A participação dos artistas plásticos e gráficos na publicidade brasileira, mais especificamente na comercial de produtos e empreendimentos, entre as décadas de 1920-1940 constitui o núcleo de investigação desta tese. Se historicamente as artes plásticas e a publicidade internacionais sempre mantiveram relações estreitas e até mesmo conflituosas, indagou-se como teriam se comportado entre si esses dois campos profissionais no Brasil quando da passagem da nossa publicidade amadora para aquela moderna, impregnada, sobretudo, pelos métodos das agências norte-americanas atuantes no eixo Rio-São Paulo. A partir de um exame atento do mercado de trabalho dos diversos profissionais considerados, procurou-se entender as motivações que os levaram a produzir peças publicitárias, o que por sua vez direcionou o estudo ao questionamento das hierarquias artísticas, pois a relação entre a arte e a publicidade prolonga o consagrado debate em torno das artes mecânicas e liberais, e, por conseguinte as disputas entre arte maior e arte menor, entre arte pura, desinteressada e livre e arte comprometida, dentre outras tipologias usuais. Concomitantemente, averigou-se como a passagem e mesmo a convivência de um sistema acadêmico com um moderno, que se constituiu a partir dos anos 1920, alterou, ou melhor, conformou o campo artístico brasileiro. Frente a esses impasses, recorreu-se a algumas proposições teóricas mais atuais, que ao transferirem o foco problemático do campo artístico para o estético, atenuaram os questionamentos como também permitiram maior flexibilidade de análises. Nos exames formais das peças publicitárias, selecionadas em função de suas representatividades dentro do conjunto, defendeu-se a tese de que houve momentos em que a produção de cartazes e anúncios comerciais, este em maior número, aproximou-se de uma linguagem artística moderna, a exemplo dos projetos comerciais do artista Fulvio Pennacchi, que pertencem à coleção do Instituto Moreira Salles. E, na busca desses momentos estéticos modernos, procurou-se não enxertar e tão somente verificar correspondências com os moldes europeus, ao contrário, isso permitiu o conhecimento da nossa realidade, da modernidade artística que nos foi possível edificar, tendo em conta as variantes que o decorrer dos anos lhe agregou. Este posicionamento, em contrapartida, de forma alguma pôde desprezar o fato da história da propaganda brasileira ter fortes e ricas ligações com os modelos estrangeiros, portanto, impôs-se às análises iconográficas a tarefa de também investigar o quanto a nossa produção foi ou não uma reelaboração particular dos exemplos da arte publicitária em circulação. A interdisciplinaridade foi uma constante neste estudo pelo entrelaçamento de informações originárias de vários campos do conhecimento, sem a qual a pesquisa não teria êxito. / The role of the plastic and graphical artists in the Brazilian commercial advertising of products and enterprises, between the decades of 1920 and 1940, is the core of investigation of this thesis. Historically, plastic arts and advertising always kept narrow and even tough relationships in the international panorama. Therefore, in this work we have inquired the behavior of these two professional fields in Brazil as we pass from an amateur to a modern advertising. The latter has been influenced by the North-American advertising agencies from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. From a painstaking analysis of the labor market of several professionals in the plastic arts field, we have tried to understand the reasons that had taken them to produce advertisement materials. This has led us to investigate artistic hierarchies, since the relationship between art and advertising only emphasizes the old debate around mechanical and liberal arts, minor and major arts, pure and compromised arts, amongst other usual typologies. At the same time we investigated how the coexistence of an academic system and a modern one, established in the years of 1920, molded the Brazilian artistic field. Due to these impasses it was necessary to use some modern theoretical propositions that shifted the subject from the artistic to the aesthetic field, reducing doubts and allowing for a more flexible analysis. In the critical analysis of the selected advertisement materials, we looked for instances where the posters and commercial advertisements, the latter bigger in number, approached a more modern artistic language, such as the commercial projects of the artist Fulvio Pennacchi, that belong to the collection of the Instituto Moreira Salles. In pursuit of these modern aesthetic instances we have not tried only to find similarities with the European patterns but made an effort to understand our reality and the artistic modernity we were able to produce at that time. We did not deny the strong link between the Brazilian and the international advertising, therefore, in our iconographic analysis, we have investigated to what degree our advertisement productions were just reelaborations of the current advertisement art in circulation. In this thesis the interdisciplinarity played a major role due to the crossing of information from many areas of knowledge and, without it, our research would not be possible.

Le travail que nous développons dans le cadre de cette thèse s'articule autour des problèmes de recherche de structure de recouvrement de graphes sous contrainte sur le degré des sommets. Comme l'arbre de recouvrement couvre les sommets d'un graphe connexe avec un minimum de liens, il est généralement proposé comme solution à ce type de problèmes. Cependant, pour certaines applications telles que le routage dans les réseaux optiques, les solutions ne sont pas nécessairement des sous-graphes. Nous supposons dans cette thèse que la contrainte sur le degré est due à une capacité limitée instantanée des sommets et que la seule exigence sur le recouvrement est sa connexité. Dans ce cas, la solution peut être différente d'un arbre. Nous reformulons ces problèmes de recouvrement en nous appuyant sur une extension du concept d'arbre appelée hiérarchie de recouvrement. Notre objectif principal est de démontrer son intérêt vis-à-vis de l'arbre en termes de faisabilité et de coût du recouvrement. Nous considérons deux types de contraintes sur le degré : des bornes sur le degré des sommets ou une borne sur le nombre de sommets de branchement et cherchons dans les deux cas un recouvrement de coût minimum. Nous illustrons aussi l'applicabilité des hiérarchies en étudiant un problème prenant davantage en compte la réalité du routage optique. Pour ces différents problèmes NP-difficiles, nous montrons, tant sur le coût des solutions optimales que sur la garantie de performance des solutions approchées, l'intérêt des hiérarchies de recouvrement. Ce constat se voit conforté par des expérimentations sur des graphes aléatoires. / The work conducted in this thesis is focused on the minimum spanning problems in graphs under constraints on the vertex degrees. As the spanning tree covers the vertices of a connected graph with a minimum number of links, it is generally proposed as a solution for this kind of problems. However, for some applications such as the routing in optical networks, the solution is not necessarily a sub-graph. In this thesis, we assume that the degree constraints are due to a limited instantaneous capacity of the vertices and that the only pertinent requirement on the spanning structure is its connectivity. In that case, the solution may be different from a tree. We propose the reformulation of this kind of spanning problems. To find the optimal coverage of the vertices, an extension of the tree concept called hierarchy is proposed. Our main purpose is to show its interest regarding the tree in term of feasibility and costs of the coverage. Thus, we take into account two types of degree constraints: either an upper bound on the degree of vertices and an upper bound on the number of branching vertices. We search a minimum cost spanning hierarchy in both cases. Besides, we also illustrate the applicability of hierarchies by studying a problem that takes more into account the reality of the optical routing. For all those NP-hard problems, we show the interest of the spanning hierarchy for both costs of optimal solutions and performance guarantee of approximate solutions. These results are confirmed by several experimentations on random graphs.

Nesta tese exploramos uma classe de modelos de N-sítios que foram desenvolvidos para produzir grandes hierarquias de escalas. Usando a abordagem de desconstrução dimensional e correspondências apropriadas, esses modelos puramente quadridimensionais coincidem com modelos AdS5 no limite do contínuo, que corresponde ao limite com um grande núumero de grupos de gauge. Por outro lado, no limite em que há poucos grupos de gauge, tais teorias possuem os acoplamentos entre estados excitados e modos zero dos campos muito distintos dos acoplamentos em construções AdS5, resultando em uma rica fenomenologia a ser explorada no Large Hadron Collider (LHC). O problema da hierarquia do Modelo Padrão (MP) é resolvido se o campo de Higgs estão localizado no infravermelho, assim como nas teorias Randall-Sundrum. A hierarquia de massa dos férmions do MP e misturas são obtidas pelas diferentes localizações dos modos zero dos férmions no espaço dos sítios. Essa estrutura é empregada para abordar o problema da hierarquia sob uma nova perspectiva. Nós mostramos que uma descrição efetiva com poucos sítios de uma dimensão extra curva pode implementar os recentemente introduzidos modelos de relaxion, que são uma nova alternativa para explicar a estabilidade radiativa do setor escalar do MP através do mecanismo de relaxação cosmológico. Esses modelos requerem que o campo experimente grandes variações, que s~ao difíceis de serem geradas em um modelo ultravioleta consistente e de serem compatíveis com o espaço compacto do relaxion. Nós propomos um modelo de N-sítios que gera naturalmente essa grande constante de decaimento necessária para abordar esses problemas. No nosso modelo, a matriz de massa dos pseudo Bósons de Nambu-Goldstone (pBNGs), cujo modo zero faz o papel do relaxion, é idêntica à matriz obtida para uma linha de Wilson pBNG na desconstrução de AdS5. / this thesis we explore a class of N-site models that were developed to generate large-scale hierarchies. Using the dimensional deconstruction approach and appropriate matchings, these purely four-dimensional theories coincide with AdS5 models in the continuum limit, which corresponds to the limit with a large number of gauge groups. On the other hand, in the coarse lattice limit such theories have very distinct couplings of the excited states to zero mode fields compared with AdS5 constructions, resulting in a rich phenomenology to be explored at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The Standard Model (SM) hierarchy problem is solved if the Higgs field is infrared-localized as in Randall-Sundrum scenarios. The SM fermion mass hierarchy and mixings are obtained by different localizations of zero mode fermions in the theory space. This framework is employed to tackle the electroweak hierarchy problem from a new perspective. We show that an effective few site description of a warped extra dimension can implement the recently introduced relaxion models, which are a new alternative to explain the radiative stability of the SM scalar sector through the cosmological relaxation mechanism. These models require very large field excursions, which are difficult to generate in a consistent ultraviolet completion and to reconcile with the compact field space of the relaxion. We propose an N-site model that naturally generates the large decay constant needed to address these problems. In our model, the mass matrix of the pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone Bosons (pNGBs), whose zero mode plays the role of the relaxion field, is identical to the one obtained for a pNGBWilson line in the deconstruction of AdS5.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att förklara hur kamratgrupperingar och sociala hierarkier utgör en väsentlig del av samt leder till mobbning bland skolungdomar. Detta har genomförts med kvalitativ meta-analys av forskningsartiklar, som har tolkats utifrån sociologiska teorier om stigmatisering och miniatyrsamhälleliga gruppers maktförhållanden. Resultatet har framställts genom en grounded theory ansats och analyserats utifrån meta-analytisk metod samt diskursanalytisk ontologi. Resultatet och analysen indikerar att kamratgrupperingar och hierarkier utgör skeden av komplexa händelseförlopp, från skolklassers sammansättningar fram till att mobbning utbryter. Konklusionerna av detta är att det behövs vidare fördjupningar av olika orsakssamband i framtida forskning. Sambanden behöver även uppmärksammas för att motverka hierarkiska skiljelinjer mellan kamratgrupper när man förebygger och avstyr mobbning. / The purpose of this essay is to explain how peer groups and social hierarchies are an essential part of, and generate bullying among school adolescents. This has been conducted through qualitative meta-analysis of research articles, which have been interpreted through sociological theories on stigmatization and power relationships between minor social groups. The results are presented through a grounded theory approach and analyzed by meta-analytic methods and discourse analytic ontology. The analysis indicates that peer groups and social hierarchies are stages of complex social processes, between the formations of school classes up until bullying breaks out. The essay concludes that further research of each causal relationship is needed in future research. The causalities also need to be considered when preventing social hierarchies and intervening in school bullying situations.

In this thesis, we study advanced reasoning about dynamical systems in a logical framework -- the situation calculus. In particular, we consider promoting the efficiency of reasoning about action in the situation calculus from three different aspects. First, we propose a modified situation calculus based on the two-variable predicate logic with counting quantifiers. We show that solving the projection and executability problems via regression in such language are decidable. We prove that generally these two problems are co-NExpTime-complete in the modified language. We also consider restricting the format of regressable formulas and basic action theories (BATs) further to gain better computational complexity for reasoning about action via regression. We mention possible applications to formalization of Semantic Web services. Then, we propose a hierarchical representation of actions based on the situation calculus to facilitate development, maintenance and elaboration of very large taxonomies of actions. We show that our axioms can be more succinct, while still using an extended regression operator to solve the projection problem. Moreover, such representation has significant computational advantages. For taxonomies of actions that can be represented as finitely branching trees, the regression operator can sometimes work exponentially faster with our theories than it works with the BATs current situation calculus. We also propose a general guideline on how a taxonomy of actions can be constructed from the given set of effect axioms. Finally, we extend the current situation calculus with the order-sorted logic. In the new formalism, we add sort theories to the usual initial theories to describe taxonomies of objects. We then investigate what is the well-sortness for BATs under such framework. We consider extending the current regression operator with well-sortness checking and unification techniques. With the modified regression, we gain computational efficiency by terminating the regression earlier when reasoning tasks are ill-sorted and by reducing the search spaces for well-sorted objects. We also study that the connection between the order-sorted situation calculus and the current situation calculus.

Ce mémoire présente un patron d’architecture permettant, dans un contexte orientéobjet, l’exploitation d’objets appartenant simultanément à plusieurs hiérarchies fonctionnelles. Ce patron utilise un reasoner basé sur les logiques de description (web sémantique) pour procéder à la classification des objets dans les hiérarchies. La création des objets est simplifiée par l’utilisation d’un ORM (Object Relational Mapper). Ce patron permet l’utilisation effective du raisonnement automatique dans un contexte d’applications d’entreprise. Les concepts requis pour la compréhension du patron et des outils sont présentés. Les conditions d’utilisation du patron sont discutées ainsi que certaines pistes de recherche pour les élargir. Un prototype appliquant le patron dans un cas simple est présenté. Une méthodologie accompagne le patron. Finalement, d’autres utilisations potentielles des logiques de description dans le même contexte sont discutées. / This master thesis presents a software architectural pattern for use in an object oriented environment to simultaneously access objects in multiple functional hierarchies. A Description Logics (Semantic Web) reasoner is used to classify the objects in the hierarchies. Object creation is simplifed by the use of an ORM - Object Relational Mapper. The pattern effectively allows automatic reasoning procedures to be used in an enterprise application context. All concepts required to understand the architectural pattern and the tools are presented. Usage conditions for the pattern are discussed and research projects are presented to widen the pattern’s applicability. A prototype applying the pattern on a simple problem is presented. A methodology is also presented. Finally, other potential uses of Description Logics based automatic reasoning procedures are discussed.

A participação dos artistas plásticos e gráficos na publicidade brasileira, mais especificamente na comercial de produtos e empreendimentos, entre as décadas de 1920-1940 constitui o núcleo de investigação desta tese. Se historicamente as artes plásticas e a publicidade internacionais sempre mantiveram relações estreitas e até mesmo conflituosas, indagou-se como teriam se comportado entre si esses dois campos profissionais no Brasil quando da passagem da nossa publicidade amadora para aquela moderna, impregnada, sobretudo, pelos métodos das agências norte-americanas atuantes no eixo Rio-São Paulo. A partir de um exame atento do mercado de trabalho dos diversos profissionais considerados, procurou-se entender as motivações que os levaram a produzir peças publicitárias, o que por sua vez direcionou o estudo ao questionamento das hierarquias artísticas, pois a relação entre a arte e a publicidade prolonga o consagrado debate em torno das artes mecânicas e liberais, e, por conseguinte as disputas entre arte maior e arte menor, entre arte pura, desinteressada e livre e arte comprometida, dentre outras tipologias usuais. Concomitantemente, averigou-se como a passagem e mesmo a convivência de um sistema acadêmico com um moderno, que se constituiu a partir dos anos 1920, alterou, ou melhor, conformou o campo artístico brasileiro. Frente a esses impasses, recorreu-se a algumas proposições teóricas mais atuais, que ao transferirem o foco problemático do campo artístico para o estético, atenuaram os questionamentos como também permitiram maior flexibilidade de análises. Nos exames formais das peças publicitárias, selecionadas em função de suas representatividades dentro do conjunto, defendeu-se a tese de que houve momentos em que a produção de cartazes e anúncios comerciais, este em maior número, aproximou-se de uma linguagem artística moderna, a exemplo dos projetos comerciais do artista Fulvio Pennacchi, que pertencem à coleção do Instituto Moreira Salles. E, na busca desses momentos estéticos modernos, procurou-se não enxertar e tão somente verificar correspondências com os moldes europeus, ao contrário, isso permitiu o conhecimento da nossa realidade, da modernidade artística que nos foi possível edificar, tendo em conta as variantes que o decorrer dos anos lhe agregou. Este posicionamento, em contrapartida, de forma alguma pôde desprezar o fato da história da propaganda brasileira ter fortes e ricas ligações com os modelos estrangeiros, portanto, impôs-se às análises iconográficas a tarefa de também investigar o quanto a nossa produção foi ou não uma reelaboração particular dos exemplos da arte publicitária em circulação. A interdisciplinaridade foi uma constante neste estudo pelo entrelaçamento de informações originárias de vários campos do conhecimento, sem a qual a pesquisa não teria êxito. / The role of the plastic and graphical artists in the Brazilian commercial advertising of products and enterprises, between the decades of 1920 and 1940, is the core of investigation of this thesis. Historically, plastic arts and advertising always kept narrow and even tough relationships in the international panorama. Therefore, in this work we have inquired the behavior of these two professional fields in Brazil as we pass from an amateur to a modern advertising. The latter has been influenced by the North-American advertising agencies from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. From a painstaking analysis of the labor market of several professionals in the plastic arts field, we have tried to understand the reasons that had taken them to produce advertisement materials. This has led us to investigate artistic hierarchies, since the relationship between art and advertising only emphasizes the old debate around mechanical and liberal arts, minor and major arts, pure and compromised arts, amongst other usual typologies. At the same time we investigated how the coexistence of an academic system and a modern one, established in the years of 1920, molded the Brazilian artistic field. Due to these impasses it was necessary to use some modern theoretical propositions that shifted the subject from the artistic to the aesthetic field, reducing doubts and allowing for a more flexible analysis. In the critical analysis of the selected advertisement materials, we looked for instances where the posters and commercial advertisements, the latter bigger in number, approached a more modern artistic language, such as the commercial projects of the artist Fulvio Pennacchi, that belong to the collection of the Instituto Moreira Salles. In pursuit of these modern aesthetic instances we have not tried only to find similarities with the European patterns but made an effort to understand our reality and the artistic modernity we were able to produce at that time. We did not deny the strong link between the Brazilian and the international advertising, therefore, in our iconographic analysis, we have investigated to what degree our advertisement productions were just reelaborations of the current advertisement art in circulation. In this thesis the interdisciplinarity played a major role due to the crossing of information from many areas of knowledge and, without it, our research would not be possible.

Práce se zabývá detekcí kolizí v 3D simulačním prostoru. V první části jsou popsány nejpoužívanější algoritmy pro detekci, stejně jako některé knihovny hotových řešení. Druhá část práce obsahuje popis testovacího softwaru vytvořeného na základě knihovny OpenGL, včetně popisu důležitých částí. V poslední části práce jsou také prezentovány výsledky testování a porovnání vybraných algoritmů na vytvořených testovacích úlohách.

Cette thèse explore l'application de la planification HTN afin d'animer une section d'infanterie dans un simulateur informatique temps réel. Afin de produire des plans en ligne pour près de 40 soldats, on montre qu'il est possible d'optimiser le planificateur pour un domaine HTN en compilant les éléments de planifications en structures statiques et en procédures C++. On montre ensuite que la structure du problème se prête à une combinaison de la planification HTN avec la planification par abstraction, obtenue en modélisant des effets abstraits aux tâches composées. Sous certaines conditions, la recherche de solutions est alors accélérée en détectant les réseaux de tâches pour lesquels aucune solution n'est exécutable. Enfin, on montre que la structure du problème permet aussi de formuler des fonctions d'évaluation exploitables dans un algorithme de recherche heuristique non admissible, capable de retourner rapidement des solutions presque optimales. / This thesis explores the application of HTN planning to the animation of an infantry platoon in a real-time simulation software. In order to achieve online planning for nearly 40 soldiers, we show that it is possible to optimize the planner for one HTN domain with a compilation of planning elements into C++ static structures and procedures. Then, we demonstrate that the problem structure lends itself to a combination of HTN planning with abstraction planning, achieved with the modelisation of abstract effects for compound tasks. In some conditions, we can detect those task networks that never lead to any executable solution, and therefore improve the search. Eventually, we show that the problem structure enables to formulate evaluation functions that can be input into a non admissible heuristic search algorithm, and that near optimal solutions can be obtained within a short run-time.

Historical fencing represents an interesting leisure time activity that thousands of people in the Czech Republic devote, most of them joining historical fencing groups. There is a relatively strong hierarchy within a number of groups. The main goal of the thesis is to reveal mechanisms, by which the hierachies in the particular group are generated, maintained, how these hierarchies affect the behaviour of individuals and how an individual can move up and down in the group's hierarchy. The secondary goal of the thesis is to focus on the role of gender in relation to group hierarchies and how is gender done in a group. To get the data qualitative research methods of participant observation and semi-structured interviews are used. The thesis is supplemented by a photo documentation. Theoretical framework used in the research is mainly Bourdieu's capitals and the subculture capital. In addition the concept of authenticity became important during the research. Based on the data the most important capitals are objecitified and embodied subcultural capital, physical capital and social capital. For subcultural studies is very typical the engagement in the subculture, in this case subcultural engagement proved to be important mainly for the non-fighting members of the group. Within the group gender has not...