation of MCM-41 mesoporosity. Raman spectroscopic studies have shown that the effect of transition metal incorporation in MCM-41-type materials is to strengthen the pore walls (shift of Si-O-Si peaks to higher frequencies), while TPR studies revealed that the essentially neutral framework of Si-MCM-41 could be rendered reducible by transition metal incorporation. Gold-containing mesoporous nanocomposites were prepared by both direct synthesis and post-synthetically. Catalysts prepared by direct hydrothermal synthesis were always accompanied by formation of large Au particles because of the need to calcine the materials at 500 oC in order to remove the occluded surfactant template. The presence of transition metal components in Me-MCM-41 (Me = Fe and Co) has been found to play a significant role in the particle size distribution and also the dispersion of Au nanoparticles when these materials were used as supports. In general, a base metal-containing support was found to produce smaller Au nanoparticles than the corresponding siliceous support. It has been proposed that the transition metal components serve as anchoring or nucleation sites for the Au nanoparticles, which are likely to sinter during calcination. The anchoring sites thus retard the surface mobility of Au at calcination temperatures above their TTammann. The use of the Au/Me-MCM-41 materials as catalysts in the CO oxidation reaction has led to the following observations: (i) catalyst on metal-containing supports showed better activity than those on Si-MCM-41, probably due to the induced reducibility in metal-MCM-41, (ii) catalysts prepared by direct synthesis showed inferior activity owing to large Au particles, (iii) increasing Au content improves the catalytic performance, (iv) increasing the Fe content of the support at constant Au improves the catalytic performance, and (v) changing the base metal component of the support from Fe to Co led to a significant improvement in catalytic activity. The similarity of the apparent activation energies (Ea) for the 5 wt% Au-containing 5 wt% Fe- and 5 wt% Co-MCM-41 suggested that the difference in catalytic activity is associated with the number of active sites possessed by each catalyst system. The observed order of catalytic activity of these 5 wt% Au-containing systems in terms of the support type is: Co-MCM-41 > Fe-MCM-41 > Si-MCM-41. This was further supported by the average Au particle size, which, in terms of the support, followed the order Co-MCM-41 < Fe-MCM-41 < Si-MCM-41. Thus, metal-support interactions between Au and MCM-41 have been enhanced by introducing Fe(III) and Co(II), which also induced framework charge, ion exchange capacity (IEC) and reducibility in the neutral siliceous support.

The aesthetic autonomy of dance is a blank spot in the history of aesthetics. In this study, dance is used as an umbrella for both visual art performance, live art and choreography. Different from these other notions, dance appears in early historical writings and enables a coherent reading of the history of this specific artform, where the embodiment of the artwork is central.        Starting from Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Judgement, in which this study unravels why dance has been given such a limited attention in the history of aesthetics. Departing from this ignorance of the artform and the lack of theories of aesthetic autonomy when it comes to dance ever since, the study proposes that the aesthetic autonomy of dance could be understood through the notion of parergon. The word is initially found in the Critique of Judgement, where Kant uses parergon to describe the infrastructural framework upon which both the piece of art and the judgment relies. With the help of Jacques Derrida’s reading of the Critique of Judgement through parergon, the notion is understood with a double meaning: as both the frame ot the artwork and the work behind the piece of art. Derrida doesn’t either mention ”dance” in his rewriting of Kant’s work, why this essay applies the parergon upon the only art form where the working body embodies the work of art: dance. For dance, the work behind the piece and the piece itself, is the same. Through this understanding of parergon, the aesthetic autonomy of dance is can be understood as the frame at work.       With references from a western history of arts and aesthetics, the study works through literature on dance from the 16th century until today. This enables a timeline from the inauguration of the first royal ballet academies, to the enlightenment, through modernity up until postmodernity, is read. Such a consistent reading of the history of dance is still rare, but the main reason for the study is not to sketch a new history, but rather to, through its history, establish an understanding of the aesthetic autonomy of dance.       Through examples from philosophy, literature, art history, dance history and art criticism, the development of dance as an autonomous artwork is contextualized. Arriving at the 20th and the 21st century, three specific artworks are analysed through available documentations, writings and conversations. Through the three notions hetero-affection, immanent critique and indexical dialectics, the aesthetic autonomy of dance is written through an understanding of its dialectical negation as its positive matter; the frame (at work). This understanding is applied to the three modern and post-modern examples of dance, where the frame at work is autonomously unworked and re-worked.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-02-16T12:25:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Jimenez Aguilar.pdf: 3831121 bytes, checksum: d94bd249f01716bfb9ea53f00642a7cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T12:25:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Jimenez Aguilar.pdf: 3831121 bytes, checksum: d94bd249f01716bfb9ea53f00642a7cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this research I describe and interpret the phenomena The self-hetero-eco-formation of teachers of Spanish and Being a complex teacher of Spanish in a private university in the East side of Sao Paulo, based on the consideration that teaching internship is an important stage of the pre-service training of teachers of Spanish. Stemming from the experience of three undergraduate teaching interns, I propound complex teaching strategies that suggest a new understanding of teaching internship in teacher education programs. This work is theoretically grounded in Morin’s oeuvre on Complexity as well as on the unfolding of Complexity according to Freire, M. (2009, 2013), Almeida (2004, 2008 & 2012), Petraglia (2008, 2014), and Almeida & Carvalho (2013), and on the tenets of Self-hetero-eco-formation (Freire, M. 2009 & Freire e Leffa, 2013). These phenomena occurred as a result of the action carried out by undergraduate students who designed a Spanish course to students attending a Technical School in Sao Paulo in 2003, during their teaching internship, which was conducted in three stages: in the first, they studied and reflected upon a language teacher’s action in the classroom from a Complexity perspective; in the second, they designed and implemented a Spanish course, and in the third, which happened concomitantly with the second, they reflected upon the texts they produced as they wrote down their observations in the classroom. The research methodology was underpinned by the Complex HermeneuticalPhenomenological Approach (Freire, M. 2010, 2012, 2016), based on which the texts in the third stage of the teaching internship, which were produced in the first and second semesters of 2013, were interpreted. The text interpretation revealed themes, such as challenge, exploration, reform, connections, among others, that highlight the importance of a new approach to pre-service teacher training in teaching internship courses of Language Teacher Education Programs that challenges the paradigms of traditional foreign language teacher training and that may prompt some reflection on the different processes of teacher training that are many times distant from the social and human reality of students / Na presente pesquisa, descrevo e interpreto os fenômenos A Auto-heteroecoformação de professores de espanhol e Ser professor complexo de espanhol numa instituição de ensino superior privada da zona Leste de São Paulo, considerando o estágio curricular como uma etapa importante da formação do professor de língua espanhola. Proponho, a partir da experiência de três estagiárias de um curso de graduação, estratégias docentes complexas que sugerem a revisão do estágio curricular na formação docente. Este trabalho encontra seu fundamento teórico na obra de Morin sobre a Complexidade, assim como os desdobramentos da Complexidade segundo Freire, M. (2009, 2013), Almeida (2004, 2008 e 2012), Petraglia (2008, 2014) e Almeida e Carvalho (2013), entre outros, e nos pressupostos da Auto-Heteroecoformação (Freire, M. 2009 e Freire e Leffa, 2013). Esses fenômenos se deram por meio da ação de estagiárias que desenharam um curso de espanhol para alunos de uma Escola Técnica da Cidade de São Paulo, no ano de 2013, durante o estágio, que se dividiu em três etapas: a primeira constitui-se em estudos e reflexão sobre a ação do professor de língua em sala de aula, sob a ótica da Complexidade, a segunda teve como base o desenho e implementação de um curso de espanhol e, concomitantemente, a terceira levou à reflexão textos produzidos pelas estagiárias que se constituem em registros das considerações em sala de aula. Como orientação metodológica, tomo por referência a Abordagem Hermenêutico-Fenomenológica Complexa (Freire, M. 2010, 2012, 2016), interpretando os textos da terceira etapa mencionada, que foram produzidos no primeiro e segundo semestres do ano 2013. A interpretação dos textos revela temas como desafio, exploração, reforma, conexões, entre outros. Os temas destacam a importância de uma nova abordagem no processo de formação docente, no estágio, em um curso de Letras, que conteste os paradigmas da formação tradicional de professores de língua estrangeira e que possa servir como reflexão para outros processos de formação docente, muitas das vezes distantes da realidade social e humana dos alunos

Asymmetric synthesis and catalysis is one of the leading research areas in chemistry society, for its versatility and efficiency in obtaining chiral molecules that found the vast majority in natural active compounds and synthetic drugs. Developing asymmetric catalytic methodology is at the frontier in both industrial and academic research laboratories. Enantioselective organocatalysis has emerged as a powerful synthetic tool that is complementary to metal-catalyzed transformations. The development of chiral phosphoric acid and metal phosphate as catalysts has been a breakthrough in recent years. Chiral phosphoric acids have been shown to be powerful catalysts in many organic transformations. Moreover, chiral metal phosphates, which formed by simply replacing the proton in phosphoric acid with metals, have introduced new catalytic activations and broaden the scope of phosphoric acids. This thesis details new highly enantioselective chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed Pinacol rearrangement and robust alkaline phosphates catalytic system, which utilizes novel carbonyl activation. The Pinacol rearrangement has long been known to be difficult to control in terms of regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. The initial studies found that indolyl-diol compounds can be treated with chiral phosphoric acids to afford the Pinacol rearrangement with high regio- and enantioselectivity. Over 16 chiral phosphoric acids were screened, and it was found an H8-BINOL-phosphoric acid variant with 1-naphthyl groups at 3 and 3' position was the excellent catalyst. This asymmetric transformation is tolerant toward variety of substituents both on the indole ring and migrating groups. During the study, it was found that different ways to generate the catalyst had critical effect on this catalytic transformation. Only those phosphoric acids washed with HCl after column chromatography afforded the rearrangement products with high enantioselectivity. And those without treating with HCl were found contaminated by alkaline metals. These "contamination" catalysts were also found active with carbonyl activations. A highly enantioselective catalytic hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of alpha-keto esters has been developed with chiral alkaline metal phosphates. A calcium 1-naphthyl-BINOL phosphate was found to be the optimum catalyst. A large range of alpha-keto esters as well as isatins can be applied in this alkaline phosphates catalytic system with high efficiency and selectivity. The structure of the catalyst is detailed for the first time by X-ray crystal structure analysis. A proposed Transition state model is provided based on the catalyst crystal structure and Raman spectroscopy analysis. This methodology was further developed with an asymmetric Mukaiyama-Michael addition of beta,gamma-unsaturated alpha-keto ester. The best catalyst was found to be a magnesium chiral phosphate. And the transformation was found capable of tolerating a wide variety of beta,gamma-unsaturated alpha-keto esters.

<p><!--StartFragment--></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">My thesis deals with the novel </span><em><span>Ladies</span></em><em><span lang="EN-GB">,</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> written in 2007 by the Swedish author Mara Lee. When published, it was received as a book belonging to the chick lit genre but still got good reviews. This combination is really unusual and awoke my interest in the novel. My thesis is therefore an analysis whether </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Ladies</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> can be considered a chick lit novel or not, and in what way it is similar to or differs from the genre.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">I start my thesis with an overview of former research of chick lit and what earlier was called trivial literature. Here Lisbeth Larsson’s <em>En annan historia</em>, </span><em><span lang="EN-GB"><span>[</span></span></em><em><span lang="EN-GB">Another Story</span></em><em><span lang="EN-GB"><span>]</span></span></em><em><span lang="EN-GB">,</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> Janice Radway’s <em>Reading the Romance</em> and Suzanne Ferriss’ and Mallory Young’s anthology <em>Chick Lit The New Woman’s Fiction</em> were necessary to understand the background of the genre.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">After the research overview I continue with a narratological analysis, using the concepts of Maria Nikolajeva’s <em>Barnbokens byggklossar </em></span><em><span lang="EN-GB"><span>[</span></span></em><em><span lang="EN-GB">The Bricks of the Children Book</span></em><em><span lang="EN-GB"><span>]</span></span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> to look at the structure of a chick lit story. After finishing my chick lit genre analysis I try to complete my own definition of the genre.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">I find the themes love, sexuality and body focus in </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Ladies</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> especially interesting and therefore choose to look closer into how these areas are represented in the book. By using Judith Butler’s concepts the heterosexual matrix, the represented gender and Tiina Rosenberg’s hetero normativity I analyse the representation of the themes. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">In the final discussion I compare my different analyses and my conclusion shows that </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Ladies</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> can’t be considered belonging to the chick lit genre. The biggest difference lies in how love and sexuality are represented in the book compared to chick lit novels. Whereas chick lit in many cases confirms gender stereotypes and conservative norms, </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Ladies</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> actually, according to my analysis, questions them.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">In the end I am finally doing a short reflection about the novel and the author using Pierre Bourdieus concepts about symbolic resources and ”habitus”. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><!--EndFragment--><p> </p>

<!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">My thesis deals with the novel </span><span>Ladies</span><span lang="EN-GB">,</span><span lang="EN-GB"> written in 2007 by the Swedish author Mara Lee. When published, it was received as a book belonging to the chick lit genre but still got good reviews. This combination is really unusual and awoke my interest in the novel. My thesis is therefore an analysis whether </span><span lang="EN-GB">Ladies</span><span lang="EN-GB"> can be considered a chick lit novel or not, and in what way it is similar to or differs from the genre.</span> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">I start my thesis with an overview of former research of chick lit and what earlier was called trivial literature. Here Lisbeth Larsson’s En annan historia, </span><span lang="EN-GB"><span>[</span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Another Story</span><span lang="EN-GB"><span>]</span></span><span lang="EN-GB">,</span><span lang="EN-GB"> Janice Radway’s Reading the Romance and Suzanne Ferriss’ and Mallory Young’s anthology Chick Lit The New Woman’s Fiction were necessary to understand the background of the genre.</span> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">After the research overview I continue with a narratological analysis, using the concepts of Maria Nikolajeva’s Barnbokens byggklossar </span><span lang="EN-GB"><span>[</span></span><span lang="EN-GB">The Bricks of the Children Book</span><span lang="EN-GB"><span>]</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> to look at the structure of a chick lit story. After finishing my chick lit genre analysis I try to complete my own definition of the genre.</span> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">I find the themes love, sexuality and body focus in </span><span lang="EN-GB">Ladies</span><span lang="EN-GB"> especially interesting and therefore choose to look closer into how these areas are represented in the book. By using Judith Butler’s concepts the heterosexual matrix, the represented gender and Tiina Rosenberg’s hetero normativity I analyse the representation of the themes. </span> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">In the final discussion I compare my different analyses and my conclusion shows that </span><span lang="EN-GB">Ladies</span><span lang="EN-GB"> can’t be considered belonging to the chick lit genre. The biggest difference lies in how love and sexuality are represented in the book compared to chick lit novels. Whereas chick lit in many cases confirms gender stereotypes and conservative norms, </span><span lang="EN-GB">Ladies</span><span lang="EN-GB"> actually, according to my analysis, questions them.</span> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">In the end I am finally doing a short reflection about the novel and the author using Pierre Bourdieus concepts about symbolic resources and ”habitus”. </span> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span> <!--EndFragment-->

Föreliggande studie syftar till att undersöka och analysera vilka utbildningsmässiga och organisatoriska förutsättningar som socialarbetarna upplever att det finns för att tillgodose stödbehoven för den som upplevt våld i en HBT-relation. Syftet är vidare att undersöka och analysera socialarbetarnas beskrivningar och föreställningar kring begreppen makt, normer och värderingar kopplat till det praktiska arbetet med våld i HBT-relationer. Studien har en fenomenografisk ansats och bygger på intervjuer med socialarbetare som arbetar med våld i nära relation. Maktperspektiv har använts som teoretisk referensram i studien. Av resultatet framkommer att både de egna och samhällets normer och värderingar har stor påverkan på bemötandet i det praktiska arbetet. Socialarbetarna framhåller vikten av reviderade riktlinjer och handlingsplaner då de utgör en trygghet i det dagliga arbetet. Att HBT-personer är en osynlig grupp är socialarbetarna överens om då endast en av våra informanter har erfarenhet av att ha träffat personer som upplevt våld i HBT-relationer. Socialarbetarna framhåller vikten av att vara könsneutral i sitt bemötande samtidigt som det är viktigt att föra en kritisk diskussion inom organisationen för att synliggöra målgruppen. Sammanfattningsvis påvisar resultatet i vår studie att makt förekommer både på individ-, organisations- samt samhällsnivå när det gäller socialt arbete med våld i HBT-relationer. / The objective of the study at hand is to analyze and study which educational and organizational conditions the social workers believe exist in order for them to meet the need for support for those who have experienced violence in an LGBT-relationship. Furthermore, the purpose is to investigate and analyze the social workers' descriptions and notions of the terms "power", "norms" and "values" in conjunction with the practical work with violence in LGBT-relationships. The study has a phenomenographical approach and is based on interviews with social workers who work with violence in close relationships. In the study, we have used the perspective of power as a theoretical frame of reference. The result shows that personal as well as the society's norms and values have a great influence on how the clients are treated in the practical work carried out. The social workers accentuate the importance of revised policies and action plans, since they make a good support in the daily work. The fact that LGBT-persons are a neglected group, the socialworkers agree upon, since only one of our informants have experience of meeting people who have been subjected to violence in LGBT-relationships. The social workers stress the importance of being gender-neutral in their approach, at the same time as it is crucial to keep a scrutinizing discussion within the organization, in order to make this group visible. To sum up, the result in our study shows that power is present in both individual, organisational and community levels, when it comes to social work regarding violence in LGBT-relationships.