Selon la théorie de l'escalade, l'usage de tabac ou d'alcool est associé à l'usage de cannabis, qui peut lui-même conduire à l'usage d’autres drogues illicites (ADI). L'objectif de notre étude était de décrire les transitions entres usages de drogues licites, de cannabis et d’ADI. Les données de deux enquêtes en population générale (ESCAPAD pour l’adolescent et Baromètre santé pour l’adulte jeune (année 2005)) ont été utilisées. Les âges rapportés d’initiation des différentes substances ont permis de définir les étapes d’usages. L’analyse des transitions entre substances a été réalisée grâce aux modèles structuraux et aux modèles multi-états de Markov en prenant en compte certains cofacteurs. Les données recueillies ont permis de décrire un processus d'usage de substances partant des drogues licites et menant vers les ADI via le cannabis. Ces résultats étaient compatibles avec la théorie de l'escalade décrite par Kandel en 1975 et étaient renforcés par certains critères : force/stabilité des associations, effet dose-réponse, cohérence avec la littérature et relation temporelle. La théorie qui se dégage de nos travaux pourrait être celle d’opportunités en chaîne, l’apprentissage de la première substance psychoactive étant conditionné à son accessibilité et susceptible d’offrir des opportunités ultérieures d’usages d’autres substances. Il est cependant important de souligner que la théorie de l’escalade, si elle semble correspondre à la majorité des séquences d’usages observées, est actuellement remise en question par certains auteurs qui lui préfèrent l’idée d’un facteur de vulnérabilité commun aux addictions. / According to Gateway theory, tobacco or alcohol uses may lead to cannabis use, which may itself lead to initiation with other illicit drugs (OID). The aim of this study was to study the transitions between use of licit drugs, cannabis and OID. Data from two large population-based surveys (ESCAPAD for adolescents and Baromètre santé for young adults (year 2005)) were used. Self-reported ages at initiation of several substance uses permitted to define different stages of use. The analyses of transition between uses were performed using structural equation models and Markov multi-states models, taking into account some cofactors. Results of this study permitted to describe a drug use stage process, mediated by cannabis and susceptible to lead to OID use. These results were in accordance with the Gateway theory described by Kandel in 1975 and satisfied to some criteria: strength and stability of associations, dose-response trend, coherence with previous research and temporal relation. The theory which emerge from our research could be a “string of opportunities”, OID experiment being a consequence of initial opportunity to use the more accessible illicit drug, cannabis. However, it is important to mention that the Gateway theory, despite compatible with the majority of sequences of uses observed, is presently questioned by some authors which prefer the theory of a common vulnerability factor to addictions.

The field of direct inject mass spectrometry includes a massive host of ambient ionization techniques that are especially useful for forensic analysts. Whether the sample is trace amounts of drugs or explosives or bulk amounts of synthetic drugs from a clandestine laboratory, the analysis of forensic evidence requires minimal sample preparation, evidence preservation, and high sensitivity. Direct inject mass spectrometry techniques can rarely provide all of these. Direct analyte-probed nanoextraction coupled to nanospray ionization mass spectrometry, however, is certainly capable of achieving these goals. As a multifaceted tool developed in the Verbeck laboratory, many forensic applications have since been investigated (trace drug and explosives analysis). Direct inject mass spectrometry can also be easily coupled to assays to obtain additional information about the analytes in question. By performing a parallel artificial membrane assay or a cell membrane stationary phase extraction prior to direct infusion of the sample, membrane permeability data and receptor activity data can be obtained in addition to the mass spectral data that was already being collected. This is particularly useful for characterizing illicit drugs and their analogues for a biologically relevant way to schedule new psychoactive substances.

Drug trade is a part of non-observed economy in the system of national accounts. Estimations of drug trade were made from demand side based on estimation of drug consumption. This needs estimations of drug users, which was possible to estimate from drug use prevalence in last year. Several surveys done in society were the data source. Other information from the surveys was information about frequency of drug use. Several research studies gave information about consumed drug quantity by one opportunity. Police and customs have a common database about drug seizures. The database is source for information about import and export of drugs, drug purities by production or import and by consumption or export. Police reports drug prices also. The physical indicators of the drug trade are recalculated by wholesale and retail prices into financial indicators, which are possible to record into system of national accounts.

There is a perception that drug use is a serious and growing problem to be solved by medicine, social work and drug enforcement agencies. This thesis takes a critical standpoint again such populist views and interprets drug use as one of any number of normal activities that people engage. This qualitative research utilising a bricoleur ethnographic methodology focuses on the drug taking of non-treatment seeking illegal drug users. The data reveals that they manage several social identities and the potential stigma of being discovered as an illicit user of illegal drugs utilising several strategies to remain intentionally unseen. The thesis explores how and in what way socially competent drug users differ from visible treatment seeking drug users. In order to develop this understanding, several gatekeepers were identified and within their social networks the participants were recruited into this research. The participants (n=24) were recruited from a wide range of age groups (21-52) and geographical locations within Scotland. One to one interviews, a focus group, and several pair bonded partners were interviewed together providing rich sources of data. Interviews were transcribed and analysed thematically from a social constructionist perspective. The findings illuminate the ways in which the intentionally unseen identify and manage risks from drugs, drugs policy and the potential shame and stigma were their hidden social worlds revealed. The practical implications of the results of this thesis are explored and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Au cours des dernières décennies, de nombreuses études ont confirmé l’existence d’une relation entre les troubles mentaux graves et persistants (TMGP) et la commission de crimes violents. Les facteurs de risque associés à la violence chez les gens atteints de TMGP sont la consommation d’alcool ou de drogues, la dépression et les troubles de personnalité. Cependant, aucune étude n’a été faite auprès des détenus des prisons québécoises, c’est-à-dire, des détenus qui purgent des sentences de courte durée, afin de voir si ces constats s’appliquent aussi à cette population. La présente étude tente de vérifier si les mêmes facteurs de risque sont liés à la violence chez les détenus psychotiques des prisons du Québec. Les dossiers de la RAMQ et du système DACOR de 121 détenus ont été analysés afin de répondre à la question de recherche. Tout d’abord, des analyses statistiques descriptives et bivariées ont été effectuées. Par la suite, des régressions logistiques ont été menées afin d’identifier les meilleurs prédicteurs de comportements violents chez les contrevenants psychotiques des prisons québécoises. Il semble que ce soit davantage les antécédents judiciaires ainsi que la médication psychotrope qui a été prescrite, plutôt que les diagnostics de troubles mentaux comorbides, qui distinguent les détenus psychotiques violents des non-violents dans les prisons québécoises. Une explication possible à cette observation est que les médecins prescriraient plus en fonction de la présence de certains symptômes spécifiques qu’en fonction des diagnostics de l’axe I ou de l’axe II. Enfin, des différences significatives sont présentes entre les hommes et les femmes. / During the past decades, many studies have confirmed the existence of a relationship between severe and persistent mental disorders (SPMD) and the commission of violent crimes. Risk factors associated with violence in mentally disordered violent offenders are: alcohol and drug consumption, depression and personality disorders. However, no study has been conducted among inmates serving short sentences in Québec’s jails, to see if these findings apply to them. Our study attempts to verify whether the same risk factors are associated with violence among psychotic inmates of Quebec’s correctional facilities. The RAMQ and DACOR files of 121 incarcerated offenders were analyzed to answer the research question. To begin, descriptive and bi-variate analyses were conducted. Then, logistic regressions were carried out to identify the best predictors of violent behaviours among Québec’s psychotic offenders. It seems that it is criminal antecedents and psychotropic drugs rather than comorbid mental disorders that distinguish the violent from the non-violent psychotic offenders in Québec’s jails. A possible explanation for this observation is that physicians prescribe drugs in function of the presence of specific symptoms rather than in function of axis I or axis II diagnosis. Moreover, significant differences were found between men and women.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aims to verify the hearing condition of goers of support groups for former drug users. It was evaluated 17 individuals, all former drug users, being marijuana, crack and cocaine the most used drugs. The individuals were divided into two groups according to the kind of the most commonly used drug: Group 1 (G1) - 10 former users of marijuana, Group 2 (G2) - Seven former users of crack/cocaine. For the results analysis, they were also subdivided according to the time of drug use: one to five years, six to 10 years and more than 15 years. The subjects were submitted to anamnesis, pure tone audiometry (PTA), acoustic impedance measurements, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE), suppressive effect of TEOAE and brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA). By comparing the results of PTA of the G1 and G2 with one to five years of drug use, G2 presented pure tone levels greater than 25 dB with a significant statistically difference in the pure tone levels for the frequencies of 250, 500, 6000 and 8000 Hz in the right ear. In the group of six to 10 years of drug use it was not found significant difference in pure tone levels for frequencies of 4000 and 8000 Hz in the left ear, with worse pure tone levels for the G2. For the group with more than 15 years of drug use, it was observed pure tone levels above 25 dB for the frequencies from 3000 to 8000 Hz in the right ear. In evaluations with TEOAE, TEOAE suppression effect and BERA, it was not observed a difference in the results when they were compared according to the time of drug use. G1 presented an average in the relation signal/noise of TEOAE greater than the average in the G2, but without a significant statistically difference. The two groups did not differ in the occurrence of suppressor effect of TEOAE and absolute latency and inter-peak interval of BERA. It is emphasized that only five individuals had adequate results for the age group in the BERA. As the time of drug use increases, more changes were observed in the G1 results in PTA and BERA, but it did not interfere in the results of the evaluations of the G2. The results suggest that the use of drugs can cause peripheral and central hearing loss, and that the use of crack/cocaine is more deleterious to the hearing that the use of marijuana. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a condição auditiva de frequentadores de grupos de apoio a ex-usuários de drogas. Foram avaliados 17 indivíduos ex-usuários de drogas, estando entre as mais usadas a maconha, o crack e a cocaína. Os indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos, conforme o tipo de droga mais consumida: Grupo 1 (G1) 10 ex-usuários de maconha; Grupo 2 (G2) sete ex-usuários de crack/cocaína. Para a análise dos resultados, houve uma subdivisão conforme o tempo de uso de drogas: um a cinco anos, seis a 10 anos e mais do que 15 anos. Os indivíduos foram submetidos à anamnese, audiometria tonal liminar (ATL), medidas de imitância acústica, emissões otoacústicas transientes (EOAT), efeito supressor das EOAT e potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico (PEATE). Ao comparar os resultados da ATL do G1 e G2 com um a cinco anos de uso de drogas, o G2 apresentou limiares tonais maiores que 25 dBNA com diferença estatisticamente significante nos limiares tonais para as frequências de 250, 500, 6000 e 8000 Hz na orelha direita. No grupo de seis a 10 anos de uso de drogas houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos limiares tonais para as frequências de 4000 e 8000 Hz da orelha esquerda, com limiares piores para o G2. Para o grupo com mais de 15 anos de uso de drogas, observou-se limiares tonais acima de 25 dBNA para as frequências de 3000 a 8000 Hz na orelha direita. Nas avaliações com EOAT, efeito supressor das EOAT e PEATE não se observou diferença nos resultados quando foram comparados conforme o tempo de uso de drogas. O G1 apresentou média da relação sinal/ruído das EOAT superior ao G2, porém sem diferença estatisticamente significante. Os dois grupos não diferiram quanto à ocorrência do efeito supressor das EOAT, bem como quanto às latências absolutas e aos intervalos interpicos do PEATE. Ressalta-se que apenas cinco indivíduos apresentaram resultados adequados para a faixa etária no PEATE. O tempo de uso da droga exerceu influência nos resultados do G1 na ATL e PEATE; observou-se que quanto maior o tempo, maiores as alterações. Porém, o tempo de uso não interferiu nos resultados das avaliações do G2. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que o uso de drogas pode provocar alterações auditivas periféricas e centrais, e que o uso de crack/cocaína é mais deletério para a audição que o uso de maconha.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2018-07-17T18:16:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Andrécia Cósmem da Silva - 2015.pdf: 4410143 bytes, checksum: da6e776a7f801cabd930b826d97c81fa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-07-18T11:30:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Andrécia Cósmem da Silva - 2015.pdf: 4410143 bytes, checksum: da6e776a7f801cabd930b826d97c81fa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T11:30:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Andrécia Cósmem da Silva - 2015.pdf: 4410143 bytes, checksum: da6e776a7f801cabd930b826d97c81fa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-27 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The increase in the indexes of use and misuse of tobacco and other drugs, both in Brazil and abroad, constitutes an effective reality. The constancy of social, psychological and biological damages arising from this use and their potential implications in health make up a global concern. Accordingly, this study had the objective of investigating the patterns of consumption of tobacco and other drugs in settlers of a rural community. We held an Integrative Review (IR) and, subsequently, a cross-sectional study in the Olga Benário settlement, located in the rural area of the municipality of Ipameri, Southeast Region of the State of Goiás. The target population was composed of 200 members of the 84 families over 18 years of age who lived in the settlement. The data were collected between September and November 2014. We used a semi-structured questionnaire and instruments such as Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), Family APGAR and the Self-Report Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20), which assessed the consumption of tobacco and other drugs, family functioning and screening of common mental suffering, respectively. The data were analyzed through the Stata Software Package, version 12.0. Prevalence indexes for consumption of substances were calculated with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). In order to estimate the factors associated with the consumption of tobacco and illicit drugs, we implemented multivariable models, thereby obtaining the prevalence ratio (PR) as an effect measure. The evidence of effectiveness of ASSIST was concentrated on the assistance in identifying and classifying psychoactive substances, in different audiences and age groups, and made up an effective instrument in Health Care. We have found high indexes of prevalence in patterns of tobacco consumption, and the associated factors were: higher age, low schooling level, evangelical religion, marijuana consumption, consumption of hypnotics and/or sedatives and male gender. Regarding the use of illicit drugs, the prevalence of lifetime use was significant in the surveyed individuals, with associated variables such as: male gender, tobacco consumption and disfunctionality in the family environment. The results of this study allowed us to confirm the use of psychoactive substances in the surveyed population, thereby corroborating the production of knowledge that subsidize health promotion actions and elaboration of health care policies for this population. / O aumento nos índices de uso e abuso de tabaco e outras drogas, tanto no Brasil quanto no mundo, constitui-se uma realidade vigente. A constância de danos sociais, psíquicos e biológicos decorrentes desse uso e suas potenciais implicações na saúde configuram-se em uma inquietação mundial. Nesse sentido, este estudo objetivou investigar os padrões do consumo de tabaco e outras drogas em assentados de uma comunidade rural. Foi realizada uma Revisão Integrativa (RI) e, posteriormente, um estudo transversal no assentamento Olga Benário, localizado na área rural do município de Ipameri, Região Sudeste do Estado de Goiás. A população alvo foi constituída por 200 membros das 84 famílias com idade acima de 18 anos que fazem parte do assentamento. Os dados foram coletados entre setembro e novembro de 2014. Utilizou-se um questionário semiestruturado e instrumentos como Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), APGAR de Família e o Self Report Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20), que avaliaram o consumo de tabaco e outras drogas, funcionalidade familiar e triagem de sofrimento mental comum, respectivamente. Os dados foram analisados no programa Stata Software Package, versão 12.0. Prevalências para consumo de substâncias foram calculadas com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC 95%). Para estimar os fatores associados ao consumo de tabaco e drogas ilícitas, foram implementados modelos de multivariáveis, obtendo-se como medida de efeito a razão de prevalência (RP). A evidência da efetividade do ASSIST concentrou-se no auxílio da identificação e da classificação de substâncias psicoativas, em diversos públicos e faixas etárias, e configurou-se um instrumento efetivo na Atenção à Saúde. Foram verificados elevadas prevalências nos padrões de consumo de tabaco, e os fatores associados, foram: idade mais elevada, escolaridade baixa, religião evangélica, consumo de maconha, consumo de hipnóticos e/ou sedativos e sexo masculino. Em relação ao uso de drogas ilícitas, a prevalência de uso na vida foi significante nos investigados, com variáveis associadas como: sexo masculino, consumo de tabaco e disfuncionalidade no âmbito familiar. Os resultados deste estudo permitiram confirmar o uso de substâncias psicoativas na população investigada, corroborando na produção de conhecimentos que subsidiem ações de promoção à saúde e constituição de políticas de atenção a essa população.

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, nível de estresse, consumo de álcool e drogas e repertório de habilidades sociais na prática de sexo sem preservativo em uma amostra representativa de indivíduos com HIV/AIDS em tratamento ambulatorial na cidade de São Paulo. Métodos: Participaram da pesquisa 667 pacientes, 383 (57,4%) homens e 284 (42,6%) mulheres, portadores do vírus HIV em tratamento na Casa da AIDS, Emílio Ribas, CRT Santa Cruz, SAE DST/AIDS Campos Elíseos, SAE DST/AIDS Cidade Líder II, CR DST/AIDS Nossa Senhora do Ó, AE Vila Prudente e CR DST/AIDS Santo Amaro. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Mini Exame do Estado Mental, questionário sociodemográfico, Escalas de Avaliação de Ansiedade e Depressão de Beck, Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse, Escala de assertividade de Rathus, questionário sobre uso de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas, AUDIT, Questionário sobre Comportamento Sexual na Vida e a Escala de Avaliação de Comportamento Sexual de Risco - SERBAS. Os pacientes foram entrevistados nos locais onde faziam seu tratamento. Resultados: A análise múltipla mostrou que ter algum parceiro soropositivo e ter feito uso de maconha antes do sexo foram associados negativamente ao uso do preservativo. Ter dois ou mais parceiros sexuais nos últimos três meses foi associado a ter trabalho regular, ter feito sexo em grupo, contaminação anterior por alguma outra doença sexualmente transmissível, parceiro soropositivo, não residir com o parceiro, sexo em troca de álcool, droga, abrigo/comida alguma vez na vida, orientação homossexual, prática de sexo anal, CD4 acima de 350 cels/mm3 e uso de cocaína antes do sexo. Sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, nível de estresse e falta de habilidades sociais afetaram significativamente a vida sexual dessa população diminuindo as chances de fazer sexo nos três meses anteriores à entrevista, mas não mostraram associação com o uso de preservativo e múltiplos parceiros. Conclusão: Pessoas com HIV que fazem sexo sem preservativo apresentam características diferentes daquelas que tem múltiplos parceiros. A sorologia do parceiro foi uma variável importante para a prática de sexo sem preservativo. A orientação homo e bissexual, prática de sexo anal e o sexo masculino foram mais associadas a ter mais parceiros sexuais. O consumo de álcool e outras drogas esteve presente nos dois comportamentos de risco. Identificar os fatores associados a esses comportamentos de risco e as diferenças encontradas no perfil das pessoas que fizeram sexo sem preservativo e daquelas que tiveram múltiplos parceiros são pontos importantes para programas de prevenção. Tais características podem servir como marcadores que auxiliam os profissionais de saúde a detectar possíveis comportamentos de risco e planejar estratégias de prevenção / Introduction: The AIDS epidemic is a major public health problem. It is estimated that, even after becoming aware of their serostatus, one in three people with HIV continues to have sex without a condom, regardless of the partner\'s serostatus. Purpose: To evaluated the influence of symptoms of anxiety and depression, stress level, alcohol and drug use and the range of social skills on having sex without a condom in a representative sample of individuals living with HIV/AIDS and receiving outpatient treatment in the city of São Paulo. Methods: 667 patients - 383 (57.4%) men and 284 (42.6%) women - with HIV and being treated at Casa da AIDS, Emílio Ribas, CRT Santa Cruz, SAE DST/AIDS Campos Elíseos, SAE DST/AIDS Cidade Líder II, CR DST/AIDS Nossa Senhora do Ó, AE Vila Prudente and CR DST/AIDS Santo Amaro participated in the study. The following tools were used to collect data: Mini-Mental State Examination, social and demographic survey, Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories, Stress Symptom Inventory, Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, alcohol, tobacco and other drugs use survey, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Sexual Behavior Survey, and Sexual Risk Behavior Assessment (SERBAS). Patients were interviewed at the places where they were being treated. Results: The multiple analysis has shown that having an HIV-positive partner and using marijuana before sex were negatively associated with condom use. Having two or more partners over the past three months was been associated with having regular job, have done group sex, previous infection with other sexually transmitted infections, an HIV-positive partner, not living with the partner, sex in exchange for alcohol, drug, shelter/food at least once in their lives, homosexuality, engagement in anal sex, CD4 cells/mm3 count above 350, and use of cocaine before sex. Anxiety and depression symptoms, stress level and lack of social skills significantly affected the sexual lives of that population, making them less likely to have sex in the three months before the interview, but they were not associated with the use of a condom and multiple partners. Conclusion: The characteristics of HIV-positive individuals who have unprotected sex are different from those who have multiple partners. The partners\' serostatus was an important variable for engaging in unprotected sex. Homosexuality and bisexuality, anal sex and male gender were more associated in individuals who had more sexual partners. Use of alcohol and other drugs was present in both risk behaviors. Identifying the factors associated with those risk behaviors and the differences between the profiles of the individuals who had sex without a condom and those who had multiple partners is critical for prevention programs. Such characteristics can serve as markers to help health care professionals identify possible risk behaviors and plan prevention strategies ____________________________

Although the problem of patients with dual diagnoses is not new, it has only been in the last few years that their unique and complex problems have begun to be addressed. This recognition coincides with society's concern regarding the magnitude of substance abuse problems in general. Currently, treatment consists of integrating concepts from substance abuse and mental health fields. This integration may improve the therapeutic outcome for these patients. As more experience is gained in this specialty, it is hoped that new treatment concepts will evolve that will more powerfully address the interactive aspect of substance abuse and psychiatric disorders.

[ES] La presente tesis se centra en la síntesis, caracterización, evaluación y aplicación en ensayos de lateral-flow de sensores moleculares, así como, de distintos sistemas híbridos orgánicos-inorgánicos basados en nanopartículas de sílice mesoporosa (MSNs) capaces de producir una respuesta fluorogénica ante la presencia de estímulos exógenos específicos como serían las drogas de abuso para su detección en diferentes medios competitivos. En el primer capítulo, se establece una visión general de los tipos de drogas de abuso existentes, así como, sus principales características y la importancia del desarrollo de nuevos métodos para detectarlas. Además, se presenta una visión general del campo de la nanotecnología, y su potencial aplicación como herramientas multifuncionales en el campo de los sensores, así como, una descripción general de sistemas de detección basados en complejos de metales de transición. A continuación, en el segundo capítulo se enumeran los principales objetivos generales a conseguir durante el desarrollo de la presente tesis doctoral. En el tercer capítulo se presenta un nanodispositivo para la detección fluorimétrica del estupefaciente 25I-NBOMe en golosinas. El sistema consta de MSNs cargadas con un fluoróforo y funcionalizadas en su superficie externa con un derivado de serotonina. Finalmente, los poros son bloqueados completamente por la interacción del derivado de serotonina anclado en la superficie con el anticuerpo del receptor 5-HT2A. La respuesta obtenida con el nanosensor es muy selectiva y con límites de detección bajos. En el cuarto capítulo se llevó a cabo la preparación y caracterización de un nanosensor para la detección fluorogénica selectiva y sensible de 3,4-metilendioxipirovalerona (MDPV), comúnmente conocida como droga caníbal. El nanodispositivo está basado en MSNs cargadas con un colorante fluorescente (rodamina B), y funcionalizadas en su superficie externa con un derivado de dopamina, que interactúa específicamente con el transportador de dopamina (DAT), bloqueando los poros. En presencia de MDPV, se produce la inhibición del reconocimiento entre el derivado de dopamina y el DAT que se desprende consecuentemente de las MSNs, provocando la liberación de rodamina B y permitiendo la detección de la droga. El nanodispositivo se ha empleado para la detección de MDPV en muestras de saliva y plasma sanguíneo. El quinto capítulo muestra el diseño de una sencilla tira portátil de doble canal usando nanomateriales híbridos para la detección in situ en muestras de saliva de escopolamina y MDPV, empleando un dispositivo smartphone. El nanosensor se basa en MSNs cargadas con un colorante fluorescente (rodamina B) y con la superficie externa funcionalizada con betanecol (agonista del receptor muscarínico de acetilcolina M2/CM2 (M2-AChR)). Al añadir el receptor M2-AChR se produce el tapado de los poros debido a la interacción específica con el derivado de betanecol. En el sexto capítulo se presenta un sensor molecular para la detección de GHB en bebidas alcohólicas, basado en un complejo de Cu2+ coordinado con un ligando tetradentado y un colorante fluorescente, cumarina 343. El mecanismo de detección se basa en un ensayo de desplazamiento del indicador (IDA). Este sistema se incorporó a una tira reactiva en un ensayo de lateral-flow. Por último, en el capítulo 7 se presentan las conclusiones generales. Los estudios realizados mostraron que estas sondas proporcionan excelentes ventajas sobre las técnicas analíticas tradicionales, tales como su simplicidad química, facilidad de uso, respuestas rápidas adecuadas para la detección in situ en tiempo real haciendo que la aplicación de estos sistemas suponga un prometedor avance para la detección precoz de casos de sumisión química o de adulteración de muestras con drogas de abuso difícilmente detectables. / [CA] La present tesi se centra en la síntesi, caracterització, avaluació i aplicació en assajos tipus lateral-flow de sensors moleculars, així com, de diferents sistemes híbrids orgànics-inorgànics basats en nanopartícules de sílice mesoporosa (MSNs) capaços de produir una resposta fluorogénica davant la presència d'estímuls exògens específics com serien les drogues d'abús per a la seua detecció en diferents medis competitius. En el primer capítol, s'estableix una visió general dels tipus de drogues d'abús existents, així com, les seues principals característiques i la importància del desenvolupament de nous mètodes per a detectar-les. A més, es presenta una visió general del camp de la nanotecnologia, i la seua potencial aplicació com a eines multifuncionals en el camp dels sensors, així com, una descripció general de sistemes de detecció basats en complexos de metalls de transició. A continuació, en el segon capítol s'enumeren els principals objectius generals a aconseguir durant el desenvolupament de la present tesi doctoral. En el tercer capítol es presenta un nanodispositiu per a la detecció fluorimètrica de l'estupefaent 25I-NBOMe en llepolies. El sistema consta de MSNs carregades amb un fluorofore (rodamina B) i funcionalitzades en la seua superfície externa amb un derivat de serotonina. Finalment, els porus són bloquejats completament per la interacció del derivat de serotonina ancorat a la superfície amb l'anticòs del receptor 5-HT2A que actua com a porta molecular. La resposta obtinguda es molt selectiva i amb limits de detecció baixos. En el quart capítol es va dur a terme la preparació i caracterització d'un nanosensor híbrid orgànic-inorgànic per a la detecció fluorogénica selectiva i sensible de 3,4-metilendioxipirovalerona (MDPV), comunament coneguda com a droga caníbal. El nanodispositiu està basat en MSNs carregades amb un colorant fluorescent (rodamina B), i funcionalitzades en la seua superfície externa amb un derivat de dopamina, que interactua específicament amb el transportador de dopamina (DAT), bloquejant els porus. El nanodispositiu ha estat utilitzat amb exit per a detectar MDPV en mostres de saliva i plasma sanguini. En el cinqué capítol s'ha dissenyat una senzilla tira portàtil de doble canal usant nanomaterials híbrids per a la detecció in situ en mostres de saliva de escopolamina i MDPV. La detecció de aquestes drogues en saliva es du a terme mitjançant la utilització d'un dispositiu smartphone. El nanosensor es basa en MSNs carregades amb un colorant fluorescent (rodamina B) i amb la superfície externa functionalitzada amb un derivat de betanecol (agonista del receptor muscarínic d'acetilcolina M2/CM2 (M2-AChR)). En presencia de M2-AChR es tapen els porus a causa de la interacció específica amb el derivat de betanecol. En el sisé capítol es presenta un sensor molecular per a la detecció de GHB en begudes alcohòliques, basat en un complex de Cu2+ coordinat amb un lligand tetradentat i un colorant fluorescent, cumarina 343. El mecanisme de detecció es basa en un assaig de desplaçament de l'indicador (IDA). Aquest sistema es va incorporar a una tira reactiva en un assaig lateral-flow. Finalment, en el capítol setè es presenten les conclusions generals. Els estudis realitzats van mostrar que aquestes sondes (que poden ser simples molècules o sistemes més sofisticats que involucren biomolècules en materials híbrids orgànic-inorgànics) proporcionen excel·lents avantatges sobre les tècniques analítiques tradicionals, com son la seua simplicitat química, facilitat d'ús, respostes ràpides i adequades per a la detecció in situ en temps real fent que l'aplicació d'aquests sistemes supose un prometedor avanç per a la detecció precoç de casos de submissió química o d'adulteració de mostres amb drogues d'abús difícilment detectables. / [EN] This PhD thesis focus on the synthesis, characterisation, evaluation and application in lateral-flow assays of molecular sensors, as well as different hybrid organic-inorganic systems based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) able to generate a fluorogenic response in the presence of specific exogenous stimuli such as abuse drugs for their detection in different competitive environments. In the first chapter, an overview about the different types of abuse drugs is given, as well as their main characteristics and the importance of new detection methods. In addition, a general view relate to metal complexes as sensor and nanotechnology is presented, and their potential application as multifunctional tools in the field of sensors. Then, the second chapter describes the main general objectives to be achieved during the development of this PhD thesis. The third chapter presents a nanodevice for the fluorimetric detection of 25I-NBOMe in candies. The system consists of MSNs loaded with a fluorophore (rhodamine B) and functionalised on their external surface with a serotonin derivative. Finally, the pores are completely capped by the interaction of the surface-anchored serotonin derivative with the 5-HT2A receptor antibody acting as a molecular gate. The response obtained with the nanosensor is quite selective and with low detection limits. In the fourth chapter, the preparation, and characterisation of a hybrid organic-inorganic nanosensor for the highly selective and sensitive fluorogenic detection of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), commonly known as cannibal drug, was carried out. The nanodevice is based on MSNs loaded with a fluorescent reporter (rhodamine B) and functionalised on their outer surface with a dopamine derivative, which specifically interacts with the dopamine transporter (DAT), capping the pores. The nanosensor was successfully used for MDPV detection in saliva and blood plasma samples. In the fifth chapter, a straightforward portable dual-track strip using nanomaterials has been designed for in situ in saliva samples and simultaneous detection of scopolamine and MDPV. Detection of both drugs in saliva samples was achieved by quantifying the released dye using a smartphone device. The nanosensor for MDPV detection is based on MSNs loaded with a fluorescent dye (rhodamine B) and a bethanechol derivative (an agonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2/CM2 (M2-AChR)) grafted onto the external surface of the nanoparticles. Pores were capped after addition of M2-AChR due to its preferential coordination with the grafted bethanechol. The sixth chapter presents a molecular sensor for the GHB detection in alcoholic beverages, based on a Cu2+ complex coordinated with a tetradentate ligand and a fluorescent dye, coumarin 343. The detection mechanism is based on an indicator displacement assay (IDA). This system was incorporated into a test strip in a lateral-flow assay. Finally, general conclusions are presented in chapter seven. The studies performed showed that these probes (which can be from simple molecules to more sophisticated systems involving biomolecules in organic-inorganic hybrid materials) provide excellent advantages over traditional analytical techniques, such as their chemical simplicity, ease of use, rapid responses suitable for real-time in situ detection whereby the application of these systems is a promising advance for the early detection of chemical submission cases or adulteration of samples with hardly detectable abuse drugs. / Garrido García, EM. (2022). Development of Molecular and Nanostructured Sensors for Illicit Drug Detection [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/186235