In this dissertation the problems surrounding the sentencing stage and factors which influence the sentence are briefly considered. The emphasis is on the use and value of a pre-sentence report in determining suitable sentences other than imprisonment. Historical background in the use of pre-sentence reports in South Africa, England and America is briefly referred to. Relevant concepts, such as individualisation of punishment, are considered in relation to possible sentences such as compensation, fines, community service, and correctional supervision. It is concluded that the provisions of sections 274 and 276A of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1 977 are not enough to regulate the use of pre-sentence reports in South Africa. It is further concluded that legislation is needed in this area, but in the meantime, our courts should work towards developing guidelines based on the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1 977. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M (Law)

The purpose of this study is to observe some factors that may affect the understanding of subtraction with borrowing. The study is done in a foreign environment, in Kenya. Factors that will be looked into are: the classroom environment, the situation of learning in a second language. The study will also observe factors that can cause an erroneous answer and what those may look like. Within this area manipulatives will be mentioned. The study has used a qualitative as well as quantitative approach. The qualitative method has been accomplished through interviews and observations, the quantitative method through tests given to the learners. For the analysis of the observations, Cobb’s and Yackel’s model (1995) of the mathematical classroom has been used. The study is interpreted from a sociocultural perspective focusing interaction. The result in this study shows that the interaction in the classroom is important to the individual learning, perceptions of mathematics and the expectations on the individual. Learning in a second language can be a barrier. The use of manipulatives can work as a scaffold, but it can also hinder the learner to develop a deeper understanding. / Syftet med studien är att studera faktorer som kan påverka förståelsen av subtraktion med växling. Studien är gjord i en annan lärmiljö, i Kenya. Faktorer som kommer att uppmärksammas är lärmiljön i klassrummet och att inlärningen sker på ett för eleven andra språk. Studien kommer också att uppmärksamma faktorer som kan bidra till ett felaktigt svar och hur de kan se ut. Inom detta område kommer laborativt material nämnas. Studien har både ett kvalitativt och kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt. Den kvalitativa metoden har genomförts genom intervjuer och observationer, den kvantitativa metoden med hjälp av elevtester. Cobbs och Yackels (1995) modell över matematik klassrummet har använts som analysmaterial. Studien tolkas utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Focus är på interaktionen.   Resultaten i studien visar att interaktionen I klassrummet är viktigt för det individuella lärandet, uppfattningen om matematik och förväntningar på individen. Undervisning på ett andra språk kan bli ett hinder. Användandet av laborativt material kan fungera som ett stöd, men kan också hindra utvecklandet av en djupare förståelse.

Objektas – 5-8 ir 9-12 klasių mokinių požiūris į sveikatos ugdymą. Tikslas – ištirti 5-8 ir 9-12 klasių mokinių nuomonių skirtumus apie sveikatos ugdymą. Uždaviniai: 1. palyginti 5-8 ir 9-12 klasių mokinių nuomonę apie socialinės aplinkos įtaką rūpinantis sveikata. 2. palyginti 5-8 ir 9-12 klasių mokinių sveikos gyvensenos būdus, įvertinant balais. 3. palyginti 5-8 ir 9-12 klasių mokinių nuomonę apie sveiką gyvenseną įtakojančius veiksnius. 4. palyginti 5-8 ir 9-12 klasių mokinių nuomonę apie sveikos gyvensenos temų aptarimą pamokų metu. Svarbiausi rezultatai - Tyrimo duomenys parodė, kad 5-8 klasių mokiniams sveikatos ugdymas tiek mokykloje, tiek neformalaus ugdymo veikloje yra prastesnis, lyginant su 9-12 klasių mokiniais. Statistiškai matoma, kad 5-8 klasių mokiniai mažiau užsiima sportu, nes anketoje pateiktus sveikatai ir sveikam gyvenimo būdui veiksnius jie vertina labiau nereikšmingais, nei 9-12 klasių mokiniai. Galima drąsiai teigti, kad 5-8 klasių mokiniai iš dalies neįsisavina informacijos apie sveikatos ugdymą, kuriuos aptaria per mokykloje dėstomus dalykus. Išvados - Pagal gautus rezultatus galima teigti, kad tiek 5-8, tiek 9-12 klasių mokinių požiūris į sveikatos ugdymą nėra pakankamas ir šią situaciją reiktų pradėti keisti nuo sveikos gyvensenos temų aptarimo, jo dažnumo pamokų metu. Atsižvelgiant į 5-8 klasių mokinių požiūrį derėtų jų ugdymo programą padaryti paprastesnę, kad mokinys į sportą pažvelgtų su didesniu noru, kad informacija jam būtų lengviau... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object - 5-8 and 9-12 grade students approach to health education. Purpose - to investigate the 5-8 and 9-12 grade students about the differences between health education. Objectives: 1. compare 5-8 and 9-12 grade students about the social environment to health. 2. compare 5-8 and 9-12 grade students a healthy lifestyle means of evaluating scores. 3. compare 5-8 and 9-12 grade students about healthy lifestyles influencing factors. 4. compare 5-8 and 9-12 grade students about healthy living areas to the classroom. The most important results - the study showed that students in grades 5-8 in school health education and non-formal education activities are inferior compared to 9-12 grade students. Statistically seen that 5-8 students less engaged in the sport because of a health questionnaire and a healthy lifestyle factors are the more trivial than 9-12 students. It is safe to say that 5-8 students partly assimilate information about health education, which are discussed within the school subjects. Conclusions - The results suggest that both the 5-8 and 9-12 grade students approach to health education is not sufficient and that the situation should begin to change from a healthy lifestyle topics discussion, the frequency of lessons. Given the 5-8 grade students should approach their curriculum to make simpler the student insights into the sport with a greater willingness to get the information he would be more easily understood. Suggestions - analysis of the 5-8 and 9-12... [to full text]

Einleitung Moderne Simulations- und Berechnungsmethoden, wie beispielsweise die Finite-Elemente-Methode (FEM), erlauben dem Konstrukteur bereits in einer relativ frühen Phase des Entwicklungsprozesses die wesentlichen Eigenschaften des Produktes virtuell am Computer zu analysieren. Die Ergebnisse dieser Berechnungen können anschließend zur zielgerichteten Verbesserung ausgewählter Produkteigenschaften genutzt werden. Der Aufwand für die Optimierung ist dabei in erster Linie von der Komplexität des Produktes abhängig. Produkte, bei welchen die mathematischen Zusammenhänge zwischen den Ein- und Ausgangsparametern bekannt ist, lassen sich oftmals recht einfach analytisch optimieren. Bei komplexen Produkten oder einer großen Anzahl an Einflussparametern lassen sich diese Zusammenhänge in vielen Fällen nicht herleiten, so dass die Optimierung bisher meist nach dem Trial and Error-Verfahren erfolgte. Diese heuristische Vorgehensweise führt durch eine hohe Anzahl an notwendigen Iterationsschleifen zu einem extremen Anstieg der Zeit und der Kosten, wobei die Wiederholungsrate des Entwicklungsprozessschrittes in hohem Maße von der Erfahrung und dem vorhandenen Wissen des Konstrukteurs abhängig ist. Der Einsatz von wissenschaftlichen Optimierungsverfahren, wie beispielsweise der Topologieoptimierung, ermöglicht eine zielgerichtete und weitestgehend automatisierbare Optimierung von komplexen Produkten. Die hohe Komplexität des Produktes ist dabei oftmals nicht auf den ersten Blick ersichtlich. Beispielsweise gestaltet sich die Gewichtsoptimierung von Druckbehältern mit nicht rotationsymmetrischen Querschnitten aufgrund der komplexen Spannungsverläufe schwierig. Grundsätzlich wird bei Leichtbaukonstruktionen versucht, die zur Verfügung stehende Werkstofffestigkeit in den gegebenen Sicherheitsgrenzen voll auszuschöpfen. Hierfür ist es notwendig, die Materialverteilung an dem Kraftverlauf anzupassen. Bei einem mehrachsigen Spannungszustand, wie er bei den Druckbehältern mit komplexen Geometrien vorliegt, bestehen zwischen der Materialverteilung und den Spannungsverläufen über die Geometrie komplexe Zusammenhänge, so dass für die optimale Materialverteilung keine allgemeingültige triviale Lösung existiert.

The diploma thesis is focused on the smoking issue of adolescents of different secondary schools in Pilsen. The theoretical part covers the current situation of smoking habit in the Czech republic and its legislation, and it clarifies a few definitions of addictions. This part also describes different types of smoking, including risks, which are connected with them. There are also adolescent development descriptions, their personalities and social abilities. Another part of the thesis covers important life factors. The last chapter includes smoking prevention. The empirical part explores an attitude to smoking of students of particular types of secondary schools of Pilsen (secondary vocational schools and grammar schools) and it compares them. The research was done by questionnaire. The data analysis brought information about smoker and non-smoker number while the sex, type of school, family, friends and other aspects were taken into consideration. Key words smoking (habit), tobacco, cigarettes, marijuana, water pipe, e-cigarette, adolescence, smoking prevention

A colaboração aberta tem se apresentada cada vez mais como uma forma das organizações melhorarem sua competitividade e a sua capacidade de inovação. Depois de um pouco mais de dez anos desde que o conceito foi lançado é preciso começar a consolidá-lo em termos de quais aspectos devem ser observados ao implementar uma iniciativa de colaboração aberta e como mensurar estes resultados. Indo um pouco mais além, é preciso compreender a influência que o desempenho da colaboração aberta tem sobre o desempenho organizacional. No entanto, este tem sido um ponto que ainda gera muitas discussões. Não há ainda um consenso em como mensurar e o que deve ser mensurado para que os reais benefícios da colaboração aberta possam ser identificados. Dado o contexto acima, esta tese se propôs a investigar como as organizações buscam mensurar os impactos da prática da colaboração aberta e compreender se existe uma relação positiva entre o desempenho da colaboração e o desempenho organizacional. Adicionalmente, esta tese investigou a relevância dos fatores influenciadores do desempenho da colaboração aberta indicados na literatura. Como abordagem metodológica foi escolhida a abordagem mista entre a pesquisa qualitativa e a pesquisa quantitativa. A pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada por meio de um estudo de caso em quatro empresas de grande porte. Os resultados trouxeram importantes percepções quanto à importância da existência de uma orientação estratégica para a implementação de um projeto de colaboração aberta. Para a pesquisa quantitativa foi proposto um instrumento de pesquisa para avaliar a relevância do relacionamento entre o desempenho da colaboração aberta (DCOL) e o desempenho organizacional (DORG). Este instrumento também avaliou qual a relevância que os fatores influenciadores Tecnologia da Informação (TEC), Motivação para iniciar um projeto de colaboração aberta (MOT), o papel desempenhado pelos colaboradores (USU) e a tipologia adotada para operacionalizar a colaboração (TIP) têm sobre o desempenho da colaboração aberta. Para a análise dos dados foi aplicada a técnica da Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (MEE) com estimação pelo método Partial Least Squares (PLS), por meio do software SmartPLS 3.2.1. Os resultados indicaram uma relação significativa entre o DCOL e DORG. / Open collaboration has presented itself as an important way for organizations to improve their competitiveness and their ability to innovate. A little more than ten years has passed since the concept was launched, but it is still necessary to make advances in order to consolidate the concept in terms of what aspects are important to implement an open collaborative initiative and how to measure these results. Moreover, it is necessary a better understanding about open collaboration influence over the organizational performance. There is no consensus about how to measure and what should be measured in order to identify the real benefits of open collaboration. Grounded in the literature and the gap mentioned, this thesis aimed at investigating how organizations are measuring the open collaboration performance and also to understand if there is a positive correlation between collaboration performance and organizational performance. Additionally, this thesis also aimed at understanding the relevance of the open collaboration influencing factors. A mixed method research was employed. The qualitative research was carried out through a case study in four large companies. The results brought important insights regarding the importance of strategic orientation for the implementation of an open collaborative project. For the quantitative research, an instrument was proposed to assess the relevance of the relationship between open collaboration performance (DCOL) and organizational performance (DORG). This instrument also assessed the relevance of the open collaboration influencing factors over open collaboration performance: Information Technology (CET), Motivation to initiate an open collaboration project (MOT), the role played by users (USU) and the typology adopted to operationalize the collaboration (TIP). To analyze the data a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was applied with estimation method Partial Least Squares (PLS) using the software SmartPLS 3.2.1. The structural model analysis showed significant relationship between DCOL and DORG.

Tyrimo aktualumas. Iš esmės pakitusi valstybės ekonominė sistema keičia vartotojų elgseną. Rinkos ekonomikoje gausu įvairių gamintojų, kurie, tarpusavyje konkuruodami, siekia patraukti vartotoją. Galimybė rinktis keičia vartotojų elgseną. Tokioje situacijoje vartotojas kartais pats nesuvokia, kodėl jis perka vienokias ar kitokias paslaugas. Tyrimo problema: Kaip pažymi J. Stankevičienė (2004) vartotojų elgsena yra dinamiškas sociokultūrinis reiškinys, todėl šios problemos studijos, nepaisant atliktų tyrimų gausos, ne tik išlieka aktualiomis, bet jų aktualumas tik didėja. Net ir tie tyrimai, kurie atlikti išsivysčiusiose šalyse, dėl skirtingo sociokultūrinio konteksto nedaug gali padėti suprasti analogiškų vartotojų elgseną mažą gyvenimo rinkos sąlygomis patirtį turinčioje šalyje. Taigi darbe formuluojama problema ir tikslas ištirti vartotojų elgseną, yra reikšminga. Pastaraisiais metais pasirodė daugiau mokslinių monografijų, straipsnių lietuvių kalba, nagrinėjančių vartotojų elgsenos aspektus, tačiau tai vis dar aktuali teorinė ir praktinė problema. UAB „Fankas“ ir ko kuri specializuojasi sporto paslaugų srityje, taip pat renka ir atnaujina duomenis apie savo klientus, tačiau įmonei šiandien sunku pasakyti, kokie vartotojų elgsenos veiksniai, lemiantys sprendimo pirkti priėmimo procesą, yra svarbiausi, prognozuojant paslaugų pirkimo tendencijas. Įvertinusi vartotojų elgseną įtakojančius veiksnius, įmonė tikisi efektyviau taikyti marketingo sprendimus, susijusius su dar... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Relevance of the work. Basically the varied state economical system changes the consumers’ behaviour. Within the market economy dominate various manufacturers those being competitive in regard of each other are seeking to attract a consumer. An opportunity to choose changes consumer’s behaviour. In such situation a consumer sometimes doesn’t realise why he purchases items of some sort. Often his behaviour is influenced not only with various environmental factors but also with his personal assurances and values. The problem of the work. As certifies J. Stankevičienė (2004) the consumers’ behaviour is the dynamic social cultural appearance, therefore the studies of such problem regardless an abundance of the accomplished researches remain not only relevant but also their relevance is expanding gradually. Even those researches which were accomplished within the developed countries as concerns of social cultural context can little help while understanding the behaviour of analogous consumers within the countries having the diminutive life experience under the market circumstances. Hence the problem and goal formatted at work are important. In these latter years have appeared more scientific monographs, articles in Lithuanian language analysing the aspects of consumers’ behaviour, but this is still actual theoretical and practical problem. UAB “Fankas“ ir ko that specializes in the field of sport services is also collecting and renovating information about their clients, but... [to full text]

Aim of the study to evaluate adolescent health and factors influencing it in boarding schools of Vilnius city. Objectives to evaluate adolescent health; to estimate the prevalence of behavior and psychosocial environmental factors influencing health; to identify and evaluate the peculiarities of health services provided to adolescents. Methods. An anonymous survey of 191 pupils aged 11-18 and interview method of health care specialists in two boarding schools were applied in the study. State of pupils’ health was analysing medical records. Results were compared between two boarding schools. SPSS statistics software was used for date analyze. Values were considered significant, when p<0.05. Results. Most of disorders reported were attributed to respiratory diseases. Almost half of adolescents from both institutions reported facing health problems. 36.1 % of adolescents were reported not being involved in extra curricular physical activities, 42.9 % indicated being smoking, 27.7 % frequent alcohol abuse. 42.8 % of adolescents reported that their interaction with teachers was not satisfactory. 59.7 % of adolescents experienced bullying; one in every two pupils felt not being safe. The analysis of inter-institutional comparison points to the significant differences in smoking, alcohol abuse and bullying prevalence. Adolescents lack knowledge regarding stress coping and readiness to live on their own. Data gathered from adolescents demonstrated general satisfaction with... [to full text]

Bakgrund: Våld i nära relationer innebär fysiskt, psykiskt och/eller sexuellt våld. Det anses vara ett stort hälsoproblem som främst drabbar kvinnor och ger fysiska, psykiska och sociala konsekvenser. Hälso- och sjukvården har ett stort ansvar gällande att upptäcka och hjälpa utsatta kvinnor samt förebygga våld i nära relationer, men många kvinnor upplever att de inte fått adekvat stöd och hjälp från hälso- och sjukvården. Syfte: Att belysa faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskors beredskap inför och agerande vid mötet med kvinnor som misstänks vara eller är utsatta för våld i nära relation. Metod: Allmän litteraturöversikt med analys och sammanställning av tio vetenskapliga artiklar med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ data. Resultat: Faktorer som påverkade beredskap och agerande var dels relaterade till sjuksköterskan som person; attityder och tankar kring sjuksköterskans professionella roll, sjuksköterskans känslor samt personliga och professionella erfarenheter av våld i nära relationer. Dels påverkade också faktorer som var relaterade till sjuksköterskans omgivning och förutsättningar; utbildning och praktiska färdigheter, miljö samt organisation. Slutsats: Fördjupade kunskaper, erfarenhet och en mer öppen, förstående attityd hos sjuksköterskor visade sig kunna vara avgörande för kvaliteten på vården av kvinnor som har blivit utsatta för våld i nära relationer. Klinisk betydelse: Utbildning inom våld i nära relationer skulle kunna utvecklas, attityder diskuteras och handlingsplaner införlivas på ett tydligare sätt i vården. / Background: Intimate partner violence involves physical, psychological and/or sexual violence. It is viewed as a major health problem that mainly affects women and has physical, psychological and social consequences. The health care system has a great responsibility in identifying and helping subjected women and in preventing intimate partner violence, yet many women feel that they do not get adequate support and help from the health care services. Aim: To illuminate factors affecting nurses‟ preparedness for and interaction with women who may be or are subjected to intimate partner violence. Method: General literature review with analysis and synthesis of ten research articles with both qualitative and quantitative data. Results: Factors were partly related to the nurse in person; attitudes and conceptions about the nurses‟ professional role, the nurses‟ feelings, and personal and professional experiences of intimate partner violence. Other factors were related to the nurses‟ environment and conditions; education and practical skills, environment and organization. Conclusion: Enhanced knowledge, experience and more open-minded and understanding attitudes among nurses could be determining for the quality of care of women subjected to intimate partner violence. Clinical significance: Education about intimate partner violence could be developed, attitudes discussed and guidelines implemented in a more explicit manner in healthcare.

This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the factors which influence the direct drainage from the drainage area. The thesis specifically deals with the drainage area of the Kopaninský brook. Drainage is always influenced by several factors at the same time. These factors are above all climate, anthropogenic impact, underdrainage, shape and extent of a drainage area, land use, geologic structure, location and altitude of a drainage area. The direct drainage can be separated by different methods (modificated semi-graphical method, GROUND method, method of hydrogram separation, method of digitals filtres) or CN- curves can be used for calculation. This thesis used the method of CN curves to process the results of a given drainage area. In the methodical part of the thesis I reached to the creation of direct drainage maps with the utilisation of the BPEJ maps together with the input data gained by the method of CN curves. These outputs were created at different values of design rains repetition time N= 2, 10, 50 and 100 years. The volume of a direct drainage was calculated by a classic method and by a method using the ArcMap programme. Another part of the thesis was simulation of different area utilisation situations (real condition versus grassing of ploughland) and saturation of drainage area, or more precisely water content in soil (dry soil, middle dry soil, wet soil).