No description available.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Zimbabwean cities have been experiencing wide-ranging economic restructuring since independence in 1980. The relationships between the declining formal economy and the growing informal economy concomitant with political and economic ideological shifts over the years have not been studied extensively and are not well understood. In this study the impact of political and economic ideological shifts on the growth, spatial and structural linkages between the two sectors over the three decades, from 1981-2010, in the country’s two main cities, Harare and Bulawayo, is investigated. Mixed-method approaches were applied to gather spatial, quantitative and qualitative data. Geospatial data were created using 1164 and 857 geographical positioning system locational points of informal economic enterprises in Harare and Bulawayo respectively. Maps of the two cities were scanned, georeferenced, projected and digitised. Longitudinal and crosssectional data were gathered from archival sources and through 300 and 600 questionnaire surveys of formal and informal economic operators respectively. Qualitative data was generated from 30 interviews that were conducted with professionals that influence the operations of the two sectors. The data were analysed using GIS, SPSS and Statistica software to reveal the temporal growth of the two sectors, as well as their spatial and structural linkages. It was found that the informal sector grew by 17% under the socialist policies of the 1980s. This increase was partly attributable to overurbanisation because the urban labour force increased at an average of 3% per annum compared to the formal economic sector that generated employment at an average of only 2.2% per annum throughout the 1980s. The shifts toward neo-liberal economic policies at the beginning of the 1990s resulted in immense retrenchments, forcing many workers to join the informal sector. As formal firms adjusted their operations to fight global competition, employment generation declined to an average of 1% per annum throughout the1990s. The informal sector responded by employing 61% of the labour force by 2001. The adoption of authoritarian policies at the beginning of the 2000s accelerated the decline of the formal economy which recorded negative growths for most of the first decade of the millennium. This led to the rapid rise of informal sector employment to an astronomic level of 87.8% in 2008. The investigation revealed substantial locational transformations of both formal and informal economic enterprises. During the 30-year period, informal economic businesses spread in low-income suburbs, city centres and neighbourhood and district shopping centres. 16.3% of formal economic enterprises left the city centres preferring secure medium density suburbs close to the CBDs, shopping complexes, industrial, office and business parks on the edges of the cities. 83.7% remained in the city centres and industrial centres where informalisation of operations was one of the strategies employed to fight competition, whilst 86.3% and 22.8% informal economic enterprises licensed and registered their operations respectively over the 30 year period. These spatial and structural changes resulted in linkages being formed between the two sectors. The nature of the linkages is largely influenced by the position of the informal businesses on a continuum of informal enterprises ranging from traditional, through transitional to semi-formal. It was found that traditional and transitional enterprises had strong backward linkages with formal businesses where they purchase their goods and raw materials. Forward linkages exist where semi-formal businesses sell furniture, building materials and clothing to formal businesses. Thus, a symbiosis exists, but linkages are very exploitative as formal businesses tend to dictate the terms of business. The reciprocal-supportive model was extended by adding four pillars that influence the operations of the two sectors to produce a differential complexity model of informalisation (DCMI). The reasons or causes of informalisation (RE); the subsectors that comprise the two sectors (SE); the various locations of the two sectors’ businesses (L); and the levels of formality and informality (Ls) are integrated in the DCMI to aid comprehension of the linkages between the two sectors. The model can be adjusted and applied to various urban settings, allowing for the development of the two sectors spatially, structurally and temporally. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Zimbabwe se stede is sedert die land se onafhanklikheidswording in 1980 aan omvattende ekonomiese herstrukturering onderworpe. Samelopend met die kwynende formele ekonomie was daar groei en ruimtelike en strukturele veranderings in die informele sektor. Die reaksies van die twee ekonomiese sektore op die politieke en ekonomies-ideologiese verskuiwings gedurende die eerste drie dekades na onafhanklikheid, is nog nie omvattend bestudeer nie en word tot nog toe nie goed verstaan nie. In hierdie studie word hierdie verwantskappe in Zimbabwe se twee hoofstede, Harare en Bulawayo, bestudeer. ‘n Gemengde-metode benadering word gevolg om ruimtelike, kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe data in te samel. Georuimtelike data is met behulp van ‘n geografiese posisioneringsisteem, skandering, geoverwysing, projektering en versyfering van kaarte van die twee stede geskep. Kwantitatiewe longitudinale-en dwarsprofieldata is verkry uit argiefbronne en deur middel van vraelysopnames onder formele en informele handelaars. Onderhoude met professionele persone wat die werking van die twee sektore beïnvloed, het kwalitatiewe data gelewer. Die data is met GIS- en SPSSsagteware ontleed om die groei van die twee sektore oor tyd, en hulle ruimtelike en strukturele skakels bloot te lê. Daar is gevind dat die informele sektor met 17% gegroei het onder die sosialistiese beleid van die 1980s. Hierdie toename kan gedeeltelik aan oorverstedeliking toegeskryf word omdat die stedelike arbeidsmag met ‘n gemiddelde van 3% jaarliks toegeneem het in vergelyking met die formele sektor wat werksgeleenthede slegs teen 2.2% jaarliks gedurende die 1980s gegenereer het. Verskuiwings na neoliberale ekonomiese beleid teen die begin van die 1990s het grootskaalse afdankings tot gevolg gehad, wat baie werkers gedwing het om by die informele sektor aan te sluit. Namate formele ondernemings aanpassings gemaak het om die stryd te voer teen globale kompetisie, het werkverskaffing gedaal tot ‘n gemiddelde van 1% jaarliks gedurende die 1990s. Die informele sektor het gereageer deur om in 2001 61% van die arbeidsmag te huisves. Die aanvaarding van outoritêre beleid teen die begin van die 2000s het die kwyn van die formele ekonomie verhaas, met die gevolg dat negatiewe groeikoerse gedurende die meeste van die eerste dekade van die millennium ervaar is. Dít het aanleiding gegee tot ‘n snelle toename in indiensneming in die informele sector, tot ‘n astronomiese 87.8% in 2008. Die ondersoek bring aansienlike liggingstransformasies van formele en informele besighede te vore. Gedurende die drie dekades (1981 tot 2010) het die informele ondernemings na lae-inkomste woonbuurte, middestede, en buurt- en distrikswinkelsentra versprei. Sommige formele ondernemings het weggetrek uit die middestede na fabrieks-, kantoor- en sakeparke in die randgebiede van die twee stede. Sommige formele ondernemings wat in die middestede aangebly het, het hulle sake geïnformaliseer om kompetisie te bestry en informele ondernemings het hulle sakestrukture deur lisensiëring en registrasie aangepas. Hierdie strukturele wysigings het wisselwerking tussen die twee sektore laat ontstaan. Die aard van die wisselwerking word beïnvloed deur die posisie wat die informele ondernemings beklee op ‘n kontinuum van ondernemings wat strek van tradisioneel deur oorgangstipes tot by semi-informeel. Daar is gevind dat die meeste informele handelaars en produsente hulle verkoopsware en grondstowwe by leweransiers in die formele sektor verkry. Verkoopskakels bestaan waar informele vervaardigers meubels, boustowwe en klerasie aan formele ondernemings voorsien. Dus bestaan daar ‘n simbiose, maar die skakels neig om uitbuitend te wees want die formele ondernemings dikteer dikwels besigheidsvoorwaardes. Die wederkerige-ondersteunende model is uitgebrei deur die byvoeging van vier pilare, wat die handelinge van die twee sektore beïnvloed, om ‘n differensiële kompleksiteitsmodel van informalisasie (DKmI) tot stand te bring. Die redes vir, of oorsake van informalisering (RE); die subsektore waaruit die twee sektore bestaan (SE); die verskeie liggings van die twee sektore se besighede (L); en die vlakke van formaliteit en informaliteit (Ls) is geïntegreer in die DKmI om begrip van die skakels tussen die twee sektore te bevorder. Die model is aanpasbaar en toepasbaar in verskeie stedelike omgewings om ontwikkeling van die twee ekonomiese sektore ruimtelik, struktureel en temporeel moontlik te maak.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The 21st Century is witnessing the concurrence of neoliberal globalisation and widespread informalisation. To this extent, the informal sector or economy is perceived as a permanent ‘feature of modern capitalist development’ (Chen 2007: 2). Its expansion, particularly in developing countries, has far reaching implications for employment generation, occupational or livelihood diversification, urban form dynamics, urban planning, as well as the general economic outcome. The historical evolutionary truth of the informal origin of most businesses coupled with the reality of informal-formal sector continuum gives credence to the critical imperative of multi-path development regime that does not consider the informal sector as a dead end. Consequently, the research explored the policy implications of the spatial and structural relationships between the informal and formal business sectors in urban Nigeria. The study region is viewed from the prism of Enugu, the major administrative centre in the southeast region of the country. Here, spatial-structural causalities at the city level are conjectured as surrogates of the globalisation-induced transformations occurring in the country from 1990 to 2010 (Andranovich & Riposa 1993). The research sought to: one, examine the extent relationships between the distribution structures of two economic segments in the city; and two, explore the changes in inter-sectoral linkages and the urban business landscape mediated by the global-local economic changes. To guide the study, two research hypotheses were formulated, viz.: (1) to prove whether or not some significant spatial/structural relationships exist between the distribution of informal and formal business units in the study area; and (2) to verify if the observed changes in the spatial and structural relationships between the two segments are accounted for by the same sets of physical, economic, and socio-cultural variables. The study made use of primary and secondary data, which were collected via mixed research methods. The proportional stratified sampling was used where necessary. The primary data were collected through casual observation/recognisance, photographic and questionnaire surveys, and semi-structured personal interviews; while the secondary data were sourced from literature review, maps and databanks of local governments and Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS). The data analytical procedure involved data reduction and hypotheses testing. The former technique consists of sectoral aggregation (the segmentation by coherent attribute-sectors) and spatial aggregation (translation from quantitative into spatial dimensions) (Wang & Vom Hofe 2007), while the latter required the use of Spatial Statistics Analysis toolsets of the ArGIS software and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the SPSS package. The Spatial Statistics Analysis (the Spatial Autocorrelation or Moran’s I index) and PCA results permitted the rejection of the two null hypotheses respectively. The Moran’s I index is 0.16 with a Z score of 159.78 at a significant level of .01 and critical value of 2.58, revealing a highly clustered spatial association (or dependence) between the informal and formal business distribution in the study area. Based on the eigenvalues of 10 selected variables, the PCA extracted three major determinants of the observed spatial-structural causalities, namely: socio-economic and cultural traits or business ethos, client base and market control, and physical environment/business transaction mode. The findings challenges the received model of Nigeria retail hierarchy, and among the key recommendations for guaranteeing stronger informal-formal sector linkages that are generative of sustainable endogenous development are: (i) the reinstatement of the import substitution programme; (ii) implementation of the innovative Cluster Concept of Industrial Development Strategy (CCIDS) of 2007; and (iii) adoption of urban planning standards that are pro-informal sector. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die 21ste eeubeleefonsgelyktydigneoliberaleglobalisasie en wydverspreideinformalisasie. Samelopendhiermee word die informelesektorvandieekonomiegesien as ’n “permanentekenmerk van die kapitalistieseontwikkeling.” (Chen 2007: 2). Die uitbreidingdaarvan, veral in ontwikkelendelande, het verreikendeimplikasies vir die skepping van werksgeleenthede, die diversifikasie van loopbaan- en broodwinnings-moontlikhede, stedelikevorms, stedelikebeplanning, asookalgemeneekonomieseuitkomstes. Die historieseevolusionêrewaarheidoor die oorsprong van die meestebesighede, tesame met die realiteit van die informelesektorkontinuum, verleengeloofwaardigheidaandie kritiesebelangrikheid van die multi-pad ontwikkelingraamwerkwaarbinne die informelesektorniegesien word as ’n doodloopstraatnie. Gevolglik het die navorser die beleidsimplikasies van die ruimtelike- en struktureleverhoudingtussen die informele en die formele sake-sektors in stedelikeNigeriëondersoek. Die studiegebied word besigtigvanuit die prisma van Enugu, die hoof administratiewesentrum van die suidelikestreek van Nigerië. Hier word ruimetelik-struktureleoorsaaklikhedegebruik as maatstawwe vir die transformasieswatdeurglobalisasieveroorsaak is, en wattussen 1990 en 2010 in die land plaasgvind het (Andranovich&Riposa 1993). Daar is in die navorsinggepoog om eerstens die omvang van verwantskappetussen die verspreidingstrukture van die twee ekonomiesesegmente van die stad vas te stel, en tweedens, om die veranderings in inter-sektorieseskakels en die stedelike sake landskapwatdeur die globaale-plaaslikeekonomieseveranderingsbemiddel is, te bestudeer. Twee navorsinghipoteses is geformaliseer, naamlik (1) om te bewys of daarbetekenisvolleruimtelike/struktureleverwantskappebestaantussen die verspreiding van informele en formeleeenhede in die studie- gebied, en (2) om te bevestig of die veranderings in die ruimtelike en struktureleverwantskappetussen die twee besigheidsegmentetoegeskryfkan word aandieselfdestelfisiese, ekonomiese en sosio-kultureleveranderlikes. In die studie is daargebruikgemaak van primêre en sekondêre data watdeurmiddel van gemengdenavorsingmetodesversamel is. Die proporsioneelgestratifiseerdesteekproefmetode is, waarnodig, gebruik. Die primêre data is deurterloopseobservasie, fotografiese- en vraelysopnames, en semi-gestruktureerde persoonlike onderhoudeversamel, terwyl die sekondêre data verkry is uit ’n oorsig van die letterkunde, landkaarte, en die databanke van plaaslikeowerhede en die binnelandsebelastingsdiens. (FIRS). Die data ontledingsproses het data reduksie en hipotesetoetsingingesluit. Dievorigetegniekbestaanuitsektorieseaggregasie (segmentasiedeursamehandeattribuutsektore) en ruimtelikeaggregasie (oorgesitvanafkwantitatiewenaruimtelikedimensies) (Wang & VomHofe 2007). Vir die laasgenoemde was dit nodig om Spatial Statistics Analysis gereedskapstel van die ArGISsagteware en die Principal Component Analysis (PCA) van die SPSS paket te gebruik. The Spatial Statistics Analysis (die Spatial Autocorrelation of Moran se I indeks) en die PCA resultatehet die verwerping van die twee nulhipotesesmoontlikgemaak. Moran se I indeks is 0.16 met ’n Z telling van 159.78 teen ’n betekenisvollevlak van .01 en ’n kritiesewaarde van 2.58, wat ’n hoogsgetrosderuimetlikeassosiasieaantoon, of dat die verspreiding van die informele en formelebesighede in die studiegebiednabymekaargeleë en afhanklik is van mekaar. Gegrond op die eigenwaardes van die 10 gekoseveranderlikes, is daardeur die PCA bepaalwat die drie hoof ruimtelik-strukturelekousaliteite is. Dit is sosio-ekonomiese en kulturelekenmerke, kliente basis en markbeheer, en fisieseomgewing/sake transaksie modus. Die bevindingeverskil van die ontvangdemodel van die Nigeriesehierargie. Om sterkerinformele-formeleskakelswatvolhoubareendogeneontwikkelingwaarborg, te genereer, word die volgendeaanbevelingsgemaak: (i) die invoerplaasvervangings-program moetingestel word, (ii) die Cluster Concept of Industrial Development Strategy (CCIDS) van 2007 moet implementer word; en (iii) stedelikebeplanningstandaardewat pro-informelesektor is, moet aanvaar word.

Slum development in the Global South continues at a rapid pace, leading to a search for solutions to the severe environmental, social, and economical challenges facing these settlements. Informal economic activities are central to these communities’ survival and structure. Ownership policies have been initiated that contribute to security for residents, and there is evidence that this can lead to increased social and economic productivity. However, studies have also shown that broad ranging titling reforms may destroy existing networks, practices, and livelihoods of residents. This raises a fundamental question on how land titling and formalization of business ownership can be accomplished, while still maintaining local social networks and livelihoods. This thesis calls attention to the need to develop policy approaches that are context specific while also taking into account the complex economic networks that develop in informal settlements. / text

Across the world, women constitute the bottom segments of the informal labour market hierarchy, and the story is no different for Turkish women, except they are further constrained by a patriarchal family culture and corporatist welfare state structure which favours high-skilled workers in full-time employment. A reading of the literature on the reasons for participating in the informal sector suggested that workers either end up in the informal sector as a result of structural factors, such as high unemployment, horizontal and vertical labour market discrimination and limited job opportunities for the low-skilled and low-educated, or they actively chose to participate in the labour market to seize the opportunities it provides, such as evading tax and/or bureaucratic costs, or testing out business ideas. However, this dichotomous understanding provided little scope, if any, to understand why women also entered the informal sector, in ever growing numbers and what the gender-specific constraints and opportunities in the informal sector are. Against this background, this thesis aims to show that this dichotomous theorisation of the informal sector is an exaggeration of reality, and that women workers position presents a middle ground, in which they recognise the constraints on their ability to improve their lives but they are also not powerless. Hence, by focusing on the variety of survival strategies used by women workers in the informal sector, the thesis attempts to show the choice among these strategies, including the conditions in which these strategies can be adopted and the barriers to do so.

O objetivo da pesquisa é discutir as redes de subcontratação e o trabalho informal no circuito das confecções em São Paulo. A partir de uma região periférica na zona leste da cidade tratou-se de averiguar as relações entre trabalho e o espaço urbano no qual essas confecções vêm se instalando. O processo de reestruturação produtiva da indústria de confecções durante a década de 1990 fez multiplicar as chamadas oficinas de fundo de quintal e o trabalho a domicílio nos bairros das ex-costureiras das fábricas pelas vias de redes de subcontratação e do trabalho informal. As ex-operárias mobilizam familiares e vizinhos no trabalho, estabelecendo redes sociais pelas quais circulam as encomendas de costura. Associado a esta dinâmica, esse circuito também vem mobilizando os fluxos da migração clandestina dos bolivianos que já podem ser encontrados nos locais mais distantes do extremo leste da cidade. O material da pesquisa é composto por trajetórias sociais de pessoas ligadas ao setor, recompostas com entrevistas gravadas e semi-diretivas, e acompanhadas por pesquisa de campo. / The aim of this study is to discuss the sub-hiring and informal labor networks that have been developing in the garment industry of Sao Paulo. Focusing on a suburban eastern area of the city, the research was carried out in order to analyze the labor relations and the urban space in which this informal market is being settled. The productive adjustment process that took place in the garment industry during the 1990s led to an increasing number of small garment workshops and in domicile work in the neighborhoods where dressmakers used to work for factories. This growth in the informal market took place through the sub-hiring and informal labor networks. The ex-dressmakers mobilize relatives and neighbors to work in this field, establishing the social networks that keep the garment orders active. Due to this dynamic process, this circuit has been mobilizing the flow of clandestine migration of Bolivian people, who can be found in the further eastern neighborhoods of the city. The research corpus is composed by social trajectories of people related to this sector, mainly through semi-directive recorded interviews and followed by field research.

Pesquisa sociocultural qualiquantitativa descritiva sobre o lazer, educação informal e traços culturais de brasileiros que permaneceram temporariamente no Japão, em busca de melhores condições de vida. Inicia-se elaborando uma discussão conceitual e teórica do lazer e de suas funções, tempo livre, tempo liberado e desemprego, educação não formal e informal, e faz um recorte de traços culturais. Apresenta aspectos do desemprego no Brasil e na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, com breve relato circunstancial do movimento migratório de brasileiros para o Japão. Caracteriza o público alvo da amostra, com base na aplicação do questionário, e aborda a história de vida de brasileiros, mediante entrevistas gravadas, em fitas cassetes, com questões abertas padronizadas e estudo bibliográfico. Analisa as informações colhidas, apontando contribuições e impactos socioculturais de brasileiros na vida de japoneses. Esses resultados compõem o fio condutor nutrido com fatos semelhantes vivenciados pelos imigrantes japoneses no Brasil, anteriormente explanados na dissertação de mestrado, elaborando um diálogo sincrônico. Conclui-se que há evidências do imbricamento do lazer e educação informal na formação dos traços culturais dos migrantes brasileiros no Japão, assim como ocorreu com imigrantes japoneses no Brasil. / This research encompasses qualitative and quantitative social-cultural aspects as to leisure, informal education and cultural features of Brazilians who lived temporarily in Japan in search for better living conditions. Firstly, a conceptual and theoretical discussion deals with issues such as leisure and its roles, free time, liberated time and unemployment, non-formal and informal education, and it outlines those Brazilians cultural features. Additionally, it addresses unemployment in Brazil and in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo in the 80s and 90s, with a short circumstantial report on Brazilians migration to Japan. The target public which comprises the sample is assessed with basis on questionnaires, and their history is approached through interviews consisting of standardized open questions recorded in cassettes, and through a bibliographical study. An analysis of the information gathered is provided, showing the Brazilian contribution to the Japanese life and what its social and cultural impacts on the local people were. Such findings make up this study guideline, furnished with similar situations faced by Japanese immigrants in Brazil formerly reported in a master s thesis*, resulting in a synchronic dialog. It is apparent that both leisure and informal education have wielded considerable influence upon the cultural features of Brazilian migrants in Japan, likewise it happened to Japanese immigrants in Brazil.

O conflito civil em Angola durou três décadas, com êxodo de populações, a pobreza, a exclusão social, a vivências em campos de deslocados sobrevivendo de dádivas das organizações humanitárias nacionais e internacionais. Com dilaceração do conflito muitos dos progenitores dos nossos jovens nasceram e crescer e participaram no conflito, sendo por legado os nossos sujeitos também nasceram durante o conflito que recentemente terminou em 2002, aliados a vários esforços de pacificação. Desvelar as trajetórias, modos de vida e sofrimentos foi o nosso objetivo e, com a contribuição da etnografia e o recurso de observações participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas aos jovens no trabalho informal, pudemos nos inteirar das dinâmicas, redes, dificuldades, aspirações e dignidade social das atividades informais. A migração de populações, em especial crianças, jovens e adultos no período de conflito armado, causou sofrimentos físicos e psicossociais, aliados as humilhações culturais e por solidariedade residem zonas suburbanas, e os biscates são a fonte de sobrevivência e sustento das famílias. No pós-guerra, as dificuldades herdadas no conflito como; exiguidade de infratruturas básicas, aliadas a desestruturação das famílias, os mantém como excluídos e incluídos em redes de solidariedade e encontram no mercado de rua diurno como atividade dignificante socialmente. O trabalho penoso de rua, que se baseia no ganho pelo (esforço individual), para fazer face as exigências recorrem a alimentação energética, consumo de álcool para permeabilizar atividade e ou lubrificar as relações sociais. As jovens recorrem as atividades de venda à pé e porta a porta, e outras na revenda mercadorias nos mercados paralelos. Existe ainda cultura do álcool como; analgésico, tranquilizador, energético e prazeroso, em situações de fadiga, exaustão e penosidade; o consumo é no intuito de amenizar sofrimentos físicos, e psicossociais. Os conflitos armados dilaceram o tecido social e com graves problemas de saúde pública nas populações. Com a estabilidade política os jovens merecem maior atenção pelas instituições públicas na criação de políticas abrangentes aos jovens em situação de precariedade, como forma de reduzir a exclusão, pobreza, analfabetismo, doenças e mortes nesta franje da população / The civil conflict in Angola lasted three decades and devastated the biopsychosocial tissue. In spite of some initiative of peace agreement, peace became a reality only in 2002, which left a part of the population under exclusion and facing psychosocial trauma. The objective of this work was to identify the trajectory, ways of life and suffering of the target population. By applying to the contribution of ethnography and participant observations as well as semi-structured interviews addressed to young people in informal market, we could learn the dynamics, networks, challenges, aspirations and social dignity of the activities. The migration of population, mainly children, youth and adults, during the period of armed conflict led these people to internally displaced people camps and to peri-urban areas. In the post war period, these young people turned the streets as their working place by selling assorted staff to maintain their families. During the working hours, these young people consume alcoholic beverage to ease or lubricate the social relations. There is the culture of alcohol as analgesic, tranquilizer and energizer. In moments of fatigue, exhaustion and suffering; the consumption of alcohol is to soften the torment. The work in the street during day time allows the survival of the families, the inclusion in the society through networks and groups of solidarity; allowing the existence of the I and family

A Tese na [da] Caixa Preta aborda o princípio de uma entidade exemplificadora de si mesma no dispositivo de arquivamento de uma escritura. Uma coleção de obras de arte contemporâneas brasileiras foi formada com o objetivo de lastrear a mediação e ação culturais tendo como base a realização de exposições e experiências envolvendo o sistema das artes entre seus aspectos formais e informais. Objetivos: Exemplificar a literalidade do papel dos sistemas artísticos formais e informais para obtenção de uma consistência entre a origem simbólica da linguagem e as variações surgidas na repetição [diferência termo de Derrida] conforme a lei do acontecimento [também de acordo com Jacques Derrida] e do poder retrospectivo de um dispositivo arquivante de uma escritura Métodos: Exercício de papéis diferentes e experimentais nesse sistema das artes: entre o pesquisador, colecionador, curador, artista, espectador, leitor e por último, o escritor [aquele que redige a própria experiência como o dispositivo que irá arquivar todos os resultados obtidos durante o processo]. Resultados: A coleção formada foi transformada em lastro conceitual para várias instalações e exposições artísticas. Os resultados da mediação e ação cultural entre os circuitos formal e informal do sistema das artes foram documentados, além da escritura de uma tese, em um DVD com o mesmo título: A Tese na [da] Caixa Preta que mostra [como matéria de prova], em três vídeos, as imagens das experiências citadas. / The thesis in [of] the black box is based on the principle of an entity that exemplifies itself in an archive scriptural system. Several Brazilian Contemporary Art pieces were acquired to form a collection which was used for cultural action and mediation purposes such as exhibitions and experiences involving the Brazilian art system in its formal and informal aspects. Objectives: To exemplify the literality role within the formal and informal art systems in order to have a consistency between the symbolic origin of language and the variations that appear in repetition [differance term used by Derrida] according the event law [in Jacques Derridas philosophy perspective] and the retrospective power of archival device of scripture. Results: The formal art collection was transformed into conceptual ballast for several artistic installations and exhibitions. The results of the cultural actions and mediation within the formal and informal circuits of the Brazilian art system were documented, beyond the thesis writing process [thesis scripture], in a DVD with the same title: The thesis in [of] the black box that shows [as a matter of proof], in three videos, the images of the above mentioned experiences.

[pt] A dissertação é resultado de pesquisa teórica sobre a temática da mutação constitucional. Pretende-se resgatar as origens do conceito de mutação constitucional, que surgiu em finais do século XIX e princípios do XX, na Alemanha. Constatou-se que a doutrina constitucional não trata de maneira uniforme o fenômeno da mudança informal da Constituição. As primeiras investigações a tratar do tema da mutação constitucional foram produzidas no marco da Constituição do Império Alemão de 1871, sob um prisma especificamente formalista, nas obras de Laband e Jellinek. O trabalho também descreve e analisa as divergências no tratamento teórico da mutação constitucional, já sob a República de Weimar (1919-1933). Autores como Smend e Heller explicam o fenômeno sob um prisma antiformalista, trabalhando com a idéia de constituição dinâmica. Hsü Dau-Lin (1932) contribui com um estudo mais completo e sistemático do tema da mutação constitucional. Para entender os pressupostos do conceito de mutação constitucional, dedicaram-se algumas linhas à exposição de diferentes conceitos de constituição. A parte final aborda as modalidades de mutação constitucional não só com base na doutrina clássica, mas também apresentando a contribuição de autores contemporâneos. A metodologia utilizada é bibliográfica. Viu-se que sob o ângulo estritamente formalista da Constituição não é possível explicar de forma satisfatória o fenômeno da transformação informal da Constituição. / [en] The dissertation is resulted of theoretical research on the theme of the constitutional mutation. It is intended to rescue the origins of the concept of constitutional mutation, that appeared in the ends of century XIX and principles of the XX, in Germany. It is evidenced that the constitutional doctrine does not deal equally with the phenomenon of the informal change of the Constitution. The first inquiries to deal with the subject of the constitutional mutation had been produced in the landmark of the Constitution of the German Empire of 1871, under a prism specifically formalist, in the workmanships of Laband and Jellinek. The work also describes and analyzes the divergences in the theoretical treatment of the constitutional mutation, already under the Republic of Weimar (1919-1933). Authors as Smend and Heller explain the phenomenon under a prism antiformalist, working with the idea of dynamic constitution. Hsü Dau-Lin (1932) contributes with a more complete and systematic study of the subject of the constitutional mutation. To understand the requisites of the concept of constitutional mutation, some lines had been dedicated to the exposition of different concepts of constitution. The final part does not only approaches the modalities of constitutional mutation on the basis of the classic doctrine, but also presents the contribution of contemporaries authors. The used methodology is bibliographical. It is the conclusion that under the angle strictly formalist of the Constitution is not possible to explain properly the phenomenon of the informal transformation of the Constitution.