MSCAGR (Soil Science) / Department of Soil Science / The application of organic manures as alternatives to reduce the use of mineral fertilizers is considered a good agricultural practice for smallholder farmers. However, the effect of organic manure on soil properties and crop yield depends upon its application rate and chemical composition. Climatic seasonal variability within the study area could adversely affect crop production. The amount of rainfall and temperature are among the most important factors that determines crop production. This field experiment was carried out during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 cropping seasons at the University of Venda experimental farm which is located about 2 km west of Thohoyandou town in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of three types of organic manure (cattle, poultry and their combination (1:1)) on yield and water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and selected soil physical and chemical properties under rainfed conditions. The experiment was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments and four replications (control (C0), cattle manure (CM), poultry manure (PM) and their combination (CM + PM)). All organic manures were applied 21 days before planting at a rate equivalent to 20 t ha-1. The manures were incorporated in the soil using a hoe to an approximate depth of 10 cm. Crop water use (WU) and water use efficiency (WUE) were determined using the water balance equation. Rainfall was measured using three standard rain gauges installed on the experimental site. Change in soil moisture storage was determined by monitoring soil moisture content weekly using a neutron water meter (NWM), calibrated on the experimental site. Data on sunflower dry matter and leaf area index (LAI) was collected at flower bud stage, flowering stage and at grain maturity stage. Plant height and stem girth were also determined at the same developmental stages. Grain yield was measured at physiological maturity. xv Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out using SPSS software. Due to seasonal variability encountered during the two cropping seasons, particularly in terms of rainfall, further analysis of two factors (viz. cropping season and organic manure) and their interaction were performed. The differences between treatment means were separated using the least significant differences (LSD) procedure. The results showed that organic manure application had no significant effect on soil physical properties. Poultry manure application resulted in lowest bulk density (BD) with a decrease of 32% in the top layer (0 – 20 cm) compared to control. Cattle manure + PM and CM application decreased BD in the top layer by 14% and 9% compared to control, respectively. Poultry manure and CM recorded almost the highest similar stable aggregate fractions at all soil depths. Poultry manure recorded the highest final infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration followed by CM and CM + PM. The control treatment retained the highest mean water content compared to other treatments at both field capacity (FC) and wilting point (WP). Cattle manure + PM and PM recorded the least mean water content among others at FC and WP respectively. This could be as a result of increased micropores by organic manure application on a clayey soil which allowed an ease movement of water that control treatment which had no manure application. Total N, Ca, and Zn were significantly different between treatments in the first cropping season while K, Na, CEC and Zn were significantly different in second cropping season. pH recorded no significant difference in all treatments in both cropping seasons. CM + PM recorded the highest OC at top layer (0 – 20 cm) in both cropping seasons compared to other treatments. Dry matter yield and LAI at flower bud, flowering and maturity stages increased with the application of different manures compared to the C0. Organic manure application showed a significant (p<0.05) effect on dry matter at all growth stages in the second cropping season. Organic manure had a significant effect on LAI only at flower bud stage of the first cropping season, with PM and CM + PM recording the highest similar value of 1.31. The manure xvi application also showed a significant (P<0.05) effect on plant height and stem girth at all growing stages in the second cropping season, whereas in the first cropping season the significant effect was only in the flower bud stage for both parameters. Grain yield was significantly affected by the manure application in the second cropping season. Manure application in the second cropping season resulted in an increase in the grain yield compared to the first cropping season, except for PM where the grain yield decreased significantly by 167.92% from the first cropping season. Then high grain yield in the second cropping season could be as a result of high WUE reported. The manure application had a significant effect (p<0.05) on water use efficiency (WUE) in the second cropping season. The WUE recorded the highest values under CM and CM + PM treatments in second cropping season than in first cropping season, while PM recorded the highest WUE value in the first cropping season. Generally, organic manures used obtained higher grain yield and WUE compared to control. Keywords: Organic manure, smallholder farmers, sunflower and water use efficiency

La présente thèse propose d’observer les distinctions des attitudes face à la légitimité de la police et l’emploi de la force chez des futurs policiers québécois à différents stades de leur formation policière initiale en école. Plusieurs chercheurs et de nombreux policiers sont d’avis que le métier de policier est appris dans son intégralité sur le terrain et que, de facto, la formation en Académie de Police est inutile. Or, est-ce vraiment le cas? Se pourrait-il que la formation policière engendre des changements d’attitudes graduels et subtils chez les futurs policiers de sorte que ceux-ci sont imperceptibles, mais à la fois les préparent à l’exercice de la profession policière? C’est précisément ce que la thèse vise à documenter, en lien avec les questions de légitimité de la police et d’emploi de la force. La formation policière sera considérée avoir un apport si les futurs policiers plus avancés dans la formation ont des attitudes plus positives face à la légitimité de la police et sont plus favorables à l’emploi de la force que leurs collègues plus novices. Sans contredit, la littérature sur la légitimité de la police est vaste. Or, ce concept est, dans la grande majorité du temps, abordé de façon unidirectionnelle où les citoyens évaluent la légitimité de la police. Il est ici proposé de changer d’approche et d’adopter plutôt une perspective interactionniste et dialogique de la légitimité de la police où la perception de la légitimité de la police qu’ont les citoyens découle du regard que les policiers portent sur la légitimité de leur institution. Dans ce contexte, la formation policière est vue comme une voie de transmission de la légitimité de la police à laquelle sous-tend un processus de socialisation professionnelle qui permet l’adhésion à la culture policière. Ce sujet de recherche est abordé d’un point de vue macrosociologique grâce à une méthodologie quantitative basée sur une enquête transversale à mesures répétées. Concrètement, l’analyse consiste en des comparaisons de moyennes d’attitudes face à la légitimité de la police et face à l’emploi de la force à différents stades de la formation policière. Pour ce faire, les données ont été collectées, dans un premier temps, auprès de 1 494 futurs policiers en formation au Québec. Dans un deuxième temps, pour écarter l’hypothèse alternative que l’explication des écarts d’attitudes entre plusieurs groupes d’étudiants à différents stades de formation pourrait en fait provenir d’une maturation généralisée à tous les jeunes en phase d’émergence de l’âge adulte (c’est-à-dire, entre 18 et 25 ans), la thèse incorpore une dimension de comparaison avec des citoyens de la même tranche d’âge en considérant un échantillon de 601 étudiants d’autres programmes de formation. Conformément aux trois objectifs spécifiques de la thèse, les résultats ont permis d’observer qu’au cours de la formation policière : 1) les attitudes des futurs policiers plus avancés dans la formation sont plus positives et plus distinctes de celles de leurs homologues d’autres programmes de formation que les attitudes des futurs policiers en début de formation, ce qui indique un apport de la formation policière dans le développement de la légitimité de la police chez ceux en voie d’exercer le métier , 2) les attitudes du groupe de futurs policiers plus avancés dans la formation sont plus homogènes que celles de leurs comparses plus novices, ce qui suggère l’adhésion à la culture policière, et 3) les futurs policiers en fin de formation présentent une dissociation dans leurs attitudes face à la légitimité et face à l’emploi de la force relativement à leurs collègues plus novices, dans le sens où leurs attitudes face à la légitimité de la police sont moins fortement prédictives de leurs attitudes face à l’emploi de la force. Ce dernier résultat semble mettre en lumière le développement d’un jugement critique face à la légitimité de la police et son pouvoir d’emploi de la force au cours de la formation policière. La thèse conclut donc que l’utilité de la formation policière en école est loin d’être vaine; elle paraît occasionner des changements d’attitudes subtils et graduels qui peuvent se révéler importants à l’exercice du métier de policiers. / The thesis suggests studying the variations in attitudes toward police legitimacy and the use of force for in-training police students at distinct phases of police initial training at the Police Academy. Several researchers and many police officers attest that the police craft is solely acquired and learnt on the street and, therefore, the training provided at the Police Academy is pointless. Yet, is this really so? Could it be that the training provided by the Police Academy triggers such gradual attitude changes that they go unnoticed, while contributing to preparing the recruits to perform the police line of work? These questions underlie this thesis, specifically in regard to police legitimacy and use of force in the sense that the contribution of the police training would be unveiled if in-training police students more advanced in the study program have more positive attitudes toward police legitimacy and are more favourable to police use of force. Undeniably, the literature on police legitimacy is extensive. However, authors generally adopt a unidirectional point of view where police legitimacy equates to citizen perceptions of police. Rather, it is advocated here that an interactionist and dialogic approach is better suited to understand police legitimacy. The latter is based on the premise that citizens’ perceptions of police legitimacy ensue from the outlook that patrol officers have on the legitimacy of their institution. In that case, police training is considered a professional socialization process which acts as a police legitimacy transmission channel leading to the conformity to police culture. The thesis tackles this research topic with a macrosociological approach supported by a quantitative methodology based on a repeated cross-sectional research design. Precisely, the analytical strategy consists of mean comparisons of attitudes toward police legitimacy and use of force scores at different stages of the police training curriculum. As a first step, data were gathered from a sample of 1 494 future police officers in training in Quebec, Canada. Then, in order to rule out the alternative hypothesis that attitude score fluctuations between groups at different stages of the training could result from a maturation phenomenon generalized to all youth in the phase of emerging adulthood (i.e. 18-25 years old), the thesis includes a dimension of comparison with the general population of the same age group by taking into account the attitude scores of a sample of 601 students from other study programs. In accordance with the three specific objectives of the thesis, results show that, along the police training: 1) attitude scores of in-training police students more advanced in the curriculum are more positive and more divergent from those of the students from other study programs than these attitudes for freshmen, reflecting the impact of training in the development of the perceptions of police legitimacy in those on the path to serve as patrol officers, 2) attitude scores of the group of in-training police students more advanced in the curriculum are more homogenous than those of more novice groups of in-training police students, which suggests the adherence to a specific professional culture, and 3) in-training police students in the senior phase display a greater disconnection between their attitudes toward police legitimacy and attitudes toward police use of force compared to their more junior colleagues, in the sense that their attitudes towards police legitimacy are less strongly predictive of their attitudes toward police use of force. This last result sheds light on the development of critical judgment. All things considered, the thesis concludes that the worth of police initial training is far from vain; it strikes as being responsible for subtle and gradual attitude changes that can prove important to police work.

Ziel der Arbeit war es in einem pulvermetallurgischen Ansatz gasverdüste Ti-45Nb-Pulver mittels Heißpressen zunächst zu kompakten Formkörpern zu verpressen und über geeignete Gefügeeinstellung und bestmöglicher Partikelverzahnung maximale Druckfestigkeiten bei gleichzeitig niedrigem E-Modul zu erhalten. In einem nächsten Schritt wurden mittels Heißpressen mit Platzhalterphase definierte Porenanteile in die Formkörper eingebracht und der Einfluss dieser auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Die porösen Strukturen sollen als Knochenersatzmaterial in einem osteoporotischen Knochendefekt dienen. In einem solchen Defekt stellen Druckkräfte den dominierenden Belastungsfall dar. Die mechanische Charakterisierung der im Rahmen der Arbeit erzeugten porösen Formkörper erfolgte daher im Druckversuch. Die Oberfläche eines metallischen Knochenersatzmaterials muss chemisch und topografisch modifiziert werden, um damit Einfluss auf das Gleichgewicht zwischen zellbiologischen Prozessen zum Knochenauf- und -abbau an der Grenzfläche zwischen Implantat und Knochengewebe zu nehmen. Im speziellen Fall von Osteoporose, wo dieses Gleichgewicht nachweislich gestört ist, spielt die Stimulation des Knochenaufbaus eine besondere Rolle. Für Strontiumspezies konnte eine das Knochenwachstum stimulierende Wirkung und die Inhibierung des Knochenabbaus in mehreren Studien gezeigt werden. Ein weiteres Ziel der Arbeit stellte daher die Erzeugung von strontiumhaltigen Hydroxylapatitschichten mittels Elektrodeposition dar. Die erzeugten Schichten wurden strukturell, morphologisch und chemisch charakterisiert. Weiterhin wurden die Sr-Freisetzung aus den Schichten und die zellbiologische Wirkung untersucht. Konzepte zur Abscheidung auf planaren Legierungsoberflächen konnten in einem nächsten Schritt im Rahmen einer Machbarkeitsstudie auf poröse Ti-45Nb Strukturen übertragen werden. / Aim of the work was the production of dense Ti-45Nb material by hot-pressing of gas-atomized Ti-45Nb powder. Maximum compression strength and low Young’s modulus values were obtained by means of a tailored microstructure and improved interlinking of the powder particles. In a next step defined amounts of porosity were introduced by hot-pressing the alloy powder with a space holder phase. The produced porous structures should be used as bone substitute material in an osteoporotic bone defect. Compression is the dominating load in such a defect. Accordingly, compression tests were conducted to assess the mechanical properties. The surface state of metallic bone replacement materials plays an important role regarding the osseointegration of the material into the surrounding bone tissue. A chemical and topographical modification of the surface is necessary to influence the equilibrium between the formation and resorption of bone on the interphase of implant and bone tissue. Especially in case of osteoporosis the stimulation bone formation is essential. Several studies have shown that strontium species have a positive effect on the formation of bone tissue and the inhibition of bone resorption. Therefore, a further aim of the work was the electrodeposition of Sr-containing hydroxyapatite layers and the structural, morphological and chemical characterization of the deposited layers. Furthermore, the release of Sr-species from the layers and the effect on hMSC (human mesenchymal stroma cells) were examined. Originating from studies on planar alloy surfaces, the transfer of the deposition approaches was shown in a proof of concept on the porous Ti-45Nb scaffolds.

This master thesis presents an analogue peak holder circuit design aimed at facilitating the non-invasive inspection of the ageing process in electric drives. The ageing process of electric drives is a crucial aspect that demands accurate monitoring to ensure their long-term performance and reliability. The proposed peak holder circuit is specifically designed to detect fast and narrow-width pulses of ringing current present in the PWM drive current. By capturing and measuring the peak values of these pulses, the circuit provides valuable insights into the ageing characteristics of electric drives. Experimental results demonstrate the remarkable efficiency of the peak holder circuit in accurately detecting and quantifying the peak values of the ringing current pulses. The circuit exhibits a stable output swing within a specified effective input swing range, with low mean-squared error (MSE) values. This signifies a strong linear correlation between the input and output signals, enhancing the reliability of the ageing detection process. The ability of the peak holder circuit to effectively detect and analyze the ageing process of electric drives offers numerous advantages. By focusing on peak detection, which captures the highest values of the ringing current, the circuit provides a more efficient and targeted approach to inspecting the ageing process. This enables engineers and maintenance personnel to gain crucial insights into the degradation and performance of electric drives, allowing for timely interventions and proactive maintenance. / Detta examensarbete presenterar en nyutvecklad kretslösning för toppvärdesdetektering hos elektriska drivsystem, med målet att underlätta ickeinvasiv övervakning av åldrandesprocessen hos eldrivsystem. Åldrandet hos eldrivsystem är en avgörande faktor som kräver noggrann övervakning för att säkerställa deras långsiktiga prestanda och tillförlitlighet. Den föreslagna kretsen för att detektera toppvärden är specifikt utformad för att detektera snabba och kortvariga ringningar i PWM-modulerade strömmar. Genom att mäta toppvärdena ger kretsen värdefull information om åldrandekaraktären hos eldrivsystemen. Experimentella resultat visar på den enastående effektiviteten hos spetsdetekteringskretsen för att noggrant detektera och kvantifiera toppvärdena hos ringningarna i strömmen. Kretsen uppvisar en stabil utsignal inom ett specificerat ingångsintervall, med låga medelkvadratiska felvärden (MSE). Detta indikerar en stark linjär korrelation mellan ingångs- och utgångssignalerna, vilket förbättrar tillförlitligheten hos åldersdetektionsprocessen. Krestsens förmåga att effektivt detektera och analysera åldrandeprocessen hos eldrivsystem erbjuder flera fördelar. Genom att fokusera på toppvärdesdetektering, som fångar de högsta värdena av ringströmmen, ger kretsen ett mer effektivt och riktat tillvägagångssätt för att inspektera åldrandet. Det möjliggör för ingenjörer och underhållspersonal att få viktig information om nedbrytning och prestanda hos eldrivsystem, vilket möjliggör tidiga insatser och proaktivt underhåll.

Master's work consists of 100 pages, 97 bibliographic lists are used. The relevance of the research topic is revealed in three interrelated aspects: doctrinal, economic and rule-making. The doctrinal aspect is manifested in the fact that today in the Russian Federation there are no special normative acts that would have a regulatory effect on public relations taking shape between entities on the Internet. The rule-making aspect is expressed in the fact that the tasks set by the leadership of the Russian Federation on the accelerated development of the economy and social sphere give particular relevance to this work. The most significant legislative adjustment will be required in connection with the development of the digital environment. Finally, the economic aspect is due to the need to strengthen government regulation in the field of digital technologies. All this together determines the relevance of the research topic and determines its choice. The aim of the study is a comprehensive, comprehensive study and study of the legal nature and legal characteristics of obligations arising on the Internet when providing Internet services with the aim of generating theoretical and practical conclusions that can be taken into account when reforming the law and improving judicial and law enforcement practice in the analyzed public relations. In pursuance of the research goal, the following specific tasks are set in the work: to consider the legal regulation of Internet services in the Russian Federation; define the concepts of “Internet service” and “legal risk”, substantiate the legally relevant criteria for their classification in order to increase the efficiency of their management; conduct a comprehensive analysis of legal risks associated with the protection of intellectual property; to offer a range of measures to improve legislation in the field of Internet services management. Research methods include general scientific and private scientific methods, in particular the formal legal, comparative legal, logical, statistical method, as well as other methods of economic analysis of private law. / Магистерская работа состоит из 100 страниц, использовано 97 библиографических списков. Актуальность темы исследования раскрывается в трех взаимосвязанных аспектах: доктринальном, экономической и нормотворческом. Доктринальный аспект проявляется в том, что на сегодняшний день в Российской Федерации отсутствуют специальные нормативные акты, которые бы осуществляли регулирующее воздействие на общественные отношения, складывающиеся между субъектами в сети «Интернет». Нормотворческий аспект выражается в том, что особую актуальность настоящей работе придают поставленные руководством Российской Федерации задачи по ускоренному развитию экономики и социальной сферы. Наиболее значимая перестройка законодательства потребуется в связи с развитием цифровой среды. Наконец, экономический аспект обусловлен потребностью усиления государственного регулирования в сфере цифровых технологий. Все это в совокупности обуславливает актуальность темы исследования и определяет ее выбор. Целью исследования является всестороннее, комплексное изучение и исследование правовой природы и юридической характеристики обязательств, возникающих в сети «Интернет» при оказании Интернет-услуг с целью формирования теоретических и практических выводов, которые могут быть учтены при реформировании законодательства и совершенствовании судебной и правоприменительной практики в анализируемой сфере общественных отношений. Во исполнение поставленной цели исследования в работе ставятся следующие конкретные задачи: рассмотреть правовое регулирование интернет-услуг в Российской Федерации; определить понятия «интернет-услуга» и «правовой риск», обосновать юридически значимые критерии их классификации для цели повышения эффективности управления ими; провести комплексный анализ правовых рисков, связанных с защитой интеллектуальной собственности; предложить комплекс мероприятий по совершенствованию законодательства в области управления интернет-услугами. Методы исследования включают в себя общенаучные и частные научные методы, в частности формально-юридический, сравнительно-правовой, логический, статистический метод, а также иные методы экономического анализа частного права.

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中文摘要 由於跨業經營已是國際間金融業整合之趨勢，因此，我國金融控股公司法的設立將付予國內金融機構進行整合、轉型的機制，讓其更具競爭力，只是是否每一金融集團均能成功轉換，恐怕短期問業者仍要面臨階段性的調整壓力，並非一蹴可及；再則，在該法設立後，金融監理一元化將更形重要，否則當金融機構跨業經營形成金融巨人後，未來發生弊端時，就會變成金融怪獸，所引爆的金融危機，將更為迅速且嚴重，連鎖反應將更為擴大。故本研究以我國金融控股公司之經營規範為主題，並以中華開發為個案探討藉以論述金融控股公司之因應策略。 究竟金融控股公司的設立，能否為國內的金融業帶來生機？以及政府應在准許業界設立金融控股公司的同時，要如何建立專業、獨立與有效率的監理機制，以避免增加業者的管理成本，並提升金融業的競爭力？此乃本論文之研究目的。 本研究亦提出在我國加入世界貿易組織(WTO)後，銀行業必然面臨與先進國家相互角逐金融市場之局面，故宜及早檢討其經營策略，俾掌握業務與客戶群，再造一個具有競爭力的經營體系；本研究並提出相關之建議。 摘要 鑒於美國、日本、韓國、歐盟之金融服務現代化改革中，均已朝向金融百貨化方式發展，並以金融控股公司作為發展跨業經營之主要型態，以利防火牆之設計及風險之區隔，並提高聯屬公司專業化經營效率。金融控股法是重整金融體質的法源，它能加快金融業走向大型化和國際化的腳步，進而提升我國金融業的國際競爭力。故政府為配合此一國際金融發展趨勢及符合國內現行體制與實務之需要，已於民國九十年六月二十七日通過金融控股公司法。因此，銀行、保險、證券等金融機構均得選擇以金融控股公司型態，以提高跨業經營之效率，並加速金融市場之整合。 同時在金融市場陸續開放後，金融機構所面對的風險愈趨複雜化，為因應金融環境的變遷，我國監理機關及監理制度規劃上亦宜有所興革。因為目前不同金融業問彼此互動頻繁，關聯度亦相對提高，近年來世界各國如英、美、日及韓等國，為強化金融主管機關合併監理功能，皆已完成對金融監理機構的整合。有鑑於此，我國必須積極落實金融監理機制的再造工程，推動金融監理一元化，以建立金融監理的整合體制。 第一章說明本研究的動機在於省思「金融控股公司法」之設立，能否付予國內金融機構進行整合、轉型的機制，但未來「金融監理一元化制度」將更形重要。本論文之研究目的在於探討究竟金融控股公司的設立，能否為國內的金融業帶來生機?以及政府應在准許業界設立金融控股公司的同時，要如何建立專業、獨立與有效率的監理機制，以維護社會公益，並提升金融業的競爭力?第二章論述金融控股公司之經濟意義和功能，以及弊病；第三章回顧先進國家跨業經營之沿革與規範；第四章說明我國金融控股公司法之監理規範；第五章：個案探討一以中華開發金融控股公司為例；第六章：結論與建議。 / Abstract Because it is the trend to cross running business within the integration of the international banks, our government set up “the Law of Bank Holding Company”for the local banks to enter into integration and transformation to improve their competition。But it is essential to establish the independent supervisory system to prevent the defaults in advance。Otherwise, its exposure will be serious and its contagious effect is more extensive。 Will Bank Holding Company bring the new era for the local banks ? How will the government set up the independent, professional, and effective supervisory system ? The above topics are the studying purposes of the essay。 The essay also indicates that our banks will have a fierce competition with international banks after we are allowed to enter WTO, and submits suggestions to set up well-run Bank Holding Company -----

<p>Традиционално, државина је посматрана као чињеница (possessio non iuris est, sed facti). Један део правне доктрине сматра да је државина право. Мада има одговарајућа правна дејства и ужива правну заштиту, државина није и не може бити право. Веома често се државина и право на државину поклапaју, и правни субјект може имати право на државину (ius possidendi) засновано на неком субјективном праву, али државина може настати не само као вршење правне власти, већ и без ње, па и супротно таквом овлашћењу. Државина може да постоји независно од права на ствар, односно, независно од тога да ли се у конкретном случају правна и фактичка власт на некој ствари подударају или супротстављају.<br />Предмет истраживања и рада на докторској дисертацији &bdquo;Правна дејства државине у савременом праву&ldquo;, представља анализу појма, правне природе, субјеката и објеката државине, врста и квалитета државине, стицања, преноса и престанка државине. Овако детаљно сагледавање института државине доприноси разумевању најзначајних правних дејстава које државина производи.<br />Циљ истраживања представља критичку анализу позитивног права и прилагођавање регулативе изазовима савременог доба.<br />Од врста и квалитета државине зависи која ће правна дејства правни поредак везивати уз одговарајућу државину. Субјективна и објективна својства државине детерминишу њен квалитет. Државина са свим позитивним елементима је квалификована државина. То је државина која је истовремено законита, права и савесна. Правна дејства државине настају онда када је државина стечена и у односу на онога ко ју је стекао.<br />Функције државине које се остварују кроз правна дејства су: функција публицитета, функција континуитета и заштитна функција.<br />Правна дејства државине која произлазе из публицитетне функције су: државина је начин стицања стварних права на покретним стварима, државина ствара претпоставку о постојању права својине на ствари, државина ствара могућност стицања својине од невласника, држалац је одговоран за штету која потиче од ствари која се налази у његовој државини.<br />Правна дејства државине која произлазе из континуитетне функције су: заштита државине од одузимања или сметања, повољнији положај држаоца код кога се ствар налази у поступку по публицијанској тужби, положај држаоца приликом враћања ствари у петиторном спору за предају ствари, могућност да државина која је имала одређене квалитете и трајала законом одређено време, путем одржаја, прерасте у право својине.<br />У закључним разматрањима докторске дисертације сублимирају се резултати истраживања, недостаци позитивноправних решења и дају предлози de lege ferenda.</p> / <p>Tradicionalno, državina je posmatrana kao činjenica (possessio non iuris est, sed facti). Jedan deo pravne doktrine smatra da je državina pravo. Mada ima odgovarajuća pravna dejstva i uživa pravnu zaštitu, državina nije i ne može biti pravo. Veoma često se državina i pravo na državinu poklapaju, i pravni subjekt može imati pravo na državinu (ius possidendi) zasnovano na nekom subjektivnom pravu, ali državina može nastati ne samo kao vršenje pravne vlasti, već i bez nje, pa i suprotno takvom ovlašćenju. Državina može da postoji nezavisno od prava na stvar, odnosno, nezavisno od toga da li se u konkretnom slučaju pravna i faktička vlast na nekoj stvari podudaraju ili suprotstavljaju.<br />Predmet istraživanja i rada na doktorskoj disertaciji &bdquo;Pravna dejstva državine u savremenom pravu&ldquo;, predstavlja analizu pojma, pravne prirode, subjekata i objekata državine, vrsta i kvaliteta državine, sticanja, prenosa i prestanka državine. Ovako detaljno sagledavanje instituta državine doprinosi razumevanju najznačajnih pravnih dejstava koje državina proizvodi.<br />Cilj istraživanja predstavlja kritičku analizu pozitivnog prava i prilagođavanje regulative izazovima savremenog doba.<br />Od vrsta i kvaliteta državine zavisi koja će pravna dejstva pravni poredak vezivati uz odgovarajuću državinu. Subjektivna i objektivna svojstva državine determinišu njen kvalitet. Državina sa svim pozitivnim elementima je kvalifikovana državina. To je državina koja je istovremeno zakonita, prava i savesna. Pravna dejstva državine nastaju onda kada je državina stečena i u odnosu na onoga ko ju je stekao.<br />Funkcije državine koje se ostvaruju kroz pravna dejstva su: funkcija publiciteta, funkcija kontinuiteta i zaštitna funkcija.<br />Pravna dejstva državine koja proizlaze iz publicitetne funkcije su: državina je način sticanja stvarnih prava na pokretnim stvarima, državina stvara pretpostavku o postojanju prava svojine na stvari, državina stvara mogućnost sticanja svojine od nevlasnika, držalac je odgovoran za štetu koja potiče od stvari koja se nalazi u njegovoj državini.<br />Pravna dejstva državine koja proizlaze iz kontinuitetne funkcije su: zaštita državine od oduzimanja ili smetanja, povoljniji položaj držaoca kod koga se stvar nalazi u postupku po publicijanskoj tužbi, položaj držaoca prilikom vraćanja stvari u petitornom sporu za predaju stvari, mogućnost da državina koja je imala određene kvalitete i trajala zakonom određeno vreme, putem održaja, preraste u pravo svojine.<br />U zaključnim razmatranjima doktorske disertacije sublimiraju se rezultati istraživanja, nedostaci pozitivnopravnih rešenja i daju predlozi de lege ferenda.</p> / <p>Traditionally, possession has been viewed as a matter of facts (possession not iuris est, sed facti). A part of legal doctrine regards possession as a right. Although possession causes certain legal effects and enjoys protection of the law, possession is not and may not be regarded as a right. Very often factual possession and right to possession overlap and a person may hold a right to possession (ius possidendi) based on some personal right, however possession may be created not only as a result of lawful exercise of one&rsquo;s rights, but also without, or contrary to, exercise of such rights. Possession may exist independently of property rights, that is, regardless of whether legal and factual control over a thing overlap or are at odds.<br />The subject of this research and work on doctoral thesis titled &ldquo;The Legal Effects of Possession in Contemporary Law&rdquo; is analysis of the meaning and legal nature of possession; persons holding possession and things that may be subject to possession; types and varieties of possession; acquiring, transfer, and loss of possession. Such detailed overview of possession contributes to better understanding of the most significant legal effects caused by possession over a thing.<br />The aim of the research is to provide a critical analysis of the law and to examine how the regulations have been modified to meet the challenges of modern time.<br />Depending on the type and form of possession, the legal framework provides for different legal effects to possession over a thing. Personal and objective features determine the quality of possession. Possession, with all the positive elements, constitutes qualified possession. The qualified possession is a possession that is legal and lawful. Legal effects of possession are created at the moment the possession is acquired and they are created towards a person that acquired it.<br />The following elements of possession are created through its legal effects: element of publicity, element of continuity, and protective element.<br />Legal effects of possession associated with the element of publicity are the following: possession is a modus of acquiring property rights over movable objects; possession creates presumption about an existence of property rights over a thing; possession creates possibility of acquiring property rights from a person that does not hold any property rights to a thing; person having corporal possession over a thing is liable for damages arising out of the thing that he holds in his possession.<br />Legal effects of possession associated with the element of continuity are the following: protection of possession from dispossession or infringement of possession; more favorable possession of the holder of a thing in proceedings initiated by Publiciana in rem action; position of the holder at the time of recovery of the thing in proceedings for actions initiated for recovery of possession; it is possible for possession that had certain qualities and that lasted for a period of time set by the law, through adverse possession, to transfigure into a property right.<br />The results, shortcomings of the legislative framework and suggestions de lege ferenda, are summarized in the conclusion of the doctoral thesis.</p>

Este trabalho propõe-se a estudar, mediante abordagem teórica e prática, o regime jurídico das debêntures, tendo em vista as recentes alterações introduzidas pela Lei nº 12.431, de 24 de junho de 2011, que promoveu mudanças significativas em sua disciplina, bem como examinar os problemas e questões atuais das debêntures em um contexto evolutivo da doutrina e dos casos práticos que lhe são submetidos à análise, tendo em vista o uso cada vez mais frequente desse mecanismo de financiamento das sociedades. Busca-se, também, examinar o funcionamento do mercado de debêntures e as novas propostas para incentivar a circulação dos títulos de dívida. Dentre as questões mais controvertidas a serem estudadas neste trabalho, destacam-se as seguintes: (i) evolução da natureza jurídica do instituto, em que as debêntures são vistas como títulos de dívida pertencentes à categoria dos valores mobiliários; (ii) criação do novo mercado de debêntures, como avanço à proposta do Novo Mercado de Renda Fixa; (iii) possibilidade de emissão de debêntures por sociedades limitadas e cooperativas, em razão da ausência de vedação legal e da existência de normas que lhe dão suporte jurídico; (iv) realização de negócios jurídicos com debêntures que vão além da sua função econômica de financiamento da empresa; (v) existência da organização dos debenturistas, em complemento à ideia de comunhão de interesses, tendo em vista o seu caráter orgânico; e, por fim, (vi) se os deveres fiduciários dos administradores se voltariam também aos interesses dos debenturistas, como credores especiais da sociedade emitente. / This work aims to study, through a theoretical and practical approach, the legal system of debentures in view of the recent changes introduced by Law No. 1431, of June 24, 2011, affecting significantly their discipline, and also to examine their current problems and issues within the evolutionary context of the doctrine and the case studies that are submitted to analysis, since the use of this financing mechanism by companies has been increasingly frequent. It also seeks to examine the functioning of the debenture market and the new proposals to stimulate the circulation of debt bonds. Amongst the most controversial issues to be studied in this work, the following are highlighted: (i) the evolution of the legal nature of this institute, in which debentures are seen as debt notes pertaining to the category of securities; (ii) the creation of a new debenture market as an advancement to the proposal of the New Fixed Income Market; (iii) the possibility of limited partnerships and cooperatives issuing debentures in view of the absence of a legal prohibition and the existence of norms that give legal support to it; (iv) the consummation of legal transactions with debentures that go beyond their economic function of business financing; (v) the existence of a debenture holder organization as a complement to the idea of pooling of interests, in view of its organic character; and, finally, (vi) whether the fiduciary duties of the administrators would also accommodate the interests of the debenture holders, while in their position of special creditors to the issuing business.

Le droit traite principalement l’abstention sous l’angle de la faute d’abstention, mais éprouve des difficultés à appréhender l’abstention du titulaire d’une prérogative qui nécessite une nouvelle approche. Refus temporaire, et non exprimé, de jouir immédiatement des effets de sa prérogative pour les retenir jusqu’au moment le plus opportun, l’abstention crée une situation équivoque. N’ayant ni la clarté d’un exercice actif, ni celle d’une renonciation, elle génère en effet imprévisibilité et insécurité juridique. Cette dernière est d’ailleurs exacerbée par les interprétations erronées dont l’abstention fait l’objet et par l’aggravation dans le temps des conséquences qui touchent celui qui la subit. Ainsi, à défaut de statut légalement défini de l’abstention, il est impératif de se saisir de la problématique d’imprévisibilité de l’abstention du titulaire d’une prérogative pour tenter de l’atténuer, tout en mettant en relief sa légitimité. L’encadrement du comportement de celui qui s’abstient dans le temps est la solution qui s’impose. Ainsi, à compter de la fin d’un délai raisonnable, laps de temps préservant sa liberté au sein du délai imparti, il doit respecter le standard de l’agent raisonnable. À défaut, sa responsabilité pourrait être engagée sans que cela n’exclue la responsabilisation de celui qui subit l’abstention. / French law is usually understanding the abstention as the abstention fault. However, the abstention of the holder of a prerogative can not be analyzed this way and requires a new juridical approach. Abstention creates an equivocal situation by being a refusal, silent and temporary, to immediately enjoy the effects of a prerogative in order to retain them until the most appropriate moment. By being unclear unlike an active exercise or a real renunciation, it generates indeed unpredictability and a lack of legal safety. This insecurity is, moreover, exacerbated by erroneous interpretations of abstention and by the aggravation of the consequences affecting the one who suffers from it with the passing time. As a result, due to the absence of a legal status of abstention, it is imperative to take up the unpredictability problem of the abstention of the holder of a prerogative in order to attempt to mitigate it, while highlighting its legitimacy. The appearing necessary solution finds its way in the regulation of the behavior of the one abstaining in time. Consequently, from the end of a reasonable period, preserving his liberty within the time limit, he has to respect the standard of a reasonable agent. Failing that, his liability could be incurred. This would not exclude the accountability of the person who suffers from abstention.