Esta dissertação analisa os motivos da implantação do novo sistema de pagamentos brasileiro, descreve os impactos percebidos junto à sociedade e avalia o atual estágio do projeto. Procura mostrar que não houve redução de risco sistêmico, como se pretendia, em função da implantação do novo sistema de pagamentos. Também evidencia que não houve redução de tarifas bancárias com a implantação do mesmo. Descreve que, em função da redução de custos financeiros percebidos com a utilização de avanços tecnológicos, os bancos passaram a apropriar-se dos ganhos em função da forma como foi elaborado o novo sistema, não foi possível identificar qualquer redução de preço nas tarifas bancárias em função de uma maior concorrência. / This dissertation analyzes the motives of the implementation of the new system of Brazilian payments, describes the impacts perceived into the society and evaluates the current stage of the project. The study showed that there was neither reduction of systemic risk nor banking fees after the implementation of the new system of payments. It describes that banks kept the earnings acquired from of the reduction of financial costs perceived with the utilization of technological advancements. The way the new system was setup prevented an identification of any reduction of banking tariffs because of increased market competition.

p. 1 - 188 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-01-24T20:27:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 CCCCCC.pdf: 746060 bytes, checksum: 10f65ea9305328fb2277c17fef1c70c4 (MD5) CCCCCC.pdf: 746060 bytes, checksum: 10f65ea9305328fb2277c17fef1c70c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-24T20:27:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 CCCCCC.pdf: 746060 bytes, checksum: 10f65ea9305328fb2277c17fef1c70c4 (MD5) CCCCCC.pdf: 746060 bytes, checksum: 10f65ea9305328fb2277c17fef1c70c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / A Lei Complementar no 101/2000 (LRF), desde a sua promulgação, tornou-se um dos principais instrumentos para o planejamento e controle das finanças públicas. Determinou entre outras regras, a efetiva instituição, previsão e arrecadação de tributos próprios, bem como regras que limitaram a formação de déficit s e endividamento públicos, tudo a fim de que seja alcançada a chamada Gestão Fiscal Responsável. Concluídas as primeiras gestões sob a vigência da norma, pode-se observar alguns de seus efeitos sobre a gestão pública. Nesse contexto, este estudo de caso versa sobre a aplicação da LRF à gestão fiscal, especificamente no que se refere à arrecadação das receitas municipais, buscando apresentar um exemplo bem sucedido, ou seja, eficiente e responsável. Para tanto, procurou-se responder a seguinte questão: como a Prefeitura Municipal de Alagoinhas (PMA), mesmo atendendo as regras e limites para endividamento estabelecidos pela LRF, conseguiu aumentar suas receitas na gestão 2001/2004 e exercícios 2005-2006?. O objetivo geral do estudo foi analisar a gestão fiscal das receitas da PMA, sob a égide das determinações da LRF e, especificamente, identificar cinco pontos: 1º) as regras estabelecidas para previsão, arrecadação e controle das receitas tributárias e transferidas, determinadas pela LRF; 2º) as restrições e limites impostos pela LRF à gestão das receitas e o endividamento público municipal; 3º) como as regras da LRF influenciaram a gestão fiscal das receitas da Prefeitura de Alagoinhas, no período de 2001-2004; 4º) a influência das transferências, constitucionais e voluntárias, estaduais e federais, na gestão fiscal das receitas de Alagoinhas e; 5º) as práticas de gestão adotadas no período 2001-2006, que possibilitaram o aumento das receitas próprias e transferidas. Finda a pesquisa, identificaram-se as regras e limitações, bem como os instrumentos trazidos pela LRF e sua influência na gestão municipal. Identificou-se, ainda, que a PMA alcançou resultados fiscais expressivos mediante o investimento em uma gestão fiscal mais eficiente, que somada aos recursos transferidos possibilitou o aumento da despesa pública sem o endividamento em paralelo. / Salvador

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / The orthodox school's explanation for wage differentials, unemployment and labour market discrimination and the policy measures which they proposed did not offer workable solutions to the problems of the day. During the late 1960s and early 1970s a group of American labour economists conducted field studies in American urban ghettos which resulted in the formulation of the dual labour market theory. In contrast with the orthodox approach, which emphasises free market forces and investment in human capital, the dual labour market theory focuses on the dual structure of the labour market. The labour market is divided between a primary (high-wage) and a secondary (low-wage) sector, with little or no mobility between the sectors. An oversupply of labour in the secondary sector and unemployment are the results. These labour market phenomena and dualism also characterise the South African labour market and should be taken into account when policy measures are formulated. / Loonverskille, werkloosheid en arbeidsmarkdiskriminasie is algemene verskynsels in arbeids· markte wereldwyd. Die ortodokse denkskool se verklaring vir die verskynsels en die beleidsmaatreels wat bulle voorste~ het met verloop van tyd ontevredenheid ontketen omdat dit geen werkbare oplossing vir die probleme van die dag kon hied nie. Gedurende die laat ·1960s en vroee 1970s het 'n groep Arnerikaanse arbeidsekonome verskeie veldstudies in verskillende Arneri· kaanse stedelike ghetto's geloods op soek na 'n meer aanvaarbare verklaring vir hierdie verskyn· sels. Uit hierdie veldstudies is die dualistiese arbeidsmarkteorie geformuleer. In teenstelling met die ortodokse benadering, wat Idem le op die werking van vrye markkragte en investering in menslike kapitaal, benadruk die dualistiese arbeidsmarkteorie die tweeledige struktuur van die arbeidsmark. Die arbeidsmark is verdeel tusssen 'n primere (hoogbesoldigde) en sekondere (laagbesoldigde) sektor, met min of geen mobiliteit tussen die sektore nie. Werkers se toegang tot die primere sektor word beperk, met 'n ooraanbod van arbeid in die sekondere sektor en werkloosheid as die gevolg. Hierdie arbeidsmarkverskynsels en dualisme is ook kenmerkend van die Suid·Afrikaanse arbeidsmark en beleidsmaatreels moet daarmee rekening hou / Economics and Management Sciences / M. Comm. (Economy)

The aim of diploma thesis is to analyze realization of a Convention for the avoidance of double taxation between the Czech Republic and the Republic of Austria. The paper explains what the international double taxation is and describes the types and methods of its prevention. It describes difference between tax residents and tax nonresidents. Further it describes development of Conventions for the avoidance of double taxation between the Czech Republic and the Republic of Austria and compares the Convention No. 48/1979 and No. 31/2007 which were applied in mutual tax relations between both countries. The paper is mainly focused on the situation of Czech tax residents who receive incomes from employment in Austria and shows on practical examples how the situation developed from 2007 to present. It describes the complicated situation of taxpayers in 2008, when they first proceed according to a new Convention between both countries and explains the calculation of the "super-gross wage" when incomes are from employment abroad. The paper also describes the approach to Austrian taxation of interest payments and resolve procedure Czech taxpayers in these cases. Finally, this paper examines the attitudes of both countries to adhere to Convention for the avoidance of double taxation and describes the difficult situation of Czech taxpayers with incomes from Austria.

Esta dissertação analisa os motivos da implantação do novo sistema de pagamentos brasileiro, descreve os impactos percebidos junto à sociedade e avalia o atual estágio do projeto. Procura mostrar que não houve redução de risco sistêmico, como se pretendia, em função da implantação do novo sistema de pagamentos. Também evidencia que não houve redução de tarifas bancárias com a implantação do mesmo. Descreve que, em função da redução de custos financeiros percebidos com a utilização de avanços tecnológicos, os bancos passaram a apropriar-se dos ganhos em função da forma como foi elaborado o novo sistema, não foi possível identificar qualquer redução de preço nas tarifas bancárias em função de uma maior concorrência. / This dissertation analyzes the motives of the implementation of the new system of Brazilian payments, describes the impacts perceived into the society and evaluates the current stage of the project. The study showed that there was neither reduction of systemic risk nor banking fees after the implementation of the new system of payments. It describes that banks kept the earnings acquired from of the reduction of financial costs perceived with the utilization of technological advancements. The way the new system was setup prevented an identification of any reduction of banking tariffs because of increased market competition.

Esta dissertação analisa os motivos da implantação do novo sistema de pagamentos brasileiro, descreve os impactos percebidos junto à sociedade e avalia o atual estágio do projeto. Procura mostrar que não houve redução de risco sistêmico, como se pretendia, em função da implantação do novo sistema de pagamentos. Também evidencia que não houve redução de tarifas bancárias com a implantação do mesmo. Descreve que, em função da redução de custos financeiros percebidos com a utilização de avanços tecnológicos, os bancos passaram a apropriar-se dos ganhos em função da forma como foi elaborado o novo sistema, não foi possível identificar qualquer redução de preço nas tarifas bancárias em função de uma maior concorrência. / This dissertation analyzes the motives of the implementation of the new system of Brazilian payments, describes the impacts perceived into the society and evaluates the current stage of the project. The study showed that there was neither reduction of systemic risk nor banking fees after the implementation of the new system of payments. It describes that banks kept the earnings acquired from of the reduction of financial costs perceived with the utilization of technological advancements. The way the new system was setup prevented an identification of any reduction of banking tariffs because of increased market competition.

Cette thèse cherche à d'étudier et à déterminer l'impact des améliorations des transports publics sur la configuration de la criminalité dans une grande ville comme Bogota. Dans une première étape, cette recherche cherche à préciser le nombre d'emplois joignables par les habitants de la ville dans trois différents intervalles de temps. La taille effective du marché du travail est donc définir dans le but de déterminer si les habitants des différentes zones qui composent la ville ont le même,èegré d'accessibilité aux emplois. Une fois définie l'accessibilité, cette étude fait une étude comparative par rapport aux caractéristiques socio-économiques des habitants par zone ainsi que par rapport à la présence ou le manque d'améliorations du système de transport dans chaque zone qui composent la ville de Bogota. La présence des améliorations du système de transport est définie par le passage du système de transport appelé Transmilenio (TM) dans chaque zone. Dans le but d'approfondir sur le lien qui existe entre les caractéristiques socio-économiques des habitants et la présence de TM dans chaque zone de la ville, nous nous concentrons, dans une deuxième étape, sur l'existence d'une possible relation endogène de la présence de TM dans la concentration des emplois et des hauts revenus à Bogota. L'objectif de cette analyse est de déterminer si les améliorations des transports publics ont une relation causale dans la localisation des emplois et des hauts revenus dans chaque zone de la ville. Nous adoptons ensuite l'hypothèse que les criminels préfèrent commettre leurs crimes dans les bassins d'emplois et dans les zones à forte concentration des hauts revenus (indépendamment de la localisation des zones résidentielles). Dans le même ordre d'idée et afin d'établir une relation causal sur l'évolution de cinq différents types de crime dans chaque zone de la ville, cette étude réalise une analyse ex-ante et ex-post la mise en place de Transmilenio. En raison de la faiblesse de la base de donné pour les différentes périodes, les résultats de cette étape ne sont pas homogènes et ce qui les rend peu convaincants. Cependant, ils nous donnent une approximation pertinente de l'impact que Transmilenio peut avoir dans la configuration de la criminalité dans la ville. Ces résultats nous mènent à faire, dans une dernière étape, une analyse de causalité pour la période pour laquelle les données disponibles sont complets pour toutes les zones de la ville et ne montrent pas des problèmes de fiabilité. Après cette étape d'analyse, les résultats sont convaincants. Ils suggèrent qu'il existe bien une relation causale de la présence de Transmilenio sur l'évolution de trois des cinq types de crimes sujets de notre étude. Les résultats permettent également d'identifier une claire dépendance spatiale de la concentration des crimes dans la ville. Il semble donc que, malgré les multiples effets positifs que l'amélioration des transports publics peut avoir pour les habitants d'une ville, ceci peut aussi stimuler une hausse de certains types de crimes dans les zones desservies par Transmilenio. Malgré les limites de cette étude qui devront être résolues dans des futures recherches, les résultats obtenus, ainsi que la façon dont le sujet est abordé, représentent une perspective d'analyse innovatrice pour une meilleure compréhension des éventuelles conséquences négatives qui peuvent contrecarrer les objectifs des politiques des transports urbains dans les grandes villes. Nous pensons que cette thèse contribue à la complémentarité des études sur les effets des transports urbains. / The aim of this PhD dissertation is to study and reveal the impact of public transports' improvements on the configuration of the crime on a big city like Bogota. First, this research focuses on a calculation of the number of reachable jobs of bogotanians. The effective size of labor market is computed in order to establish if inhabitants have the same degree of accessibility to jobs with respect to their socio-economic situation and with respect to the presence of enhancements of public transports in zones where they live. The presence of improvements of public transports is defined by the presence of Transmilenio system in each zone of the city. Following the same intuition, this research also study, in a second time, the possible endogeneity of the presence of Transmilenio (TM) on the concentration of jobs and on the income of inhabitants of each zone. More precisely, the aim of this analysis is to determine if improvements of public transports may have a causal relation on the localization of jobs and the concentration of highest incomes in the city. The objective of this investigation is to establish that high incomes, jobs centers may be localized, in a big proportion, because of the presence of TM. Following the hypothesis suggested on several studies regarding the fact that criminals prefer to commit their crimes in zones with high density of jobs and in zones with highest incomes (regardless housing zones or job centers), this dissertation follow, in a thirdly, with an ex-ante and ex-post study of the evolution of cNme with respect to the opening of Transmilenio in each zone. The goal ofthis analysis is to establish a causal relation of enhancements of public transports on the evolution of five different types of crimes in each zone. Because of the weakness of available data, results are unfortunately not conclusive but give us an appropriate approximation of the impact that Transmilenio system may have on crime configuration. These results lead to make, on a final instance, a causal analysis for the year on which we have whole data. Results are conclusive: a causal relationship of Transmilenio on three of five types of crime object of this study is confirmed. ln addition, a spatial dependence on the concentration of crimes is also confirmed. It appears that, regardless the positive impacts that it could have, the presence of Transmilenio and hence, the enhancements of public transports in different zones of Bogota make raise sorne kinds of crimes. Even if this research presents sorne limitations that should be solved on future studies, the way how the issue is analyzed provides new perspectives for the comprehension of sorne negative consequences that can thwart positive objectives of urban transport policies. We believe that this PhD dissertation contributes to complement the studies about the effect of urban transports.

The purpose of this study was to identify differences in attitudes of vocational teacher education majors based on age, sex, marital status, earner status, educational level, vocational program area, mother's work history, and familial attitudes. Data for the study were obtained from 1,182 vocational teacher education majors. The more contemporary attitudes were held by those who were female, aged 26 - 35, currently members of dual-income families, graduate students, identified as homemaking education majors, from families whose mothers had worked outside the home when they were growing up, and who were not brought up to believe that a woman's place is in the home.While females had more contemporary attitudes than males, both could be described as having moderate attitudes toward the dual-income financial support of the family. Both females and males felt that women should contribute financially to the support of the family, that it is just as important for a woman to be able to earn a living as it is for a man, and that women should expect to be permanent members of the labor force.

Cette thèse étudie les effets des régimes politiques et de l'inégalité socioéconomique sur les institutions économiques et la croissance. Le chapitre 1 considère une version du modèle d'échelles de qualité avec des agents hétérogènes dans le niveau de richesse, de revenu et de savoir-faire. Les instruments de politique économique incluent des barrières à l'entrée sur les marchés des biens et le niveau de la redistribution. Trois types d'équilibres politiques sont considérés. Le chapitre 2 analyse l'effet de la démocratisation sur l'émergence des barrières à l'entrée et la redistribution des revenus. On montre qu'une distribution plus égale du pouvoir politique parmi les individus diminue les barrières à l'entrée seulement si les savoir-faire sont à un niveau élevé et si l'inégalité des savoir-faire et des revenus est faible. Le cas contraire, où les plus riches et les plus pauvres constituent une majorité, conduit à une redistribution élevée, mais aussi à la présence des barrières à l'entrée. Ce chapitre peut expliquer les trajectoires différentes de pays en cours de démocratisation. Le chapitre 3 considère un modèle de croissance endogène, qui décrit la transition de la stagnation pré-industrielle à une croissance stable. Selon le modèle, la qualité des institutions économiques est déterminée par le conflit entre les deux composantes de l'élite (propriétaires fonciers et capitalistes). Le modèle explique les sources politiques de la stagnation et de la croissance, ainsi que la relation entre le conflit social et le développement pendant la période de transition. / This thesis studies the effect of political regimes and economic inequality on the level of barriers to entry, redistribution, and economic growth. Barriers to entry are economic institutions, which protect incumbent firms from competition with new entrants. This is one of the form of economic institutions, which provide gains for a narrow group of agents at the cost of economic efficiency. In Chapter 1 I consider the problem of finding sufficient conditions for political support of liberal, growth-enhancing policy in a quality-ladders model with heterogeneous agents differing in their endowment of wealth and skills. The policy set is two-dimensional: agents vote for the level of redistribution as well as for the level of entry barriers preventing the creation of more efficient firms. I show that under the majority voting rule there are three possible stable political outcomes: full redistribution, low redistribution and free entry (liberal order), high redistribution and high barriers to entry (corporatism). Key variables that determine political outcome include an expected gain from technological adoption, the ratio of total profits to total wages, and the skewness of skills distribution.Chapter 2 extends the analysis of the previous chapter by considering the effect of democrati-zation on barriers to entry and economic outcomes. Democratization shifts the political power from the narrow class of wealthy elites to a broader group of agents. Even if political institutions change towards democratization, under certain conditions this leads only to the rise of redistribution, rather than to the elimination of barriers to entry. This argument is particularly relevant for countries with low human capital level and high inequality in incomes and skills.Chapter 3 considers the two-side relationship between the level of industrialization and the quality of economic institutions, which stimulate the technological adoption and growth. It provides a simple two-sector endogenous growth model of transition from pre-industrial stagnation to modern economic growth regime. The model underlines the role of political conflict between new elite (capitalists) and old elite (landowners) during the whole period of transition. The level of efforts in the political conflict is chosen endogenously by both groups. The model generates a long period of stagnation with a low-intensified conflict between capitalists and landowners, which is followed by industrial revolution with high conflict intensity and higher probability of institutional changes. The model describes political origins of stagnation and growth and interconnections between the political conflict and economic structure.

The thesis focuses on funding of political parties and movements in the Czech Republic for twenty-five years. The main aim of the thesis is to assess how state funding of political parties and movements represented in the Chamber of Deputies can differ from the smaller parties which are entitled to state contributions. The first chapter, which is more theoretical, deals with models of funding of political parties. The rules of funding of political parties and movements in the Czech Republic are described in the second chapter. The analysis of total incomes and expenditures of political parties and movements can be found in the third part of the thesis, but also a comparison of these data between the selected parties. The last part of the thesis deals with the new regulation and its contribution to the system of funding of political parties and movements in the Czech Republic.