Les universités françaises se trouvent confrontées à de multiples facteurs les incitant au changement et à une modification de leurs pratiques et des outils auxquels elles ont recours. Les Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (TIC) représentent un levier non négligeable pour permettre aux universités de faire face à ces multiples facteurs de changement. Parmi ces technologies, les Environnements Numériques de Travail (ENT) représentent des outils précieux. La décision d’adopter ces derniers n’émane pas directement des universités, mais découle davantage d’une initiative ministérielle. De nombreuses descriptions techniques sont fournies. Nous relevons cependant un manque d’informations sur le projet d’intégration de ces ENT tant au niveau ministériel que dans la littérature. Le travail mené ici vise à proposer une démarche destinée à favoriser l’intégration de ces environnements dans un contexte universitaire. Nous proposons une démarche multidimensionnelle qui a pour vocation de couvrir toutes les problématiques liées à l’intégration d’un ENT dans une université. Nous identifions quatre dimensions fondamentales : la dimension humaine, la dimension activité, la dimension technique et la dimension organisationnelle. La dimension activité intègre une sous-dimension essentielle dans le cadre de l’ENT : la sous-dimension pédagogique. L’étude de ces 4 dimensions garantit l’exhaustivité de l’étude menée. La validation de la démarche par le biais d’une étude de cas nous a permis d’étudier les dimensions citées dans un contexte réel et d’identifier des pistes d’amélioration. Nous avons par ailleurs recensé plusieurs facteurs clés de succès et obstacles à l’intégration d’un ENT dans une université. Cette étude a été menée dans un contexte français, mais les résultats obtenus seront aisément transposables dans d’autres pays. / French universities face several factors leading them to change and to modify their practices and tools. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) represent a considerable lever to face these change factors. Among these technologies, “Environnements Numériques de Travail” (ENT) represent interesting tools. The decision to adopt these tools comes from a ministerial initiative and not directly from universities. Many technical descriptions are available. But we notice a lack of information on the integration project in official documents as in other publications. In that work, we aim at proposing an approach intended to support the integration of these environments in a university. We propose a multidimensional approach intended to study all the problems related to the integration of an ENT in a university. We identify four fundamental dimensions: human dimension, activity dimension, technical dimension and organizational dimension. Activity dimension integrates an essential part of the ENT: the teaching part. The study of these 4 dimensions guarantees the exhaustiveness of the undertaken study. The validation of the approach by the use of a case study enabled us to study these dimensions in a real context and to identify ways of improvement. We also listed several key success factors and obstacles to the integration of a ENT in a university. This study was undertaken in a French context, but the results obtained will be easily transposable in other countries.

Under 1990-talet var “informationssamhället” ett begrepp som flitigt användes av politiker i hela västvärlden. De nordiska länderna var inga undantag. I denna avhandling undersöks och jämförs den svenska och norska politiska debatten om “informationssamhället” under 1990-talet. Debatten präglas av uppfattningen att ny IKT (informations- och kommunikationsteknik) är drivande i ett historiskt epokskifte som implicerar industrisamhällets slut och “informationssamhällets” början. Denna uppfattning analyseras ingående med diskursteoretiska verktyg. Debatten förstås som en diskursiv kamp mellan olika kollektiva aktörer (de politiska partierna i riksdagen resp. Stortinget), en kamp som inte bara handlar om framtiden utan också om samtid och historia. De tongivande inslagen av teknik och utvecklingsdeterminism analyseras och problematiseras både som en politisk strategi och som en arketypiskt modern förståelseform. Ett socialdemokratiskt dilemma infinner sig – hur skall socialdemokratiskt styre legitimeras i en tid där utvecklingen sprungit ifrån industrimodernitetens socialdemokratiska industristat? En tyngspunktsskillnad beträffande betoningen av “hårda” och “mjuka” frågor påvisas i jämförelsen mellan svensk och norsk debatt. Denna skillnad sätts i ett historisk sammanhang som understryker grannländernas delvis olikartade moderniseringsprocesser.

Nūdienos švietimo sistemoje informacinės ir komunikacinės technologijos sudaro galimybes ugdyti šiuolaikišką pilietį, pasirengusį gyventi elektroninėje erdvėje. Kompiuterinės technologijos daro įtaką įvairių dalykų mokymui ir mokymuisi, visam ugdymo procesui. Tyrimo tikslas - atskleisti IKT taikymo technologijų pamokose situaciją ir ją sąlygojančius veiksnius. Uždaviniai: išanalizuoti mokslinę literatūrą, teisinius dokumentus ir atliktus tyrimus susijusius su IKT taikymu per technologijų pamokas; atskleisti IKT taikymo svarbą mokant technologijų; išnagrinėti technologijų mokytojų kompetenciją taikyti IKT technologijų pamokose. / Today's education information and communication technologies have the potential to develop a modern citizen, ready to live in electronic space. Computer technology has an impact on a variety of subjects for teaching and learning also for the educational process. The aim of thesis is to reveal ICT application in technology lessons situation and its determinative factors. Tasks: to carry out the analysis of the scientific literature and education documents, in order to reveal ICT use in technology education; to reveal the importance of ICT use in technology education; to analyse teachers’ competence to use ICT in technology lessons.

The South African public service, like many organisation, is embracing information and communication technology (ICTs) and the main aim is to improve and better their services. Frenzel (1999:18) indicates that this is because ICT has the potential to reduce costs, improve internal efficiency, capture economies of scale and bring organisations even closer to their customers and suppliers. Significant initiatives have been taken in the last couple of years. These include the need to address the coordination of ICT initiatives in the public service, through the establishment of the Office of the Government Chief Information Officers (OGCIO) within the Department of Public Service and Administration (DPSA). The South African public service also established State Information Technology Agency (SITA) responsible for the provision of information technology, system and related services. However, although ICT has the potential to infuse every area of the public service and improve service delivery, ICT is a management task that should be addressed in the overall context of an organisation and its environment. It is therefore in the best interest of this study to investigate the role of ICT in the South African public service. A number of aspects of ICT were investigated, including the challenges facing government in the implementation of ICT, critical success factors of ICT and the role of ICT in the public service. Among the challenges indentified include leadership instability, lack of common shared vision and strategy, lack of skills, training and development and poor communication and decision making processes are significant organizational factors constraining the successful implementation of ICT in government. Lack of ICT infrastructure, integration and interoperability issues are cited as technical challenges to successful implementation. Key findings from the study were that ICTs should integrate service delivery across government. It should also facilitate business efficiency and effectiveness and contribute towards socio-economic development. It is therefore necessary that ICT must be driven by government‘s developmental agenda, rather than technology. It is recommended that this could be achieved through a sustained shared, common vision across government, adequate resources and strategic partnerships with the business community. / Master of Public Administration, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

The South African public service, like many organisation, is embracing information and communication technology (ICTs) and the main aim is to improve and better their services. Frenzel (1999:18) indicates that this is because ICT has the potential to reduce costs, improve internal efficiency, capture economies of scale and bring organisations even closer to their customers and suppliers. Significant initiatives have been taken in the last couple of years. These include the need to address the coordination of ICT initiatives in the public service, through the establishment of the Office of the Government Chief Information Officers (OGCIO) within the Department of Public Service and Administration (DPSA). The South African public service also established State Information Technology Agency (SITA) responsible for the provision of information technology, system and related services. However, although ICT has the potential to infuse every area of the public service and improve service delivery, ICT is a management task that should be addressed in the overall context of an organisation and its environment. It is therefore in the best interest of this study to investigate the role of ICT in the South African public service. A number of aspects of ICT were investigated, including the challenges facing government in the implementation of ICT, critical success factors of ICT and the role of ICT in the public service. Among the challenges indentified include leadership instability, lack of common shared vision and strategy, lack of skills, training and development and poor communication and decision making processes are significant organizational factors constraining the successful implementation of ICT in government. Lack of ICT infrastructure, integration and interoperability issues are cited as technical challenges to successful implementation. Key findings from the study were that ICTs should integrate service delivery across government. It should also facilitate business efficiency and effectiveness and contribute towards socio-economic development. It is therefore necessary that ICT must be driven by government‘s developmental agenda, rather than technology. It is recommended that this could be achieved through a sustained shared, common vision across government, adequate resources and strategic partnerships with the business community. / Master of Public Administration, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

The use of Learning Management Systems (LMSs) in higher education institutions is not a new tendency. Although this is an innovative way of implementing e-learning in the educational process, there are a few problems concerning these systems. Educators tend to apply traditional classroom ideas and pedagogy in computer-supported e-learning environments, assuming that because these environments allow the interaction that we see in the classroom, traditional pedagogy can be used. Although most of the pedagogical principles that apply to the traditional classroom-delivery method also apply to e-learning, the e-environment supports such interactions in a different manner. Traditional pedagogical principles should be adapted to accommodate the e-learning environment and should form the very basis for inclusion of features in LMSs. These principles should be integrated into the LMS where every feature included is accompanied by explicit guidelines on how to use the feature in such a way that it will effect pedagogically sound instruction. The aim of this study is to determine how an LMS could be used in order to enhance self-directed learning. In order to reach this aim a brief history of SDL was given and a number of SDL models were discussed. These models were analyzed in order to compile a list of guidelines to foster SDL. The first set of guidelines didn’t focus on any specific learning environment and it was necessary to refine these guidelines for an online environment. To be able to refine the guidelines for an online environment, LMSs in general were discussed and a few models for SDL in an online environment were reviewed. The SDL guidelines were further refined for implementation in eFundiTM. eFundiTM is the LMS used at the North-West University, Potchefstroom campus, South Africa. The nature of the AGLE 121 module (a literacy module for all first year students) and the specific functionalities of eFundiTM were discussed and taken in consideration when the final set of guidelines was compiled. The researcher did an empirical study to gather valid and reliable data. A mixed methods inquiry approach was used to obtain reliable evidence. The population consisted of all the students that were enrolled for the AGLE modules over 2 years. These students were divided into 2 groups, the AGLE 121 in 2010 (237 students) and the AGLE 121 (287 students) in 2011. The questionnaire that was used for the quantitative research in this study was based on the Fisher, King and Taque (2001) SDL readiness scale for nursing education. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven participants from each group in order get a better understanding of the data collected from the quantitative research, and to elaborate further on the students’ development of SDL. Findings indicated that the students from the second year of the study did not necessarily improve their SDL-skills. Most of the results from the quantitative data showed small practical significant differences. However, the qualitative data indicated that the SDL skills of the students improved in two of the three factors after they used the newly developed eFundiTM site, in the second year of the study and therefore the researcher is of opinion that the intervention had a positive impact on the students’ SDL skills. / Thesis (MEd (Computer Science Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

The use of Learning Management Systems (LMSs) in higher education institutions is not a new tendency. Although this is an innovative way of implementing e-learning in the educational process, there are a few problems concerning these systems. Educators tend to apply traditional classroom ideas and pedagogy in computer-supported e-learning environments, assuming that because these environments allow the interaction that we see in the classroom, traditional pedagogy can be used. Although most of the pedagogical principles that apply to the traditional classroom-delivery method also apply to e-learning, the e-environment supports such interactions in a different manner. Traditional pedagogical principles should be adapted to accommodate the e-learning environment and should form the very basis for inclusion of features in LMSs. These principles should be integrated into the LMS where every feature included is accompanied by explicit guidelines on how to use the feature in such a way that it will effect pedagogically sound instruction. The aim of this study is to determine how an LMS could be used in order to enhance self-directed learning. In order to reach this aim a brief history of SDL was given and a number of SDL models were discussed. These models were analyzed in order to compile a list of guidelines to foster SDL. The first set of guidelines didn’t focus on any specific learning environment and it was necessary to refine these guidelines for an online environment. To be able to refine the guidelines for an online environment, LMSs in general were discussed and a few models for SDL in an online environment were reviewed. The SDL guidelines were further refined for implementation in eFundiTM. eFundiTM is the LMS used at the North-West University, Potchefstroom campus, South Africa. The nature of the AGLE 121 module (a literacy module for all first year students) and the specific functionalities of eFundiTM were discussed and taken in consideration when the final set of guidelines was compiled. The researcher did an empirical study to gather valid and reliable data. A mixed methods inquiry approach was used to obtain reliable evidence. The population consisted of all the students that were enrolled for the AGLE modules over 2 years. These students were divided into 2 groups, the AGLE 121 in 2010 (237 students) and the AGLE 121 (287 students) in 2011. The questionnaire that was used for the quantitative research in this study was based on the Fisher, King and Taque (2001) SDL readiness scale for nursing education. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven participants from each group in order get a better understanding of the data collected from the quantitative research, and to elaborate further on the students’ development of SDL. Findings indicated that the students from the second year of the study did not necessarily improve their SDL-skills. Most of the results from the quantitative data showed small practical significant differences. However, the qualitative data indicated that the SDL skills of the students improved in two of the three factors after they used the newly developed eFundiTM site, in the second year of the study and therefore the researcher is of opinion that the intervention had a positive impact on the students’ SDL skills. / Thesis (MEd (Computer Science Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Sömnstörningar hos ungdomar anses vara ett växande problem. Det finns misstankar om att ungdomarnas ökade användning av Informations- och Kommunikationsteknik (IKT) är boven i dramat. Ungdomar upplevs spendera en allt större del av sin tid framför datorn, samtidigt som mobilen går varm av samtal och SMS. Det saknas dock utförlig forskning kring sambanden mellan IKT-användande och sömn. Syfte: Att undersöka huruvida ungdomar lider av sömnstörningar och om det i så fall kan kopplas till deras IKT-användande. De frågeställningar som behandlas är hur ungdomars sömnmönster ser ut och om det finns några kopplingar mellan eventuella negativa sömnmönster och deras IKT-användande. Dessutom undersöker vi om det finns några könsmässiga skillnader i sömn och IKT-användandet. Metod: Den metod som används är kvantitativ och datainsamlingen har skett genom en enkät. Urvalet består av 392 elever i årskurs ett från en gymnasieskola i västra Sverige. Enkäten besvarades och samlades in vid ett och samma tillfälle. Datan har bearbetats och analyserats i statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultat: Analysen av resultaten visar att deltagarna har sömnproblem och att de upplever negativa effekter av dessa sömnproblem. Resultatet visar även att det finns ett samband mellan deltagarnas IKT-användande och dålig sömnkvalité, ju högre användande desto sämre sömn. Det finns inga direkta könsmässiga skillnader gällande sömnmönstret, däremot finns det skillnader gällande IKT-användandet. Slutsats: Undersökningen visar att deltagarna faktiskt lider av sömnproblem, och att användandet av IKT påverkar sömnen. Samtidigt indikerar resultatet att IKT-användning endast är en av flera påverkansfaktorer. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att till fullo förstå de bakomliggande orsakerna till ungdomarnas sömnproblem. / Sömnstörningar hos ungdomar anses vara ett växande problem. Det finns misstankar om att ungdomarnas ökade användning av Informations- och Kommunikationsteknik (IKT) är boven i dramat. Ungdomar upplevs spendera en allt större del av sin tid framför datorn, samtidigt som mobilen går varm av samtal och SMS. Det saknas dock utförlig forskning kring sambanden mellan IKT-användande och sömn. Syfte: Att undersöka huruvida ungdomar lider av sömnstörningar och om det i så fall kan kopplas till deras IKT-användande. De frågeställningar som behandlas är hur ungdomars sömnmönster ser ut och om det finns några kopplingar mellan eventuella negativa sömnmönster och deras IKT-användande. Dessutom undersöker vi om det finns några könsmässiga skillnader i sömn och IKT-användandet. Metod: Den metod som används är kvantitativ och datainsamlingen har skett genom en enkät. Urvalet består av 392 elever i årskurs ett från en gymnasieskola i västra Sverige. Enkäten besvarades och samlades in vid ett och samma tillfälle. Datan har bearbetats och analyserats i statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultat: Analysen av resultaten visar att deltagarna har sömnproblem och att de upplever negativa effekter av dessa sömnproblem. Resultatet visar även att det finns ett samband mellan deltagarnas IKT-användande och dålig sömnkvalité, ju högre användande desto sämre sömn. Det finns inga direkta könsmässiga skillnader gällande sömnmönstret, däremot finns det skillnader gällande IKT-användandet. Slutsats: Undersökningen visar att deltagarna faktiskt lider av sömnproblem, och att användandet av IKT påverkar sömnen. Samtidigt indikerar resultatet att IKT-användning endast är en av flera påverkansfaktorer. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att till fullo förstå de bakomliggande orsakerna till ungdomarnas sömnproblem.

現代企業正處於2008年的金融風暴以來最為嚴峻的生存競爭環境，每一家企業無不致力開源節流上，血流成河的大幅裁員已成為公司維持慘淡經營的唯一方式，銀行巨擘花旗銀行更一度傳出財務危機，ING、AIG、GM、Ford亦傳出購併或倒閉的消息，這種種的事件正足以透露出當今市場生存環境的嚴酷及惡化已不言可喻。 然而，過去所重視的”以顧客為導向”的市場行銷模式，仍為現在各個企業所重視經營方針，而強大ICT (Information and Communication Technology)服務，則將有利於企業在此波金融風暴後，再度成為公司開源政策的重要行銷策略之一，如何協助企業強化行銷、銷售及服務客戶的能力，並與客戶建立一對一的關係，以深入了解客戶需求，為客戶提供更細緻貼心的服務，勢將成為企業開疆闢土的重要指標，同時亦能強化企業核心競爭力，為企業創造更高的利潤。 因此，我的研究方向，是以物流業之一家大型公司為個案研究對象，運用Kaplan and Norton 提出平衡計分卡四大構面，在公司願景及既定策略目標之下，結合各構面經營績效指標，探討個案公司導入ICT服務對經營績效之影響。 / As known, the modern enterprise is facing the sternest environment of survival since the worldwide financial tsunami happened in 2008. Each enterprise devotes to tap new resources and economize on expense. Large bloodily reducing staff has become the only way which the company maintain the tough business. Bank thumb Citibank once spread the financial crisis, ING, AIG, GM, Ford also spreads the news of merged or broken. The all sorts of events are disclosing sufficiently nowadays market living environment has been very harsh and deteriorated. However, the “Customer-oriented” marketing model which was token seriously in the past, it now still symbolizes each enterprise's operation policy. However, the formidable ICT (Information and Communication Technology) service, will be advantageous to the enterprise after this financial tsunami, becomes an important marketing strategies in the increasing-income policy of the company. Moreover, how to help enterprises to strengthen the ability of business management, inquiring deeply customer demand, providing a more careful intimate service for the customer, will definitely become the major index of success. Meanwhile, it will be also able to strengthen enterprise's core competitiveness and creat a higher profit for the enterprise. Therefore, my research direction regards a large-scale company in the logistic industry as the case study object. Under pursuing the vision and the strategy goal of the case company, I use the four perspectives of the BSC model proposed by Kaplan and Norton and well combine the performance indicators from each perspective, to probe into the influence of inducting ICT service to business management performance.

Since the introduction of computers in to organisations in the 1950s, computer information systems have become powerful organisational instruments. The uptake of information technology including information systems (IS) and the impact of these technologies have been phenomenal, particularly in the least developed countries (LDCs). Organisations in these countries have continued to utilise IS as a development tool with the belief that it will enhance business processes, in many instances accelerated by foreign assistance. IS can have a positive effect on users, organisations and national development, measured economically or otherwise at the individual, organisational, and national levels. Yet IS implementation and the measure of its success is characterised by a high rate of failure and disagreement among scholars and practitioners. The success of organisational IS is influenced by a fabric of many variables, including contextual elements. In this regard IS can be influenced by both the organisational context in terms of strategies, structures, politics and culture, and by the wider political socio-economic, cultural, and technological climate within which organisations exist. Understanding the contributing variables and the barriers that impede IS success, would better prepare organisations to overcome the inherent difficulties. There is a large body of work documenting the usefulness and consequences of IS. However, these studies have been concentrated in the developed countries (DCs), hence, little is known about IS implementation in LDCs. DCs and LDCs differ in their contextual and social settings, and a uniform analysis may not be applicable in their disparate settings. Indeed the paucity of research and data in the IS domain indicates that the study would benefit an LDC such as Papua New Guinea (PNG) and contribute to knowledge in understanding IS implementation in an LDC environment. This thesis reports on a study that examined IS implementation success in PNG organisations in the context of an LDC. Computers were introduced to PNG in the 1960s, however, no studies have been undertaken to date in this domain that the author is aware of. Hence, the objective of this study was to provide detailed analysis of IS, the context in which it was implemented, its interaction with organisational and external settings, and elicit the underlying elements associated with its success. It also explores the emphasis placed on each of the elements and the extent to which organisations effectively addressed these elements to ensure IS success. The exploratory study employs a multi method design - beginning in Stage 1 with case studies, followed by a survey in Stage 2. Stage 1 adopted a multiple case study approach. Eight case studies were undertaken, however, results of only four case studies are reported in this thesis. Data obtained in the case studies provide a useful basis for the survey. The study in Stage 2 consolidated and expanded on the case study findings from the perspective of a wider population. All the organisations contacted but not involved in the Stage 1 study contributed by participating in the survey. The study identified more than fifty elements that contributed to the success of IS in PNG organisations. There were significant similarities to the findings of studies in other DCs and LDCs despite the disparate contextual conditions. Several elements, not identified in prior studies, were also revealed. Based on this study, a set of principles pertaining to IS implementation and management in PNG were postulated. Similarly a set of recommendations were also outlined.