The Barrage informal settlement (BIS) is a peri-urban community of about 300 people resident on private land close to the banks of the Vaal River in Gauteng South Africa. The study focuses on the living and sanitation conditions in which people find themselves. Measured against the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) BIS and its residents clearly are far from meeting MDG 7 target 7 C. For the purposes of this study the researcher investigated ecological sanitation (EcoSan) as an alternative solution for the current local sanitation conundrum. Residents either use the veld or a dysfunctional pit system. The data used for the project was generated both in a qualitative and quantitative mode. Semi-structured interviews were randomly conducted. Participants were requested and subsequently assisted in completing a questionnaire. There were also several focus group discussions for gathering relevant data. The researcher tried to form an impression of the perceptions of community members in terms on the type of sanitation system they wished to use. Community members actively engaged in strategies aimed to find out how they perceive sanitation, potable water supply and matters of hygiene. The findings revealed dissatisfaction regarding to current conditions in BIS. Residents are uncertain because the land on which they reside on does not belong to them. This, in turn, creates uncertainty and feelings of insecurity, about the relevance of a potential water-based sanitation system. At the same time members of the community indicated they had no interest in a dry toilet system. Neither are they keen on the use of community ablution blocks (CABs) as alternative. Residents showed no willingness and are also not prepared to pay for sanitation because they cannot afford it. The dilemma is that residents are at the mercy of Emfuleni Local Municipality (ELM) and the private owners of the land on which they reside. Where do we find the solution to all of the issues? Participatory deliberation strategies were used to determine which system of sanitation local residents preferred. They clearly came out in favour of the Water Bank concept as a feasible sanitation system option. However, as a result of the unfulfilled promises of Emfuleni Local Municipality (ELM) and landowners the community remains in a state of uncertainty about the permanence of the BIS.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This paper proposes broad guidelines that the formal insurance companies in South Africa should follow when entering the low-income market, specifically LSM 1-5. The guidelines follow on a SWOT analysis of the formal insurance providers present in the informal market. After discussing the risks that the poor face and the riskmitigating strategies that they employ, we identify the opportunities and threats of this market segment. The strengths and weaknesses of the formal institutions are deduced from observations of how the informal institutions supply the credit, savings on which the poor rely. Important lessons and principles that are conducive to servicing the needs of the poor are discussed. To break into this market requires new distribution channels, new products and premium collection methods. The guidelines therefore suggest that strategic alliances be established with informal institutions to enable leverage of their networks and knowledge and to streamline the process. New products designed should incorporate the social features of the informal institutions concerned. New technology, such as prepaid vouchers and vending machines, should be investigated as possible ways of collecting premiums through bank accounts. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie dokument stel voor 'n wye gids wat die formele sektor van versekeraars in Suid-Afrika moet volg binne die lae-inkomste mark, spesifiek LSM 1-5. Hierdie riglyne is baseer op 'n SWOT-analise van formele versekerings verskaffers binne die informele mark. Eers moet die risiko en strategie wat die lae-inkomste sektor volg bespreek word, daarna moet die geleenthede en bedreigings van hierdie deel van die mark ge'identifiseer word. Die sterk- en swakhede van die formele en informele instellings moet waargeneem word, spesifiek hoe hulle krediet en versekerings produkte verskaf. 'n Baie belangrike aspek hiervan is hoe dienstig dit is vir die lae inkomste groepe. Om binne hierdie mark te breek, benodig dit nuwe verspreidings kanale, nuwe produkte en premium kollektiewe metodes. Hierdie riglyne benodig 'n strategiese bondgenootskap met informele instansies sodat dit die kennis en netwerke kan versterk in 'n vaartbelynde proses. Nuwe produkte wat ontwerp word moet sosiale aspekte van die informele sektor in ag neem. Nuwe tegnologie soos vooruitbetaalde kwitansie en muntautomaat masjiene moet ondersoek word as moontlike maniere om premies te kollekteer deur bank rekenings.

Kenyan informal settlements have been thoroughly depicted by previous researchers as biophysical, epidemiological, and economic risk environments in which food insecurity is recognised as one of the most persistent everyday challenges. Although unemployment and illness are key contributors to the inability to purchase sufficient food, the reasons why households experience food insecurity are more complicated and not fully understood. Part of the problem is that few previous studies have privileged socio-political contributions (e.g. gender-based power inequalities and the impacts of social networks) to household food security risk. Whilst food security researchers commonly utilise the concept of vulnerability to address household-scale risk, this concept is rarely applied to interpersonal dynamics within households. Using data gathered through participant observation, questionnaires, and 109 in-depth interviews with 67 participants, this thesis provides an ethnographic account of household food insecurity in an informal settlement which addresses three primary questions: (1) In what ways might interpersonal relationships within households contribute social and political obstacles to achieving food security? For instance, how and why might risk for food insecurity emerge from experiences of interpersonal conflict? (2) What role do extra-household social networks play in experiences of food security within households? (3) How useful is the concept of vulnerability for addressing experiences of risk which are negotiated between household members? In the informal settlement of 'Bangladesh', Mombasa, Kenya, conflict within domestic, especially conjugal, relationships represents a potential source of risk to food security for individual members or entire households. Contributing to this conflict are gender inequality, power differentials, the failure to meet marital expectations, and how people respond when presente with risk. Resulting experiences of food insecurity are shown to contribute to further conflict in the household, thereby creating a cycle of conflict and food insecurity. Those who find that they have insufficient food at home may receive assistance (food or money) from members of their social networks. However, these relationships may also contribute to experiences of conflict, and therefore insecurity, within households. Applying concepts of vulnerabilty to account for experiences of risk and their consequences (food insecurity) requires differentiating between what represents a hazard, a response, and an outcome. Within multi-person households, it is exceedingly difficult to divide lived experiences involving interpersonal conflict among these three categories. Thus, I argue that vulnerability is less useful for research concerning intra-household dynamics than it is for studies which assume households to be undifferentiated units.

Målet med den här undersökningen är att undersöka hur yrkesverksamma musiker lär sig nytt material. Undersökningen baseras på fem kvalitativa intervjuer som har genomförts enligt metoder från Kvale (2009). Intervjuerna har sedan tematiserats och analyserats baserat på nyckelord som uppmärksammats under intervjun. Det teoretiska perspektivet som används i undersökningen är baserat på John Deweys pragmatism. Undersökningen visar på, bland annat, att alla deltagare lär sig nytt material till största grad på gehör. Undersökningen visar även att alla deltagare var väldigt fokuserade på just den specifika låten de skulle lära sig, och att de till och med använde sig av den låten när de ville lära sig annan musik för sin egen fortbildningsskull. Tidsbrist var även en tydlig faktor under lärandeprocessen, vilket kan leda till allvarliga negativa konsekvenser för musikerna i framtiden. / The aim of this study is to describe how professional musicians learn new material. The investigation is based on five qualitative interviews that has been conducted with a method described in Kvale (2009). The interviews are then thematised and analysed based on keywords found in the interviews. The theoretical frame of the investigation is based on John Deweys pragmatism. The investigation shows, among other things, that the participants based their learning of new material mainly by ear. The investigation also shows that every participant was very focused on the particular song they wanted to learn, and that they even used that song to practise different exercises for their own personal musical development. Time restraint was also a distinctive factor which could supposedly lead to severe negative consequences for the musicians.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1993. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Informal red meat trade was investigated as it occurs in the townships of the Cape Town metropole. To achieve this, an interactive research approach was followed, initially involving months of observation before scientific and empirical analysis was conducted. The informal marketing activities were described and analysed with the purpose of establishing its strengths; weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Criteria of efficiency and effectiveness were constantly employed. ln this regard, the prevailing system was tested against consumer needs and preferences. A large degree of consistency was found between the nature of supply by the informal sector and the nature of demand from its target consumer base. On this basis, it was deduced that the informal red meat marketing system has the potential to further contribute to development and township food security. The informal marketing system, how~ver, operates under specific constraints. These were identified and subsequently recommendations were made to alleviate these constraints, in order to maximise the contribution of informal red meat trade to local development. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die informele bemarking van rooivleis, soos dit in die stadswyke (townships) van die Kaapstadse metropolis voorkom, is ondersoek. Deur middel van 'n interaktiewe navorsingsbenadering is daar aanvanklik maande lank net waargeneem voordat 'n wetenskaplike en empiriese analise gedoen kon word. Die werksaamhede van die informele rooivleismark is omskryf en ontleed met die oog op vasstelling van die sterk punte en swakhede, geleenthede en bedreigings van die bedryf. Kriteria van doeltreffendheid en effektiwiteit is deurgaans aangewend. In hierdie opsig is die huidige stelsel getoets aan verbruikersbehoeftes en voorkeure. Die wyse van aanbieding van die informele sektor het in 'n ruim mate ooreengestem met die aanvraag van die teikenverbruiker. Op grond hiervan word afgelei dat die stelsel van informele bemarking van rooivleis die potensiaal het om nog 'n groter bydrae te lewer tot die ontwikkeling van voedselsekuriteit in die 'townships'. Sekere faktore werk egter beperkend m op die informele bemarkingstelsel. Hierdie faktore is gei'dentifiseer en aanbevelings is gemaak ter opheffing van die beperkinge om sodoende die stelsel se bydrae tot plaaslike ontwikkeling·te maksimeer.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Evaluating small business development policies and programmes is a methodologically difficult task. A wide range of role players in the economy - government departments and agencies, corporations, international donors, and non-governmental organisations - invest resources of sizeable magnitude annually in promoting small business. This investment is often justified on the basis of the importance of small business in contributing to the attainment of a range of socio-economic objectives such as job creation, addressing economic inequity among various population groups, stimulating competition in the economy, and enhancing economic growth. With the increase in the magnitude of public investment in small business development, and increasing competition for the same resources from other worthwhile interventions, the pressure for public accountability and the need to demonstrate effectiveness of policies and programmes has increased. Programme sponsors are increasingly requiring that those receiving public funds for small business development projects should ensure effective monitoring and evaluation of their programmes in order to ensure that there is a sound information base to provide the necessary policy and programme feedback. The question, however, is to what extent small business policies and programmes are successful in ensuring the attainment of their objectives. To what degree can any changes at the level of the enterprise and its immediate environment be realistically attributed to the effectiveness of policies and programmes? Can ongoing investment In small business development be justified in the face of competing demands for the same resources from other worthwhile and perhaps more pressing causes? How efficient is a particular policy or programme in terms of its cost in relation to other policy or programme alternatives? These and more are questions facing evaluators of small business development policies and programmes. This thesis shows that the task facing these evaluators is not an easy one, due to methodological complexities encountered in attempting to answer these questions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die evaluering van ontwikkelingsbeleidsrigtinge en -programme van kleinsakeondernemings is metodologies geen maklike taak nie. 'n Groot verskeidenheid rolspelers in die ekonomie, ingeslote regeringsdepartemente en -instansies, korporasies, internasionale skenkers en nie-regeringsorganisasies, belê jaarliks aansienlike hulpbronne in die bevordering van kleinsakeondernemings. Sodanige beleggings word dikwels geregverdig aan die hand van die belangrikheid van kleinsakeondernemings se bydrae tot die bereiking van verskeie sosio-ekonomiese doelwitte soos werkskepping, en om die kwessie van ekonomiese ongelykheid tussen onderskeie bevolkingsgroepe aan te roer, om mededinging binne die ekonomie aan te moedig en om ekonomiese groei te versterk. Die toename in die omvang van openbare beleggings in kleinsakeontwikkeling asook toenemende mededinging vir dieselfde hulpbronne deur ander verdienstelike partye gaan gepaard met toenemende druk vir openbare aanspreeklikheid en noodsaak doeltreffende beleidsrigtingr en -programme. Programborge vereis toenemend dat diegene wat openbare fondse vir kleinsakeontwikkelingsprojekte ontvang, die doeltreffende monitering en evaluering van hulle programme moet waarborg sodat daar 'n deeglike inligtingsbasis bestaan om die nodige beleids- en programterugvoer te verskaf. Die vraag is egter tot welke mate kleinsakebeleidsrigtinge en -programme daarin slaag om te verseker dat hul doelwitte bereik word. Tot watter mate kan enige veranderinge op ondernemingsvlak en sy onmiddellike omgewing, realisties gesproke, aan die doeltreffendheid van beleidsrigtinge en -programme toegeskryfword? Kan voortgesette beleggings in kleinsakeontwikkeling geregverdig word in die lig van mededinging vir dieselfde hulpbronne deur ander verdienstelike, en moontlik selfs meer dwingende, sake? Hoe doeltreffend is 'n bepaalde beleid of program in terme van sy koste, gesien in verhouding tot ander beleids- of programkeuses? Diegene, wat verantwoordelik is vir die beoordeling van kleinsakeontwikkelingsbeleidsrigtinge en - programme word deur hierdie en vele ander vrae gekonfronteer. Hierdie tesis toon aan dat sodanige beoordelaars, as gevolg van die metodologiese ingewikkeldhede waarvoor hulle te staan kom in die poging om hierdie vrae te beantwoord, geen maklike taak het me.

電子商務的興起，改變了交易型態與商業通路的傳統模式；跨國性商業物流的契機，吸引物流服務業競相更新設備，不斷地整合競爭力，並藉由資訊流與金流的輔助，以達到物流整合的商業綜效。國際性物流在時效的掌控上，為因應各地海關的法規以及制度的要求，通關程序已成為影響物流產業是否得以掌握商機締造時效的關鍵樞紐。 世界各國海關深刻體會國際市場對時效的強烈需求，關稅合作理事會(Customs Co-operation Council；CCC，已改稱為世界關務組織World Customs Organization；WCO)基於國際貿易與運輸物流業權益的考量，認為海關業務除了確保進口稅費的徵收、防杜走私漏稅並執行貿易政策之外，應研議如何改進革新快遞貨物通關作業；關稅合作理事會乃於1993年初訂定”海關快遞貨物通關指南” ”(Customs Guidelines For Express Consignment Clearance) ，送請世界各國海關採行。 快遞產業營運績效一向被視為經濟發展的先行指標，各國海關均在快遞產業之關務現代化的合作建置專案上採行自動化通關與各種流程簡化，以強化國際貿易的競爭力。本研究以與中華民國財政部台北關稅局於1999年7月簽署協議備忘錄，並在2000年8月成功地完成快遞貨物簡易通關系統(Informal Entry System)第一階段測試與建置的國際性整合型快遞公司台灣分公司為研究標的，回顧並分析其參與系統建置前後的服務品質與效益評估，利用平衡計分卡四個重要觀點與其他績效量測，進行服務品質績效的評估，以求詳實允正的探討。 從研究結果發現，藉由本個案國際公司的資源與人力的傾力投入，在資金與軟硬體規劃得宜之後，藉由此專案的建置不但有效改善其內部作業程序，有效提升服務品質與生產效率；並且成功地與中華民國海關共同草擬相關的法制規範，而功成身退地與國內競爭者共享成功的系統與制度。此時中華民國政府之聲望，亦隨此建置得到國際性的讚譽，立即在亞太經濟合作會議之關務程序次級委員會中有效提升地位。此種與民間業者共組策略聯盟並積極參與政府專案建置達到雙贏的成功案例，實為日後私人企業參與政府專案建置的最佳典範。並對簡化通關程序以邁向貿易便捷之策略提出建議。

Keičiantis visuomenei, keičiasi ir mokykla, taip pat ir pedagogai, kurie rengia jaunąją kartą gyvenimui. Nuo dabartinių vaikų priklauso ne tik jų pačių, bet ir mūsų ateitis. Formuojat naujos mokyklos įvaizdį, jos vadovams iškyla būtinybė skatinti pedagogus įgyti ne tik profesinių, bet ir vadybos žinių bei įgūdžių.Ir tai gali būti laikoma viena svarbesnių ugdymo proceso modernizavimo ir optimizavimo prielaidų. Norint apsaugoti ugdytinius, juos išauklėti dorais žmonėmis ir ištikimais piliečiais mokytojas turi nuolat mokytis, tobulinti profesinę kvalifikaciją. Darbo tikslas ištirti pedagogų požiūrį į mokymasi visą gyvenimą galimybes sociologiniu aspektu.Tyrimo metu pasitvirtino abi iškeltos hipotezės, t.y.Lietuvoje nėra vieningos motyvuotos sisteminės metodikos, kuri kryptingai užtikrintų pedagogų norą mokytis visą gyvenimą ir tobulėti; mokymasis visą gyvenimą neatsiejamas su asmenybės saviraiškos saviugdos bei perspektyvesnėmis karjeros galimybėmis bei švietimo darbuotojų mokymasis, kvalifikacijos kėlimas yra prioritetiniai sistemos funkcionavimo veiksniai užtikrinantys tikslų bei kokybiškų resultatų efektyvumą.Išanalizavus ir apibendrinus respondentų atsakymus į klausimus, galima teigti, jog iš vadovų patirties pedagogai tobulinant kvalifikaciją susiduria su įvairiais sunkumais:metodų parinkimas seminarų metu,laikas,vieta,dokumentacijų gausa,finansavimas, motyvacija . / Changing society, changing school, including teachers, who are preparing the young for life. Since children today depends not only on their own, but also our future. In shaping the image of the new school, its leaders seem necessary to encourage teachers to acquire not only professional, but also the management of knowledge and skills. And it may be regarded as one of the more important of the educational process of modernization and optimization possibilities. To protect personnel, to educate people honest and loyal citizens, teachers must continually learn, improve their professional qualifications. Aim - To investigate the sociological aspect of teachers attitudes to lifelong learning opportunities for Lithuania. The study confirmed both hypotheses set in the beginning, that Lithuanian schools is not a single substantiated in a systematic methodology that focused teachers willingness to provide lifelong learning and improvement, lifelong learning is integral to personal freedom and self career opportunities and education staff learning and qualifications are the priority system element for ensuring the objectives of quality and performance efficiency. The analysis and synthesis of survey responses to questions, it appears that the leaders of the experience of educators to improve the qualifications are facing various difficulties: the use of selection workshops, time, location of the documentation is abundant, funding, motivation.

Decreased food security is a major issue which influences numerous individuals in developing countries such as South Africa. Literature suggests that although detailed information is not available about the exact amount of food insecure households in South Africa, food insecurity does exist. Multiple factors influence decreased food security and households in informal settlements often portray high risks to decreased food security due to a lack of adequate resources to ensure sustainable food security. However, to the authors‟ knowledge limited information is available regarding the specific state of household food security in informal settlements in South Africa. Information regarding the influences various factors have on food security in an informal settlement is also limited. Therefore this study aimed to explore household food security in an informal settlement including the factors that could possibly contribute to food insecurity. According to literature, the pillars of food security consist of food availability, accessibility and utilisation and can contribute to a decrease in household food security or the enhancement thereof. In addition, socio-demographical factors such as income, household size and level of education can influence household food security. Based on this information, the pillars of food security and socio-demographical aspects of a household were used as possible factors that influence food security and were included as part of the theoretical framework. Utilisation as part of the food security pillars was closely explored to determine if the knowledge and suggested implementation thereof was effective and contributing to household food security. The influence of knowledge of basic food related aspects on food security were therefore determined in this, combined with the relationships between various socio-demographics and food security. Furthermore, through these findings recommendations were made on how food security can be enhanced in the households of the identified informal settlement. A quantitative research approach was used in this study. As part of non-probability sampling interviewer administered questionnaires were presented to 103 respondents at Nutrifeeds production and distribution facility in the Viljoenskroon area. Existing questionnaires and surveys relevant to this study subject were consulted to develop the questionnaire which explored demographics, food production and knowledge of food handling, utilisation, storage practices, and food security. All questionnaires were completed and the data was analysed by Statistical Consultation Services at the North-West University, Potchefstroom, using the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results indicated that the majority of respondents possessed knowledge regarding food handling practices. Knowledge of food related aspects were indicated to be implemented accordingly, by most respondents with regard to food utilisation (preparation, hygiene and storage). It was determined that the more than two thirds of the respondents and their households were at risk of food insecurity or food insecure suggesting that a need exists for food insecurity to be addressed in this informal settlement. According to the results that were obtained in this study, food insecurity in the Viljoenskroon area, Rammulotsi informal settlement can be acknowledged. Additionally, the findings enabled the researcher to make recommendations to local businesses, clinics and local authorities regarding the enhancement of household food security in the area. The recommendations include the enhancement of knowledge regarding food related aspects, food production opportunities, food access and utilisation in the community as a means to improve the status of household food security in this informal settlement. / M Consumer Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Darbo objektas: Kūno kultūros mokytojų požiūris į neformalųjį fizinį ugdymą mokykloje. Tikslas: Nustatyti kūno kultūros mokytojų požiūrį į neformalųjį fizinį ugdymą Kauno rajono mokyklose. Tyrimo uždaviniai : 1. Nustatyti mokinių dalyvavimo sportinės krypties neformaliame ugdyme mastą ir pobūdį mokytojų požiūriu. 2. Išsiaiškinti mokinių dalyvavimo ir nedalyvavimo sportinės krypties neformaliame ugdyme priežastis mokytojų požiūriu. 3. Nustatyti sporto renginių organizavimo ypatumus mokytojų požiūriu. Tyrimo metodai: • Mokslinės literatūros analizė. • Anketinė apklausa. • Statistinių duomenų aprašomoji analizė Išvados: 1. Daugiausiai organizuojami 5-8 kl. krepšinio ir kvadrato neformalaus ugdymo būreliai, 9-12 kl. – krepšinio. Populiariausi sportinės krypties neformalaus ugdymo bureliai tarp vaikinų – krepšinis, o tarp merginų – aerobika. Daugiausiai mokinių lanko krepšinio neformalaus ugdymo būrelių. 2. Nustatėme, kad sportinės krypties neformalaus ugdymo būrelių nelankymo priežastys yra mokinių silpna motyvacija. Mokytojai skatina mokinių dalyvavimą sportinės krypties neformalaus ugdymo būrelyje įteikdami pagyrimo raštą. 3. Mokyklose dažniausiai organizuojamas sporto renginys – varžybos. Dažniausiai organizuojamos varžybos – krepšinio, konkursai – „Geriausi mokyklos sportininkai“, sporto šventės – Šokio sporto šventė, turnyrai – „Vasaris - mano sveikatos mėnuo“. Mokyklos sporto renginius dažniausiai organizuoja mokytojai, o dalyvauja mokytojai ir mokiniai. / Object: Physical education teachers' approach to non-formal school physical education. Aim: Set of physical education teachers' attitudes towards non-formal physical education Kaunas district schools. Objectives: 1. Set the direction of athletic participation of students in informal education scope and nature of the teachers' point of view. 2. Ascertain students 'participation and non-participation in sports cause the direction of non-formal education teachers' attitudes. 3. Set of sport events in terms of the specific organization of teachers. Methods: • Scientific literature analysis. • Questionnaire interview. • Statistical data descriptive analysis. Conclusions: 1. Most organized Grades 5-8 . basketball and informal education squared circles , 9-12 grade . - The basketball . The most popular sports trend of informal education groups among boys basketball - and the girls - aerobics. Most students attending informal education basketball circles . 2. We found that the trend of sporting informal education circles reasons for non-attendance of pupils is weak motivation. Teachers encourage students' participation in sports circle direction of informal education by presenting to them a letter of commendation . 3. In schools usually organized sporting event - the race . Mostly organized race - basketball competitions - best school athletes , sports festival - a celebration of dance sports , tournaments – „ February - the month of my health“. Schools sporting events are usually... [to full text]