Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T18:10:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO Ellen Caroline.pdf: 4155888 bytes, checksum: 3af9919437f1870587d52d02f5f53d43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-30 / This paper discusses the relationship between art, technology and market from socio -cultural phenomena on the convergence between the markets and digital music. If, at first, the proliferation of music piracy in the late twentieth century raised the idea that the dynamics of metamorphoses of digital network declared bankrupt music industry consolidated in the thirties, which occurs at the end of the first decade of this century, is the implementation and optimization of a new market that combines both the traditional economic forms of the industry dictates decadent as increasing the possibilities opened up by the horizon of understanding of cyberculture. Attempts to deconstruct the discourse of decadence of the culture industry in the face of the multiplicity of the Internet featuring an underlying problem, and therefore more current, this question here vintage shifted the problem of ownership of content and marketing established between the music labels, artists and audience to the conflict between technology companies and content owners in the applications market. The convergence of media un-territorialized a univocal cultural market network and puts musicians, listeners, businesses, equipment and pirates. On this track, the network itself discusses, since the applications market presents itself as a reaction to the financial discontinuities promoted by peer-to-peer and laws, as phenomena later serve as traces of the dynamics of adaptation promoted by such constructs socio-economic and cultural. Deconstruction sometimes used as a lens designed to support the Oi Novo Som Project, the national telecommunications company Oi, who launched the independent band in the music Sobrado 112 from the network. This observation enabled us to verify, first, such as market access for new artists has been expanded from economic and technological tools, and deeper, as technology companies have diversified their marketing strategies in addition to its products and seeking to win the essential raw materials of this new market: connecting devices and storage (hardware) and content (software). While content, music becomes a commodities devices offering the means of enjoyment in the market. / Este trabalho discute as relações entre arte, técnica e mercado a partir de fenômenos sócio - culturais relativos à convergência entre os mercados musical e digital. Se, em um primeiro momento, a proliferação da pirataria musical no século XX tardio suscitou a ideia de que a dinâmica de metamorfoses das tecnologias digitais em rede decretariam a falência da indústria fonográfica consolidada nos anos trinta, o que se verifica, ao final da primeira década do século XXI, é a implementação e otimização de um novo mercado que agrega tanto as formas econômicas tradicionais dessa indústria dita decadente quanto às possibilidades cada vez mais abertas pelo horizonte de compreensão da cibercultura. Intenta-se desconstruir o discurso de decadência da indústria cultural face à multiplicidade da internet apresentando um problema subjacente e, portanto, mais atual, a essa questão aqui deslocada do problema vinteano da propriedade de conteúdo e comercialização estabelecido entre as gravadoras musicais, artistas e público para o conflito entre empresas de tecnologia e proprietários de conteúdo no mercado de aplicativos. A convergência de mídias desterritorializa um mercado cultural unívoco e coloca em rede músicos, ouvintes, empresas, aparelhos e piratas. Nessa esteira, a própria rede se problematiza, posto que o mercado de aplicativos apresentam-se como uma reação às descontinuidades financeiras promovidas por programas peer-to-peer e as legislações, enquanto fenômenos posteriores, funcionam como vestígios da dinâmica de adequação promovida por esses construtos sócio-econômico-culturais. A desconstrução ora elaborada utiliza como lentes de apoio o Projeto Oi Novo Som, da empresa nacional de telecomunicações Oi, que lançou a banda independente Sobrado 112 no mercado musical a partir da rede. Esta observação possibilitou verificar, primeiramente, como o acesso ao mercado para novos artistas vem sendo ampliado a partir das ferramentas econômico-tecnológicas e, mais profundamente, como as empresas de tecnologia vêm diversificando suas estratégias de mercado para além de seus produtos precípuos e buscando conquistar as matérias-primas essenciais desse novo mercado: dispositivos de conexão e armazenamento (hardware) e conteúdo (software). Enquanto conteúdo, a música passa a ser uma commoditie que oferece aos dispositivos o meio de fruição do mercado.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-05-15T12:45:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 andreperaltagrillo.pdf: 1595255 bytes, checksum: c601d54ceba56b301ed86910996567bb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T15:45:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 andreperaltagrillo.pdf: 1595255 bytes, checksum: c601d54ceba56b301ed86910996567bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T15:45:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andreperaltagrillo.pdf: 1595255 bytes, checksum: c601d54ceba56b301ed86910996567bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Esta pesquisa tem como objeto a produção cultural no Brasil Contemporâneo (anos 90 aos dias atuais) e, dentro desta, mais especificamente, o nicho da chamada “música independente”, analisada a partir (mas não só) de estudo empírico da rede “Circuito Fora do Eixo”, a qual, como objeto, ultrapassa o âmbito da produção cultural e dos circuitos alternativos de arte e cultura. Os objetivos são observar a atividade de produção cultural em sua generalidade no mundo contemporâneo, o quanto esta é moldada por ingerências estruturais e conjunturais tanto econômicas quanto políticas, além de culturais; descrever sucintamente parte da história recente e analisar o nicho da “música independente” dentro deste quadro; analisar o caso da rede “Circuito Fora do Eixo”, sua formação em meio e sob a ingerência destes diferentes processos, sua especificidade como, além de circuito cultural, movimento social, e seu desenvolvimento ao longo dos anos, demonstrando a sua pertinência heurística para o objeto mais amplo em questão, assim como o seu transbordamento em relação ao mesmo. Tudo isso para discutir alguns possíveis sentidos subjetivos da atividade de produção cultural para o produtor cultural. / The object of this research is the category of “cultural production” in contemporary Brazil (from the nineties till now) and, inside if this, more speciphically, the nicho of the so called “independente music”, analysed from (but not only) the case study of the network “Circuito Fora do Eixo”, whom, as object, goes beyond the spectrum of the “cultural production” and the alternative circuits of art and culture. The goals are to observe in general matter the activity of “cultural production” in the contemporary world, how much this activity is shaped by structural e conjunctural injanctions, political e economical, besides cultural; to describe briefilly parto f the recente history a analyse the nicho of the “independente music” from the stanpoint of this framework; analyse the case of the network “Circuito Fora do Eixo”, its foundatitons in teh midle of and from the injanctions of this diferente processes, his specifity as, beyond a cultural circuit, a social movement, and his development through the years, showing his heuristic pertinance to the broadly object in question, and how it overwelmed it. All this to discuss some contemporary possible subjective meanings of the activity of cultural production to the cultural producer.

For more than fifty years, the Independent (indie) Music Scene has existed as an evolving business model, allowing indie artists to develop a wealth of progressive musical ideas while creating a sustainable audience base. American Musical Theatre has an already-established rich history of adapting styles to fit concurrent trends in popular music while maintaining the story as the core of a show. While some indie artists (The Lisps, The Mountain Goats, Stephin Merritt, and Stew) and some musical theatre composers (David Yazbek, Doug Crossley, and Michael Friedman) have created crossover works, there is currently an overall dearth of musical theatre pieces infused with the indie style and a lack of indie albums with an actable musical theatre storyline. The intent of this thesis is to prove that although American Musical Theatre and the Independent Music Scene are two vastly different art forms, they can be combined to create a viable and unique form that appeals to both audiences. The indie-rock monologue ...and then, Claire was composed, recorded, and performed to test the viability of this thesis. In addition to presenting research on the history of American Musical Theatre and the Independent Music Scene, an analysis of the already-successful artists mentioned above is presented to provide context for ...and then, Claire. This context along with the original indie-rock monologue proves successful combinations of American Musical Theatre and the Independent Music Scene as well as the potential for more attempts in the future.

本研究以一家台灣獨立唱片廠牌─小白兔橘子唱片為個案，探討其實際運作情況及其音樂產品由生產到消費的過程。透過深入訪談及實物蒐集，我由四類不同身分參與者的實作層次與意識層次觀點切入研究問題，其中受訪對象包括：獨立唱片廠牌經營者、獨立音樂唱作者、獨立音樂產品消費者以及樂評人等。研究結果的討論在實作層次包括三個層面，即產製面、消費面及互動面，而在意識層次則主要討論各類參與者對於獨立音樂產品之「獨立性」的看法與實踐。 研究結果發現，獨立音樂的產製具有低資本與高自主性的特色。首先，獨立音樂廠牌的經營規模較小，而低經濟資本的經營方式反映在實際的產製過程中，在相關合作對象與宣傳管道的選擇上產生一些限制；不過，廠牌經營者所擁有的社會資本常成為廠牌成立與存續的重要助力。再者，相較於主流音樂而言，獨立音樂的唱作人對於產品與宣傳活動的展現方式有相當高的自主性，但相對而言也必須更為自立，無法在所有環節上都依賴廠牌。而獨立音樂的消費者在消費資訊的取得方式上是較為積極主動的，而不是被動地依賴較容易取得的主流媒體資訊。 以全球化的觀點論之，小白兔橘子唱片作為一個本地獨立廠牌，雖然擁有與跨國集團有所區隔的獨特利基，但仍是以英美語系音樂產品的輸入作為最重要的經營項目。對台灣的獨立音樂產業而言，如何活絡「本地音樂產品」的發展，而不只是存在著「本地廠牌」，需要各方參與者及政府機構更多的投入與努力。 / This research is a case study of White Wabbit Records (hereafter WWR), an independent record label in Taiwan. I investigated the mode of WWR’s operation as well as the process from production to consumption of its music merchandise. Through in-depth interviewing and archival strategies, I collected data on the views and experiences of four different actors in the independent music business: the executive of the independent record label, the independent bands and artists, the consumers of independent music, and music critics. There are two primary aspects involved in this research: 1) “performance”, which includes production, consumption, and interactions amongst the actors; and 2) “ideology”, which comprises the views and practice of each actor with respect to the “independent-ness” in independent music products and production. The research found that two distinguishing features – “low cost” and “high autonomy” – are involved in the production of independent music. First, independent record labels are predominantly small companies, and thus the executive’s social capital is crucial to the establishment and ongoing operation of the company. However, in order to cut costs, many procedural restrictions exist, such as in the choice of collaborationists and promotional methods. Second, the autonomy in creativity that independent bands and artists enjoy during the production and promotional processes is much higher than that of their major record label counterparts. Nevertheless, artistic freedom comes at a cost: greater autonomy means the bands and the artists are unable to rely on their record labels to provide the bulk of the necessary resources. Moreover, the consumers of independent music are more proactive in accessing musical information, as they do not depend passively on the information transmitted to them through major broadcasting venues and the mass media. With respect to issues of globalization, even though WWR is a local independent record label with a particular niche different from that of transnational corporations, Anglo-American recordings continue to be WWR’s most important merchandise. Ultimately, while an “independent record label” already exists in Taiwan, the independent music industry here still needs to facilitate its development in the production of home-made music, rather than rely on Western imports. The achievement of this goal needs further participation and efforts of related actors as well as the government of Taiwan.

Lawrence Lessig在Free Culture一書中探討了法律、新興科技以及媒體產業如何形成許可文化的制度，來控制我們的創作自由和取用公共財的權利，他指向一個核心問題：私益(private interest)與公益(public interest)之爭——在網路科技與智慧財產權交互作用之下的自由文化中，私益與公益如何達到平衡狀態？ 「音樂」具有可被數位化的特性，是傳播自由文化的理想範例，而筆者意欲探求的是：以臺灣的音樂產業為例，是否有可能在自由文化中形成一個讓「獲利」與「分享」並行不悖，甚至相輔相成的運作模式？最重要的是，這個模式要能發揚自由文化帶給大眾的公益，也要保障音樂工作者的私益。而在音樂產業中，「獨立音樂」次領域向來重視創作自主性，而自由文化鼓勵發想創意，兩者或許有媒合的空間，故本研究聚焦於獨立音樂。 本研究視臺灣的獨立音樂產業為資訊內容的生產與消費過程，運用Bourdieu的場域理論、資本理論、再製理論等學說，找出有哪些因素影響自由文化和獨立音樂的發展，並且探討贊成∕質疑自由文化這二種立場之間的辯證過程，以及各種利益如何折衝、妥協，從何達成平衡點。故本研究的目的包括：擬將探討結果回饋至對自由文化的省思，此為研究目的之一；嘗試建立一個自由文化中的音樂商業模式，此為研究目的之二。 本研究以深度訪談法訪談四種不同類型的獨立音樂創唱人（包括完全獨立的個體戶、社運歌曲創作者、大型唱片工業體系以外的獨立廠牌、大型唱片公司釋放出來的音樂人才，共訪談五組個人與團體），以及五家數位授權音樂網站（KKBOX、ezPeer、Omusic、StreetVoice、iNDIEVOX），並輔以參與觀察法和分析次級資料，來說明主要研究發現。 在「場域內行動者對於自由文化的認知」方面，本研究發現，「自由文化」這個名詞還不夠普及，這種現象反映出兩個事實：（一）受訪者對於自由文化的認知是分歧的：Lessig所言之自由文化是「在相當程度上開放他人據以再創造的文化」（Lessig, 2004／劉靜怡譯，2008，頁57）；然而，獨立音樂創唱人的認知則是創作行為上的自由、自由文化要能保障授用雙方的自由、自由文化等同CC授權制度、自由文化是一種行銷廣宣工具、自由文化等同網路賦予大眾使用的自由；授權音樂網站經營者們則認為「自由文化的核心概念是『服務』」。（二）Lessig的自由文化理念與實務有差距：研究結果發現，受訪之獨立音樂創唱人的開放心態和行為，要比Lessig「保守」許多，大多是停留在提供免費聆聽，少數開放下載，而其目的多半是為了廣告與宣傳效益。 在「獨立音樂創唱人的線上／線下活動與資本應用策略」方面，可以看出獨立音樂創唱人經營創唱事業的幾個重點：（一）線上∕線下資本會互相流動和兌換；（二）獨立音樂創唱人專注創作，唱片公司致力發行，二者保持地位對等的平衡關係；（三）獨立音樂創唱人有成為專職的趨勢。 在「想像一個自由文化中的音樂經營模式」方面，本研究根據各家授權音樂網站的經營特色，以及配合獨立音樂創唱人的需求、大眾的公益考量，擘畫了一個自由文化中的獨立音樂商業模式，其規劃重點在於：（一）免費與付費並存；（二）虛擬與實體並行；（三）著作權安定運作秩序；（四）經紀事務拓展人脈。整體而言，此模式試圖建構一個整合網路發表平台、付費授權網站、經紀公司的場域，各行動者之間要維繫的是一種夥伴關係，而非從屬關係。 / In his book Free Culture, Lawrence Lessig investigates how the legal system, modern technology, and media industry shape a permission culture to define our rights of consuming public goods and our freedom of creation. He orientates his core research question towards the dispute over the relative importance of private interests and public interests. In other words, how do we balance private interests against public interests under the dual impacts of the Internet technology and intellectual property rights in a free culture? “Music” can be digitalized, and it is a prime example of free culture propagation. This thesis examines the music industry in Taiwan and thereby explores the possibility of shaping an operational model that makes “profiting” and “sharing” compatible with or even complementary to each other in a free culture. More importantly, such a model should be able to promote the public interests generated from a free culture and, at the same time, secure the private interests of musicians. “Independent music,” as a subfield in the music industry, always emphasizes autonomy in creation, and a free culture encourages creation and innovation. Accordingly, we may couple independent music with free culture, and this thesis primarily deals with their relationship. This thesis treats Taiwanese independent music as a process of information production and consumption. It adopts Bourdieu’s theories about field, capital, and reproduction to identify the effective factors in the development of free culture and independent music. In addition, this thesis investigates the dialectical process between defending and challenging free culture, and how a variety of interests negotiate, compromise, and finally strike a balance among themselves. Therefore, this thesis aims to, on the one hand, use the research findings to reflect on free culture and, on the other hand, establish a music business model in a free culture. This thesis employs in-depth interviews, participant observation, and secondary data analysis to answer my research question. I interviewed four types of independent music composers/singers (a total of five cases of individuals and bands who are wholly-independent individuals, composers of social movement songs, independent brands outside the system of the large-scale record industry, or musical talents released from major record companies) and five licensed digital music websites (KKBOX, ezPeer, Omusic, StreetVoice, and iNDIEVOX). Regarding “the inside-field actors’ understanding about a free culture,” this thesis finds that the term “free culture” is not as popular as it is expected to be. This phenomenon implies two critical points. Firstly, the interviewees perceive the term free culture in different ways. According to Lessig (2004: 30),”Free Cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build upon.” However, for composers/singers of independent music, a free culture implies the freedom of creation. A free culture should be able to guarantee the freedom and rights of both original creators and users. It is equivalent to the Creative Commons licensing scheme. It is a tool of marketing and advertising. The freedom embedded in a free culture is similar to that offered by the Internet. In contrast, for managers of licensed music websites, “service” is the core concept of a free culture.” Secondly, there exists a gap between Lessig’s idea of free culture and practice. The research findings indicate that the composers/singers of independent music interviewed by the author are more “conservative” than Lessig. With the primary goals of advertising and propagating independent music, most of their works remain free for listening, while some of them are free for downloading. Concerning “the independent music composers/singers’ on-line/off-line activities and their strategies of using capital,” this thesis points out three critical points in their career management. Firstly, the on-line capital and the off-line capital flow to and exchange with each other. Secondly, these composers/singers devote themselves to creation, and record companies concentrate on issuing their works. Composers/singers and record companies maintain a peer status and a balanced relationship. Thirdly, the “composer/singer of independent music” seems to become a potential profession. With regard to “envisioning a music business model in a free culture,” this thesis designs a business model based on the managerial features of licensed music websites, the needs of composers/singers of independent music, and public interests. The model contains the following characteristics. Firstly, non-payment coexists with payment. Secondly, virtuality runs parallel with reality. Thirdly, copyrights stabilize the order of operation. Fourthly, agency transactions help establish connections among independent music composers/singers and people who are able to provide better performance opportunities. In general, this model seeks to open up a field that integrates platforms of Internet publication, paid licensing websites, and agencies. The relationship among the actors is equal rather than hierarchical.

La presente investigación gira en torno a las agrupaciones de cumbia independiente estudiadas desde dos perspectivas de comunicación: el marketing digital y las relaciones públicas. Una de las características principales de estos artistas es la autogestión, por lo que las redes sociales y los servicios de streaming son dos herramientas relevantes para la difusión de sus canciones, por ende, es interesante conocer cómo logran realizarlo con pocos recursos, muchas de ellas, gratis y que están al alcance de la mayoría de las personas. Es así como este artículo buscará describir las estrategias que utilizan las agrupaciones limeñas y arequipeñas de cumbia independiente para la comunicación de su música en internet y así poder entender cómo los medios digitales han aportado en la promoción de sus canciones. Para ello, como metodología se utilizó el paradigma interpretativo naturalista, el cual se basa en la obtención de información por medio de los actores involucrados en su contexto natural; el enfoque fue cualitativo y debido a que se estudia un fenómeno, se utilizó un diseño fenomenológico. Finalmente, se realizaron entrevistas a integrantes de las agrupaciones de cumbia independiente limeñas y arequipeñas. / This research revolves around the independent cumbia groups studied from two comunications perspectives: digital marketing and public relations. One of the main characteristics of these artists is self-management, that is why social networks and streaming services are two relevant tools for the diffusion of their songs, reason why it is interesting to know how they manage to do it with few resources, many of them, free and available to most people. Thus, this article will seek to describe the strategies that independent cumbia groups use for communicating their music on the internet and thus be able to understand how the digital media have contributed to the promotion of their songs. For this, as a methodology, the naturalistic interpretive paradigm was used, which is based on obtaining information through the actors involved in their natural context; the approach was qualitative and because a phenomenon is studied, a phenomenological design was used. Finally, interviews were conducted with members of the independent Lima and Arequipa cumbia groups. / Trabajo de investigación

L’Exception Culturelle marque le point de départ des questions soulevées à propos de la singularité de l’industrie culturelle sur fond de traités commerciaux de libre-échange, débats qui aboutiront à une réponse de la part de la communauté internationale avec la Convention en faveur de la Protection et de la Promotion de la Diversité des Expressions Culturelles approuvée par l’Unesco en 2005. D’autre part, la réforme constitutionnelle de 1991 entreprise en Colombie affirme le caractère multiethnique et pluriculturel du pays, reconnaissant du même coup de façon officielle la diversité des expressions culturelles au sein de la nation. Enfin, les ressources technologiques dont peuvent disposer les musiciens à partir des années 1990 sont le troisième facteur fondamental au cœur de notre thèse. La convergence de ces faits nous ont conduits à nous interroger sur la réalité de la production indépendante de musiques traditionnelles en Colombie, dans les régions andine et caribéenne en particulier. La Théorie Critique, l’Economie Politique, les Cultural Studies ainsi que les apports d’auteurs latino-américains portant sur la relation existante entre Communication et Culture ont borné le cadre théorique de nos recherches. Nous avons choisi les récits de vie comme outil méthodologique pour mieux appréhender les expériences vécues par les producteurs indépendants de musiques traditionnelles. Cette thèse met en lumière les formes et pratiques de différents types de production qui vont de l’autoproduction jusqu’aux productions des maisons indépendantes. En outre, nous exposons les tensions existantes entre les indépendants et la grande industrie, les médias et le phénomène de la piraterie. Notre travail soumet et propose un concept nouveau: La Production en Confrérie, pour mieux caractériser les liens qui se tissent entre musiciens, producteurs, fans et institutions qui tendent à faciliter la production indépendante de musiques traditionnelles. / The debate about the singularity of the cultural industry in the times of free trade has been happening since the Cultural Exception. The international community has been contributing to this debate through the Convention for the Promotion and Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, endorsed by the UNESCO in 2005. In parallel, the 1991 amendment to the Colombian constitution acknowledges a multiethnic and multicultural country, that is, it recognizes diversity in the nation´s cultural expressions. The third factor that influences this thesis are the technologic resources shared by music producers from the 90s. These facts made us wonder about the current situation of independent traditional music production in Colombia, the Andean Region and in the Caribbean. The theoretical framework was guided by the Critical Theory, the Political Economy, the Cultural Studies and the inputs from Latin-American authors on the relationship between Communication and Culture. The methodology used life stories in order to get to know the experience of traditional music independent producers. This thesis shows the production methods, from self-production to independent music producers. Besides, it shows the tension between independent producers and big companies, mass media and piracy. This research introduces the concept of Brotherhood Production in order to explain the relationships among musicians, producers, fans and institutions. These relationships make possible the production of independent traditional music. / El debate sobre la singularidad de la industria cultural en tiempos de libre comercio viene dándose desde la Excepción Cultural y tiene una respuesta de la comunidad internacional con la Convención por la Protección y Promoción de la Diversidad de Expresiones Culturales aprobada en la UNESCO en el 2005. De otro lado, en Colombia, la reforma constitucional de 1991 afirma el carácter multiétnico y multicultural del país, es decir reconoce la diversidad de expresiones culturales de la nación. El tercer hecho que marca esta tesis son los recursos tecnológicos que tienen los productores de música a partir de los 90´s. Estos hechos nos llevaron a preguntarnos por la realidad de la producción independiente de músicas tradicionales en Colombia, en la Región Andina y en la Región Caribe. La Teoría Crítica, la Economía Política, los Cultural Studies y los aportes de los autores latinoamericanos sobre la relación entre Comunicación y Cultura orientaron el marco conceptual. Las historias de vida fueron la metodología seleccionada para conocer la experiencia de los productores independientes de música tradicional. Esta tesis evidencia las formas de producción desde la autoproducción hasta las productoras de música independiente. Además, muestra las tensiones de los independientes con la gran industria, los medios de comunicación y la piratería. Esta investigación propone el concepto Produccion de Cofradía para explicar las relaciones que se tejen entre músicos, productores, fans e instituciones para posibilitar la producción independiente de música tradicional.

Quelle place la musique indépendante brésilienne, notamment celle liée à la chanson d'auteur, occupe-t-elle dans le marché des musiques du monde ? Quels sont les liens que la nouvelle génération de compositeurs et de musiciens Brésiliens entretient avec ce marché ? Ces questions forment le socle des questionnements qui nourrissent ce travail de recherche. Comprendre la place de la musique d'auteur et la circulation de cette pratique est fondamental dans ce contexte. Pour cela, je fais des Rencontres de Juiz de Fora (Minas Gerais) au Brésil le point de départ de ce travail. J’enquête sur ces compositeurs et ces musiciens qui se réunissent, depuis 2006, dans le but de créer un espace de création et de diffusion de leurs pratiques musicales. Dans quelle mesure les choix stylistiques viennent-ils questionner les représentations caricaturales que nous avons d’une « musique brésilienne » ? Et de quelle façon sont-ils devenus un facteur de cohésion de ce groupe tout entier orienté vers un renouvellement du message poétique, social, stylistique de cette chanson ? D’une façon assez paradoxale, c’est à partir d'un puissant ancrage local que le groupe se veut porteur d’innovation à travers une démarche en réflexivité qui porte sur les grands thèmes de la tradition, du lien entre les innovations musicales et la mémoire esthétique des populations locales, de la façon d’insérer de nouvelles pratiques dans un contexte professionnel qui ne fait guère de place aux courants porteurs d’innovation. C’est à ce stade que le mouvement des jeunes créateurs devient politique, en ce sens qu’il entend prendre toute sa place dans la vie de la cité. Puis j’opère un déplacement. Quelle place cette musique indépendante occupe-t-elle hors du Brésil, et notamment à Paris ? Pour cela, j'essaie de comprendre comment ces compositeurs et musiciens brésiliens organisent leurs pratiques dans un espace autre que celui d'origine. Je m’intéresse aux raisons qui amènent ces artistes à se déplacer, à la façon dont ils élaborent leurs pratiques afin de prendre place dans ce nouvel environnement culturel porté par une langue qui n’est pas la leur. La musique devient un puissant levier d’intégration ; en même temps, ces musiciens innovants se heurtent aux attentes d’un public parisien qui nourrit de fortes attentes à l’égard de la « musique brésilienne ». Comment faire face à ces a priori ? C’est cette double dimension de la musique comme espace de création et la musique comme moyen de questionner les préjugés que ce travail met en œuvre. / How is Brazilian music situated in the World Music market? How do the new generation of Brazilian musicians and composers, particularly singer songwriters, relate to this market? These questions form the core of my research. In this context, it is vital to understand the position of this music, and how it is disseminated. I started my analysis with the Encontro de Compositores (composers meetings) in Juiz de Fora, Brazil. I studied these composers and musicians, who have been gathering since 2006 to form a space for the creation and dissemination of their musical practices. In what ways do these practices and their stylistic choices challenge current stereotypes of “Brazilian music”? And how do they create cohesion in a group striving towards a renewal of the poetic, social and stylistic messages of this music. Despite this process of innovation, Juiz de Fora is strongly rooted in local history. The discussions taking place at these meetings influence the way these musicians view their musical practice and professional context, and thus allow the development of a new political consciousness. Here I will introduce another angle to my discussions. What place does this independent music occupy outside Brazil, particularly in Paris? In this regard, I examine how Brazilian composers and musicians organise their practices in a space which is foreign to their place of origin. I examine the reasons for which these artists move, and how they adapt their practices to this new cultural environment and language. Music becomes a strong means of integration. However, these innovative musicians come into conflict with a Parisian public which may have deeply-ingrained, stereotypical expectations about “Brazilian music”. How to manage this situation a priori? This dual purpose of music, as both a creative space and a means to question prejudice, is at the centre of this project. / Que lugar a música independente brasileira, especialmente aquela produzida por cantores-compositores ou cantautores, ocupa no mercado da World Music? Quais relações a nova geração de compositores e músicos brasileiros estabelece com esse mercado? Estas questões representam a base dos questionamentos deste trabalho de pesquisa que visa a compreender as dinâmicas de produção que envolvem o universo da música independente e como se dá sua circulação. O Encontro de Compositores de Juiz de Fora (MG), que desde 2006 reúne músicos e compositores na tentativa de conceber um espaço de criação e difusão da música independente local, representa o ponto de partida deste trabalho. Entender como estas cancões interferem na imagem difundida do que se concebe como sendo a « música brasileira » e como a dinâmica essencialmente coletiva da produção musical independente influi no contexto de produção e circulação musical estão na base de nossas reflexões. Nesse sentido, entender os laços que os membros do Encontro de Compositores mantém com o passado e com a historia musical local ainda que em um cenário de inovação se faz fundamental. Organizados em grupo, estes artistas buscam, a partir de uma nova consciência política, melhores condições de trabalho, além de procurar difundir suas obras em um mercado que se encontra ainda resistente a esse tipo de produção. A analise desse realidade me faz refletir sobre novas questões, referentes a outro contexto : que lugar a música independente brasileira ocupa fora do país, em uma capital europeia como Paris por exemplo ? Na tentativa de compreender esta questão, me proponho a verificar como compositores e músicos brasileiros organizam suas praticas em uma realidade diferente daquela vivida em seu país de origem. Interesso-me, particularmente, pelas razões que motivam esses artistas a mudar de país e à forma como difundem suas praticas em um novo ambiente, cultural e linguisticamente diferente. A música pode, neste sentido, representar um instrumento de integração e ao mesmo tempo, um elemento de reflexão em face de um mercado imbuído de clichês. Esta dupla dimensão da música como lugar de criação e a relação entre novidade e expectativas acompanham minhas reflexões ao longo deste projeto.

Questa tesi di dottorato ha l’obiettivo di analizzare i processi attraverso cui individui ed organizzazioni costruiscono la loro posizione e la loro valutazione nel contesto di field istituzionali culturali e creativi. La tesi contiene tre capitoli che rappresentano tre distinti lavori di ricerca. Le analisi empiriche svolte sono incentrate sui settori del cinema (primo capitolo), della quality television (televisione ‘di qualità’, serie televisive) e della musica indipendente negli Stati Uniti. In tutti i lavori di ricerca sono stati utilizzati database longitudinali e metodi quantitativi e qualitativi. Nel primo capitolo, si analizza come gli scandali personali (di natura sessuale e non sessuale) influenzino la costruzione della peer recognition. Si prendono anche in considerazione gli effetti degli stereotipi legati al genere e dei comportamenti orientati alla valorizzazione delle diversità (solidarietà femminile), per comprendere come questi influiscano sulla peer recognition, insieme agli scandali, nell’ambito della valutazione degli attori di Hollywood (candidatura all’Oscar), nel lasso temporale 2003-2018. Nel secondo capitolo, viene teorizzato il processo di nascita e di consolidamento di un field interstiziale (interstitial issue field), attraverso l’analisi del caso del field nato tra la musica indipendente e la quality television negli Stati Uniti, dal 2003 al 2018. Si delineano le caratteristiche della infrastruttura istituzionale del field emerso, si definisce il ruolo lavoro degli attori istituzionali (institutional work) e degli spazi interstiziali (interstitial spaces). Nel terzo capitolo, i field istituzionali della musica indipendente e della quality television sono ulteriormente esaminati, tra il 2013 e il 2018, attraverso una indagine della collaborazione tra i due field, nell’ utilizzo di un album indipendente nella soundtrack di episodi di una serie televisiva. La ricerca mira a comprendere gli effetti della collaborazione sulla valutazione di un prodotto del field della musica indipendente (album indipendenti) che collabora con un field più ‘commerciale’ (quality television). / This doctoral thesis aims at shedding light on the processes by which individuals and organizations negotiate their structure, position, and evaluation, within the context of creative and cultural fields. It contains three chapters that represent three research studies. The empirical analyses undertaken throughout the research pieces are focused on the fields of cinema (first chapter), quality television, and independent music (second and third chapter) in the United States. For all of them, longitudinal databases are employed, and both quantitative and qualitative methodologies are utilized. In the first chapter, the role of personal (sexual and non-sexual) scandals for peer recognition is investigated. The research focuses on how scandals, gender stereotypes, and engagement in diversity-valuing behaviors (female solidarity) affect peer recognition for Hollywood actors (nomination of actors for an Oscar), in the time frame 2003-2018. In the second chapter, the process of emergence and consolidation of an interstitial issue field is theorized, by exploring the case of the field that emerged between indie music and the quality television in the United States from 2003 to 2018. In the analysis, the features of the institutional infrastructure of the emerged field, with the role of institutional actors and of interstitial spaces, are taken into consideration. In the third chapter, the fields of independent music and quality television in the US are further examined, between 2013 and 2018, by focusing on the patterns of evaluation of one field’s products (independent music, independent albums) when this field interacts with the other (quality television) – that is, when independent albums are featured in quality television episodes.