Cette thèse a pour but de contribuer à la connaissance des facteurs et processus politiques agissant sur les finances des collectivités locales. Cette problématique est étudiée à partir d'une analyse empirique des comptes des communes françaises. Les deux premiers chapitres de cette thèse visent à étudier les liens entre décideurs politiques de différents échelons de pouvoir public et leur impact sur l'allocation territoriale de fonds publics d'investissement. L'analyse se concentre sur les subventions d'investissement reçues par les municipalités, et montre un impact important du cumul des mandats ainsi que de la carrière d'élu local des responsables politiques nationaux sur l'allocation de ces transferts. Le troisième chapitre de cette thèse vise à évaluer l'impact des inégalités de revenu au niveau municipal sur les décisions de finance publique locale. Cette analyse s'inscrit dans une abondante littérature en Économie Politique visant à déterminer l'impact de la distribution des revenus sur les processus de décision publique. Les résultats montrent un rôle significatif des inégalités de revenu sur les niveaux d'infrastructure publique municipale et de taxation locale. / This thesis aims at bringing new knowledge on political factors and processes affecting local governments. This investigation is made through an empirical analysis of French municipalities’ accounts. The first two chapters of this thesis investigate the impact of links between politicians of different tiers of government on the territorial allocation of public investment funds. The analysis focuses on discretionary investment grants received by municipalities. Evidence shows an important impact of multiple office-holding, and a significant influence of top national politicians’ career in local councils on the allocation of these transfers. The third chapter of this thesis aims at studying the impact of local income inequality on local public decisions. This work contributes to an important literature in Political Economy on the impact of income distribution on political processes. Evidence suggests a significant role of income inequality on local public investment and local taxation.

Esta dissertação analisou a divisão social do espaço residencial intra-urbano a partir da sua relação com a desigualdade de renda. Utilizou-se como caso de estudo a cidade de Porto Alegre no período 1991-2000. A segmentação do espaço residencial urbano envolve a distribuição desigual dos poderes e direitos sobre a localização das moradias nas cidades, o que gera consequências significativas e duradouras nas características do tecido urbano, na formação de preços dos imóveis e no encontro entre grupos socialmente distintos. Duas hipóteses foram consideradas no presente estudo: a primeira hipótese associa a concentração de renda no espaço urbano à polarização socioespacial das áreas residenciais, nesta leitura os espaços residenciais estariam sofrendo um processo de homogeneização de renda combinado à redução dos espaços de classe média, esta hipótese aponta para a emergência de uma cidade dualizada entre ricos e pobres; a segunda hipótese associa a concentração de renda no espaço urbano ao aumento da seletividade e à fragmentação espacial das áreas residências dos estratos mais ricos, simultaneamente estaria ocorrendo o aumento da heterogeneidade dos espaços residenciais de classe média e dos pobres. Utilizou-se a variável renda do responsável por domicílio extraída do banco de dados dos Censos Demográficos de 1991 e 2000. O nível de desagregação da variável utilizada foi o setor censitário. As medidas de desigualdade de renda e de seletividade residencial utilizadas foram: índice de Gini, curva de Lorenz, renda relativa, curva de segregação, índice de dissimilaridade, índice de correlação espacial e análise de cartogramas. Os resultados encontrados apontam para a convergência das duas hipóteses. Por um lado, o espaço residencial dos mais ricos se tornou muito mais homogêneo, mas por outro lado, essas áreas estão relativamente mais concentradas no tecido urbano, demonstrando que a valorização territorial na década de 90 ocorreu principalmente nas adjacências de áreas que já eram ocupadas pelos mais ricos no início do período. Verificou-se também um relativo aumento da heterogeneidade do espaço da classe média e dos pobres, combinado à redução no percentual de domicílios nos espaços de classe média. Os resultados apontam para o aumento de domicílios nos espaços dos estratos superiores e inferiores de renda, o que sinaliza para uma polarização socioespacial. Conclui-se que a cidade de Porto Alegre se tornou mais desigual espacial e economicamente no período analisado. / This study examined the social division of intra-urban residential space from its relationship with income inequality. It was used as a case study the city of Porto Alegre in the period 1991-2000. The segmentation of urban residential space involves the unequal distribution of powers and rights on the location of housing units, which generates significant consequences on the spatial configuration, the pricing of real estate and in the encounter between different social groups. Two hypotheses were considered in this study: in the first hypothesis income inequality is associated with polarization of the residential areas, residential spaces in this reading would be undergoing a process of homogenization of income combined with the reduction of spaces for the middle class, this hypothesis points to the emergence of a dualized city between rich and poor; the second hypothesis associates the concentration of income in urban areas to increase the selectivity and the spatial fragmentation of the residential areas of the richest people, while there would be an increased heterogeneity of spaces middle class and poor people. We used the variable income per head of household extracted from the database of the population censuses of 1991 and 2000. The level of disaggregation of the variable used was the census sector. The measures of income inequality and residential selectivity were used: the Gini index, Lorenz curve, relative income, curve segregation, dissimilarity index, index of spatial correlation and analysis of maps. The results point to the convergence of two hypotheses. On the one hand, the richest of residential space has become much more homogeneous, but on the other hand, these areas are relatively more concentrated in the city, demonstrating that the recovery in the 90 territorial mainly occurred in the vicinity of areas that were already occupied by the rich at the beginning of the period. There was also a relative increase of the heterogeneity of the middle class and poor people, combined with the reduction in the percentage of households in the spaces of the middle class and increase in space from the upper and lower income, which points to a socio-spatial polarization. It is concluded that the city of Porto Alegre has become increasingly unequal spatial and economically in this period.

Die Dissertation umfasst vier Aufsätze zur ökonomischen Analyse von Bildung und Ungleichheit. Der erste Aufsatz zeigt, dass zwischen 1993 und 2013 der Anteil des Einkommens, der für das Wohnen ausgegeben wird, für das unterste Einkommensquintil stark anstieg, während er für das oberste Quintil zurückging. Dies kann durch einen Rückgang der Kosten des Wohneigentums im Vergleich zu den Mieten, sowie Veränderungen der Haushaltsstruktur und der regionalen Mobilität erklärt werden. Im Vergleich zu älteren Kohorten geben jüngere Kohorten im gleichen Alter einen höheren Anteil ihres Einkommens für das Wohnen aus und sparen weniger, mit möglicherweise negativen Auswirkungen auf den Vermögensaufbau. Der zweite Aufsatz analysiert Bildungswege von Schulabgängern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund. Es wird zuerst eine „Polarisierung“ dokumentiert: Migranten besuchen häufiger eine tertiäre Ausbildung, seltener eine berufliche Ausbildung und bleiben häufiger ohne qualifizierte Ausbildung als es ihr Hintergrund vorhersagen würde. Dies kann durch die stärker akademisch orientierten Karrierepläne der Migranten erklärt werden, die unterschiedliche Effekte für gering- und hochqualifizierte Schüler haben. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht die kausalen Effekte des Besuchs eines beruflichen Gymnasiums verglichen mit dem eines allgemeinbildenden Gymnasiums. Nach Berücksichtigung der Selektion finden sich keine Auswirkungen auf den Abschluss des Abiturs, ein kleiner negativer Effekt auf die Studierneigung, sowie positive Effekte auf Karriereplanung und Arbeitsmarktergebnisse. Der vierte Aufsatz untersucht Veränderungen der intergenerationalen Mobilität für westdeutsche Geburtskohorten 1944-1986. Er dokumentiert eine steigende Ungleichheit der Bildungsbeteiligung und der Arbeitsmarktergebnisse abhängig vom sozialen Hintergrund der Eltern. Diese Ergebnisse ändern sich nicht wesentlich, wenn ``zweite Chancen'' im deutschen Schul- und Hochschulsystem berücksichtigt werden. / This dissertation includes four essays on the economic analysis of education and inequality. The first essay shows that, between 1993 and 2013, the income share of housing expenditures in Germany increased strongly for the bottom income quintile and fell for the top quintile. These trends are driven by a decline in the costs of homeownership versus renting, changes in household structure, and residential mobility toward larger cities. Younger cohorts spend more on housing, and save less, than older cohorts did at the same age, with possibly negative consequences for wealth accumulation. The second essay analyzes post-school transitions among native and migrant pupils. Conditional on parental background, cognitive skills, and school fixed effects, there is a ``polarization'' of educational choices: migrants are more likely to attend tertiary education, less likely to attend vocational education, and more likely to end without qualified training than their background and skills would predict. This is driven by the migrant pupils' more academically oriented career plans, which have different effects for low- and high-skilled migrants. The third essay studies the causal effects of attending a vocational compared to a general higher secondary school. Identification uses both a selection-on-observables strategy including detailed pre-treatment controls as well as instrumental variable estimations. After adjusting for selection, attending a vocational higher secondary school has no effect on higher secondary graduation, a small negative effect on university attendance, as well as positive effects on career planning and labour market outcomes. The fourth essay analyzes changes in intergenerational mobility for West German birth cohorts 1944-1986. It documents rising gaps in educational and labour market outcomes between children of different parental socio-economic status. These patterns also hold after considering ``second chance'' options in Germany's education system.

My thesis contains essays on voting theory, market structures and fiscal federalism: (i) One Person, Many Votes: Divided Majority and Information Aggregation, (ii) Runoff Elections and the Condorcet Loser, (iii) On the Influence of Rankings when Product Quality Depends on Buyer Characteristics, and (iv) Redistributing Income under Fiscal Vertical Imbalance. (i) One Person, Many Votes: Divided Majority and Information Aggregation (joint with Micael Castanheira) In elections, majority divisions pave the way to focal manipulations and coordination failures, which can lead to the victory of the wrong candidate. This paper shows how this flaw can be addressed if voter preferences over candidates are sensitive to information. We consider two potential sources of divisions: majority voters may have similar preferences but opposite information about the candidates, or opposite preferences. We show that when information is the source of majority divisions, Approval Voting features a unique equilibrium with full information and coordination equivalence. That is, it produces the same outcome as if both information and coordination problems could be resolved. Other electoral systems, such as Plurality and Two-Round elections, do not satisfy this equivalence. The second source of division is opposite preferences. Whenever the fraction of voters with such preferences is not too large, Approval Voting still satisfies full information and coordination equivalence. (ii) Runoff Elections and the Condorcet Loser A crucial component of Runoff electoral systems is the threshold fraction of votes above which a candidate wins outright in the first round. I analyze the influence of this threshold on the voting equilibria in three-candidate Runoff elections. I demonstrate the existence of an Ortega Effect which may unduly favor dominated candidates and thus lead to the election of the Condorcet Loser in equilibrium. The reason is that, contrarily to commonly held beliefs, lowering the threshold for first-round victory may actually induce voters to express their preferences excessively. I also extend Duverger's Law to Runoff elections with any threshold below, equal or above 50%. Therefore, Runoff elections are plagued with inferior equilibria that induce either too high or too low expression of preferences. (iii) On the Influence of Rankings when Product Quality Depends on Buyer Characteristics Information on product quality is crucial for buyers to make sound choices. For "experience products", this information is not available at the time of the purchase: it is only acquired through consumption. For much experience products, there exist institutions that provide buyers with information about quality. It is commonly believed that such institutions help consumers to make better choices and are thus welfare improving. The quality of various experience products depends on the characteristics of buyers. For instance, conversely to the quality of cars, business school quality depends on buyers (i.e. students) characteristics. Indeed, one of the main inputs of a business school is enrolled students. The choice of buyers for such products has then some features of a coordination problem: ceteris paribus, a buyer prefers to buy a product consumed by buyers with "good" characteristics. This coordination dimension leads to inefficiencies when buyers coordinate on products of lower "intrinsic" quality. When the quality of products depends on buyer characteristics, information about product quality can reinforce such a coordination problem. Indeed, even though information of high quality need not mean high intrinsic quality, rational buyers pay attention to this information because they prefer high quality products, no matter the reason of the high quality. Information about product quality may then induce buyers to coordinate on products of low intrinsic quality. In this paper, I show that, for experience products which quality depends on the characteristics of buyers, more information is not necessarily better. More precisely, I prove that more information about product quality may lead to a Pareto deterioration, i.e. all buyers may be worse off due. (iv) Redistributing Income under Fiscal Vertical Imbalance (joint with Marjorie Gassner and Vincenzo Verardi) From the literature on decentralization, it appears that the fiscal vertical imbalance (i.e. the dependence of subnational governments on national government revenues to support their expenditures) is somehow inherent to multi-level governments. Using a stylized model we show that this leads to a reduction of the extent of redistributive fiscal policies if the maximal size of government has been reached. To test for this empirically, we use some high quality data from the LIS dataset on individual incomes. The results are highly significant and point in the direction of our theoretical predictions.

本論文的研究主題，在於探討中國大陸自鄧小平南巡後，尤其自一九九五年之後，所呈現的城鄉居民收入差距再度經歷的「縮小－擴大」之現象，其形成的背景，現況，以及造成的因素等等，是否對於中國大陸未來的經濟發展產生重大影響？另外，大陸各區域之間城鄉居民收入差距的變遷情況，以及形成的因素為何？均是本文所要研究的重點。 在研究方法的選擇上，本文運用「文獻分析法」以及「實證分析法」，首先對於國內外有關於研究大陸城鄉居民收入差距的相關文獻進行整理與分析，比較其重點與異同，並針對不足之處加以延伸及補充。接著運用中國統計年鑑等中國官方所提供的大陸29個地區的統計數據資料，以一九九五年至二００一年作為主要的研究的時期，由於研究的資料是為追蹤資料，在經過Lagrange Multiplier（LM）Test 檢驗後，發現運用「固定效果模型」，將較傳統的OLS模型更為合適。因此以固定效果模型，對影響大陸城鄉居民收入差距的因素進行實證分析。 本研究的主要發現為，隨著時間的遞移，大陸城鄉居民收入差距是呈現擴大的趨勢。而對於大陸整體地區而言，長期以來導致大陸城鄉分隔的二元經濟結構因素，以及政策面的因素，諸如財政支援農業發展的比重，以及一胎化政策實行之後，城鄉家庭在人口負擔上所造成的差異等等，均會對大陸整體地區城鄉居民收入差距產生影響。 此外，本文針對中國大陸東、中、西部所呈現的不同特質，分別研究其各自影響城鄉居民收入差距的因素，並比較其間的差異。結果發現，城鄉從業人員在工資上的差距，將會擴大中部地區城鄉居民收入差距；而大陸近年致力推動的吸引外資政策，也對平衡東部及中部地區城鄉居民收入差距具有顯著效果。另外，國有部門比重增加將會加大西部地區城鄉居民收入差距，但鄉鎮企業比重的增加，除了加大中部地區城鄉居民收入差距以外，對於大陸整體地區，以及東、西部地區的影響並不確定。 最後，本文依據上述的研究結果提出政策建議。本文認為，現階段大陸城鄉居民收入差距的擴大，除了時間趨勢的影響之外，也受到其他諸多因素的影響。是以就長期而言，中國在平衡城鄉居民收入差距的各項政策執行上，要獲致效果，仍須致力克服結構面、經濟發展面、以及政策面因素的影響，並適時對執行政策作修正與調整。因此，未來中國在政策的選擇上，除了重視農業發展，加速產業結構調整，保持工業及農業的平衡之外，消除二元結構所造成的城鄉分隔，促進城鄉經濟協調發展，將對於平衡大陸城鄉居民收入差距具有最大的正面助益。 / This thesis aims to investigate the changes in mainland China’s regional urban-rural income differential and its determinants during the period of 1995 to 2001. After we estimate the fixed-effects model of the urban-rural income differential equation, the empirical results show an upward trend in the differential that is different from data observation. In addition, it is found that the change in mainland China’s regional urban-rural income differential is primarily affected by dual-system of the economic structure, as well as the policy factor such as the government expenditure for supporting agriculture production and the change in average size of family households after the one-child policy has been taken in practice. Although the different between the wages of urban-rural employed persons has been proved to be an important determinant in many previous studies in the literature, this conclusion can be supported only in the central part of mainland China during the refereed period in this study. Beside, instead of taking contribution to the mitigation of China’s regional urban-rural income differential, the increasing of the proportion on Township and Village Enterprises has been proved to intensify the urban-rural income differential on the central part of China. Finally, according to this study, the best way to mitigate the China’s regional urban-rural income differential is to allocate more resources to modify the industrial structure, placing important on both agriculture and industry. What is more, to terminate the dual-system of the economic structure factor, and to balance the development of cities and countries of China, will also contribute to the mitigation of the China’s regional urban-rural income differential.

At present there is a reliance on behavioral interventions that have been limited in their effectiveness to reduce the public health burden of chronic disease, partly because the effects of social context on the initiation and maintenance of health behaviors is not incorporated into public health policy and practice. Yet current research indicates that there are macro-level structural and contextual influences on population health that cannot be reduced to individual or compositional effects. This study investigated the associations between social structural factors, community social context, individual characteristics, and self-reported correlates of disease. Distal influences included social structural inequalities such as income inequality and absolute deprivation or poverty. Pertinent mechanisms through which these influences might have operated on disease included social contextual factors, such as social capital. Both political economy and the ecosocial perspective were selected to inform this study and to provide the theoretical framework from which hypotheses were derived.The design was a multilevel, retrospective, nonexperimental study using secondary data. The study linked three data sources (2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Social Capital Community Benchmark Study, and U.S. Census) by Federal Information Processing Standards codes in order for individuals to be placed in their community or state contexts. Results provided mixed evidence of the direct role of structural and contextual inequalities on self-rated health. Any direct effects of social structural inequalities on the health outcomes disappeared once individual factors were included in the models. Findings demonstrated that one dimension of social capital, organizational activism, retained its significant direct effect on general health status, once individual characteristics were considered. Conclusions suggested indirect associations whereby the negative influence of social structural inequalities on health was mediated by the erosion of social trust, which in turn was associated with engaging in risk behavior, thus increasing the odds of reporting hypertension, fair/poor general health, and mental distress. Although results were inconsistent, this study contributed to advancing Healthy People 2010 goals of increasing quality of life and reducing health disparities by advancing understanding of the multilevel nature of perceived health and the chronic diseases they predict.

Bien qu'il soit désormais établi que les institutions du travail (tel que la syndicalisation et le salaire minimum) aient eu pour effet de réduire l'inégalité des salaires entre les travailleurs au Canada et dans d'autres pays industrialisés, leur impact sur l'inégalité des revenus entre les familles ou les ménages reste incertain. Cette étude a pour but d'estimer l'impact de la densité syndicale et du salaire minimum réel sur l'évolution de l'inégalité des revenus de marché entre les ménages canadiens durant les années 1981 à 2008. À partir d'une base de données qui intègre des données annuelles agrégées par province, et en maintenant constant un ensemble de facteurs, les estimations par effets fixes indiquent que la densité syndicale a réduit l'inégalité des revenus mesurée au moyen du coefficient de Gini, alors que le salaire minimum réel a plutôt eu pour effet d'accroître celle-ci. Les résultats d'estimation indiquent également que le taux d'activité et la scolarité moyenne sont les principaux facteurs à avoir réduit l'inégalité des revenus, alors que le taux de chômage, le changement technologique (mesuré de différentes façons) et l'immigration récente ont contribué à l'accroître. / While some consensus exists that labor institutions (such as unionization and minimum wage) narrowed wages inequality among workers in Canada, as well as in other industrialized countries, there is little agreement about their outcome on income inequality among families or households. This study investigates how union density and real minimum wage affected the evolution of market income inequality among Canadian households between 1981 and 2008. Utilizing a dataset that incorporates annual data aggregated by province, and holding constant for a range of other factors, fix effects estimates indicate that union density narrowed income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient, while real minimum wage widened it instead. Estimates further suggest that participation rate and educational attainment are the main factors to have dampened income inequality in recent years, whereas unemployment rate, technological change (measured in different ways) and recent immigration are found to have contributed to greater income inequality.

This Ph.D. thesis in Economics consists of five self-contained chapters that investigate the role of gender and family background in generating socioeconomic inequality. Occupational segregation by sex: The role of intergenerational transmission studies the persistence of the occupational sex segregation by investigating intergenerational associations in the sex composition of occupations. Gender differences in initiation of negotiation: Does the gender of the negotiation counterpart matter? experimentally examines how the gender difference in the willingness to enter a negotiation is affected by the gender of the counterpart in the negotiation. The importance of family background and neighborhood effects as determinants of crime estimates sibling and neighborhood correlations in criminal convictions and incarceration. IQ and family background: Are associations strong or weak? examines sibling and intergenerational correlations in IQ. Gender and inequality of opportunity in Sweden explores to what extent income inequality is due to factors beyond individuals' control, such as gender and parental income. / <p>Diss. Stockholm :  Stockholm School of Economics, 2014. Introduction together with 5 papers.</p>

Esta dissertação analisou a divisão social do espaço residencial intra-urbano a partir da sua relação com a desigualdade de renda. Utilizou-se como caso de estudo a cidade de Porto Alegre no período 1991-2000. A segmentação do espaço residencial urbano envolve a distribuição desigual dos poderes e direitos sobre a localização das moradias nas cidades, o que gera consequências significativas e duradouras nas características do tecido urbano, na formação de preços dos imóveis e no encontro entre grupos socialmente distintos. Duas hipóteses foram consideradas no presente estudo: a primeira hipótese associa a concentração de renda no espaço urbano à polarização socioespacial das áreas residenciais, nesta leitura os espaços residenciais estariam sofrendo um processo de homogeneização de renda combinado à redução dos espaços de classe média, esta hipótese aponta para a emergência de uma cidade dualizada entre ricos e pobres; a segunda hipótese associa a concentração de renda no espaço urbano ao aumento da seletividade e à fragmentação espacial das áreas residências dos estratos mais ricos, simultaneamente estaria ocorrendo o aumento da heterogeneidade dos espaços residenciais de classe média e dos pobres. Utilizou-se a variável renda do responsável por domicílio extraída do banco de dados dos Censos Demográficos de 1991 e 2000. O nível de desagregação da variável utilizada foi o setor censitário. As medidas de desigualdade de renda e de seletividade residencial utilizadas foram: índice de Gini, curva de Lorenz, renda relativa, curva de segregação, índice de dissimilaridade, índice de correlação espacial e análise de cartogramas. Os resultados encontrados apontam para a convergência das duas hipóteses. Por um lado, o espaço residencial dos mais ricos se tornou muito mais homogêneo, mas por outro lado, essas áreas estão relativamente mais concentradas no tecido urbano, demonstrando que a valorização territorial na década de 90 ocorreu principalmente nas adjacências de áreas que já eram ocupadas pelos mais ricos no início do período. Verificou-se também um relativo aumento da heterogeneidade do espaço da classe média e dos pobres, combinado à redução no percentual de domicílios nos espaços de classe média. Os resultados apontam para o aumento de domicílios nos espaços dos estratos superiores e inferiores de renda, o que sinaliza para uma polarização socioespacial. Conclui-se que a cidade de Porto Alegre se tornou mais desigual espacial e economicamente no período analisado. / This study examined the social division of intra-urban residential space from its relationship with income inequality. It was used as a case study the city of Porto Alegre in the period 1991-2000. The segmentation of urban residential space involves the unequal distribution of powers and rights on the location of housing units, which generates significant consequences on the spatial configuration, the pricing of real estate and in the encounter between different social groups. Two hypotheses were considered in this study: in the first hypothesis income inequality is associated with polarization of the residential areas, residential spaces in this reading would be undergoing a process of homogenization of income combined with the reduction of spaces for the middle class, this hypothesis points to the emergence of a dualized city between rich and poor; the second hypothesis associates the concentration of income in urban areas to increase the selectivity and the spatial fragmentation of the residential areas of the richest people, while there would be an increased heterogeneity of spaces middle class and poor people. We used the variable income per head of household extracted from the database of the population censuses of 1991 and 2000. The level of disaggregation of the variable used was the census sector. The measures of income inequality and residential selectivity were used: the Gini index, Lorenz curve, relative income, curve segregation, dissimilarity index, index of spatial correlation and analysis of maps. The results point to the convergence of two hypotheses. On the one hand, the richest of residential space has become much more homogeneous, but on the other hand, these areas are relatively more concentrated in the city, demonstrating that the recovery in the 90 territorial mainly occurred in the vicinity of areas that were already occupied by the rich at the beginning of the period. There was also a relative increase of the heterogeneity of the middle class and poor people, combined with the reduction in the percentage of households in the spaces of the middle class and increase in space from the upper and lower income, which points to a socio-spatial polarization. It is concluded that the city of Porto Alegre has become increasingly unequal spatial and economically in this period.

Submitted by Lorena Hakak Marçal (lhakak@gmail.com) on 2016-07-15T01:32:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 main_tese.pdf: 1165233 bytes, checksum: 3c715e88460a5637db424c8ffb2ac64b (MD5) / Rejected by Letícia Monteiro de Souza (leticia.dsouza@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Lorena, Favor alterar seu trabalho de acordo com as normas ABNT: 1: O nome Getulio não tem acento. Favor alterar de todas as páginas que constam o nome incorreto. 2: Capa, contra-capa e demais sessões devem estar em português, língua oficial da Fundação. 3: A numeração das páginas não deve aparecer até a Introdução, porém devem contabilizar desde a primeira página. Além disso, a paginação deve estar a direita da página. 4: O título das sessões Agradecimentos, Abstract e Resumo devem ser em fonte de tamanho 12, em caixa alta, negritado e centralizado. Atenciosamente, Letícia 3799-3631 on 2016-07-15T11:53:44Z (GMT) / Submitted by Lorena Hakak Marçal (lhakak@gmail.com) on 2016-07-15T17:39:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 main_tese.pdf: 1164308 bytes, checksum: c13c0208ff92eb7996f56a8420fa7c53 (MD5) / Rejected by Letícia Monteiro de Souza (leticia.dsouza@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Lorena, Favor fazer a ultima alteração em seu trabalho para que possa ser aprovado: No cabeçalho, onde se encontra 'FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS' Favor colocar "ESCOLA DE ECONOMIA DE SÃO PAULO", pois deve permanecer em português. Atenciosamente, Letícia Monteiro 3799-3631 on 2016-07-15T18:33:29Z (GMT) / Submitted by Lorena Hakak Marçal (lhakak@gmail.com) on 2016-07-15T20:34:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 main_tese.pdf: 1164303 bytes, checksum: 064ad0fc52a52bcb5d49ae307cd0359b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Letícia Monteiro de Souza (leticia.dsouza@fgv.br) on 2016-07-15T20:35:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 main_tese.pdf: 1164303 bytes, checksum: 064ad0fc52a52bcb5d49ae307cd0359b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-15T20:43:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 main_tese.pdf: 1164303 bytes, checksum: 064ad0fc52a52bcb5d49ae307cd0359b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-20 / Society has changed in the past decades raising questions to be asked by social scientists and their impacts on family units. In this thesis we aim to analyze how agents’ decisions on marriage and education can be interconnected assuming that men and women have preferences for intra-group marriage. In our framework we find that preferences for intra-group marriage can increase the proportion of men and women who decide to get married and study. We also show that empirically for Brazilian data there is a positive assortative mating between people with same traits, such as, education, religion or race. In addition, married couples that share the same religion tend to have the same level of schooling. We investigate how changes in marital sorting, educational composition and returns to education that occurred in Brazil in the last years can impact in household income inequality. We calculate counterfactual scenarios for Gini Coefficient keeping one of these three variables fixed in one year and comparing the counterfactual values with the actual one. If marriage were formed randomly, the Gini Coefficient would be lower than the actual one. Keeping the returns to education fixed in year 2014 we also show that the counterfactual Gini would be lower than the actual one. / A sociedade mudou nas últimas décadas abrindo a possibilidade para cientistas sociais estudarem essas mudanças e analisar os seus impactos na unidade familiar. Nesta tese pretendemos analisar como as decisões dos agentes com relação a decisão de casar e estudar pode estar conectado considerando que homens e mulheres têm preferências pelo casamento intragrupo. No modelo estudado encontramos que as preferências para o casamento intragrupo podem aumentar a proporção de homens e mulheres que decidem se casar e estudar. Mostramos também que empiricamente há um positive assortative mating entre pessoas com as mesmas características, tais como, educação, religião ou raça. Além disso, a probabilidade de casais casados na mesma religião aumenta a probabilidade dos casais estarem casados dentro do mesmo nível de escolaridade. Considerando as mudanças em como os casais se formam, a composição educacional e os retornos da educação que aconteceram no Brasil nos últimos anos, investiga-se os impactos dessas mudanças na desigualdade de renda dos casais. Calculamos cenários contrafactuais para o Coeficiente de Gini mantendo uma dessas três variáveis fixas em um determinado ano, comparando o contrafactual estimado com o Gini real. Se o casamento for formado aleatoriamente com relação à educação, o Coeficiente de Gini seria menor do que o real. Mantendo os retornos da educação fixos no ano de 2014 encontramos um Gini contrafactual menor do que o real.