This thesis adopts critical feminist theory, which is a combination of both critical theory and feminist theory, to explore the nature and experiences of Omani women involved in tourism entrepreneurship with particular regard to empowerment. Several studies have identified the potential role of tourism entrepreneurship to empower women due to the many benefits that it provides. However, this potential, and the extent that it empowers women, has been questioned. A review of the literature on women in tourism entrepreneurship reveals that there are several issues that have theoretical and practical implications for women's empowerment through this activity. Furthermore, a review of the development studies literature indicates that there are many prevailing issues and debates surrounding the concept of women's empowerment thatmerit further investigation. The fieldwork for this research took place in Oman during 2013-­‐2014 and included an examination of a hosting group, sewing group and a number of women tourism entrepreneurs. Participant observations and semi-structured/unstructured interviews were conducted to collect information about these women. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the collected information and to develop three ethnographic case studies. The findings of this research reveal that tourism entrepreneurship does not inevitably bring about empowerment for Omani women. It is far from being an activity for women's individual and collective empowerment, given that the scope for such remains dependent on the embedded environment and is influenced by the nature of tourism enterprise work. An empirically informed conceptual framework was developed from the data to present this phenomenon. A grounded conceptualization was also developed from the data to conceptualize the process of women's empowerment for Omani women in tourism entrepreneurship. Theoretical implications of the findings areidentified in relation to the appropriate use of the concept of women's empowerment in tourism research. Practical implications of the findings are also identified in relation to local and international tourism organisations that utilises tourism entrepreneurship opportunities for women's empowerment purposes.

Dans un contexte mondial marqué par l’essor d’une société de l’information, des savoirs partagés et de l’économie numérique, cette étude propose une évaluation de la protection des bases de données par le droit d’auteur, en privilégiant une approche comparative entre le droit français et le droit sénégalais. En mettant en exergue les éléments de convergence mais aussi de divergence qui ressortent de la confrontation des deux législations, cette analyse part de l’identification des forces et des faiblesses du droit d’auteur, en vue de proposer des orientations pour une amélioration du cadre juridique de la protection des bases de données. Le droit d’auteur étant le mécanisme de protection unanimement consacré pour les bases de données, il y a lieu, loin de s’en départir, d’identifier les meilleures options juridiques qui pourraient concourir à son renforcement. Dans cette optique, la prise en compte d’un équilibre parfait entre les divers intérêts en présence constitue un impératif pour le développement de la société de l’information. / In a global context marked by the rise of an information society, shared knowledge and digital economy, this study proposes an assessment of the protection of databases by Copyright (french meaning), privileging a comparative approach between French and Senegalese law. By highlighting the elements of convergence but also of divergence that emerge from the confrontation between the two legislations, this analysis starts from the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of copyright, to propose orientations aimed at improving the legal framework for the protection of databases. Copyright being the unanimously consecrated protection mechanism for databases, it is necessary, far from divesting it, to identify the best legal options that could contribute to its reinforcement. In this respect, it is imperative to take into account a perfect balance between the various interests for the development of the information society.

Este trabalho visa estabelecer um método de desenvolvimento de softwares instrucionais dedicados ao aprimoramento de habilidades cognitivas. Três dos softwares desenvolvidos são descritos, versando sobre três técnicas experimentais de Bioquímica: cromatografia de permeação em gel, cromatografia de afinidade e cromatografia de troca iônica. A organização do conteúdo e a interface dos softwares têm como objetivo favorecer a reflexão sobre os princípios físico-químicos das técnicas. Os softwares foram avaliados com estudantes de cursos de graduação das áreas de Biologia e Saúde, segundo método estabelecido neste trabalho. Os estudos de avaliação demonstram que o software pode ser usado com êxito para o aprendizado dos princípios fisico-químicos das técnicas em nível de Compreensão e Aplicação. / This work aims to establish a method for developing instructional software devoted to the improvement of cognitive skills. Three of the softwares developed are described, concerning three experimental techniques in Biochemistry: gel permeation chromatography, affinity chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. The software\'s content and interface aim to promote reflection on the physical-chemical principles of the techniques. The softwares were evaluated with undergraduate students from Biological and Health courses, by means of a method established in this work. These evaluation studies show that the software can be successfully used for teaching the physical-chemical principles of the techniques at the level of Comprehension and Application.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:19:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006 - Jesse de Hollanda Cordeiro Junior.pdf: 621620 bytes, checksum: f49827d499d78f1f23d8d63f6745c560 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-21 / This paper aims at addressing the situation of social inequality suffered by large part of the population in Brazil and discusses the need to immediately and effectively guarantee the access of these subordinate groups to better and more equal conditions of life. It also looks at data collected to reflexively analyze the results of the project of social equality promotion by digital inclusion, planned and funded as an Extension Project by the Institui??o de Ensino Superior UniFOA. Thus, it sets out to investigate the situation of social inequality suffered by the Brazilian lower classes based on the analysis of the major determinants of such situation, defining the so-called Information Society and approaching its meaning and importance in the current scientific and technological Brazilian context. Based on the results of the investigation, it analyzes the present-day situation of digital exclusion, pointing out the undesirable consequences that Brazil may have to face in case the country does not follow the international patterns of competition and commercial marketing observed in leading companies in the modern world scenario. Reflecting upon the economical, social and political consequences of the work versus job dialectic, it presents the importance of promoting digital inclusion and social equality, as a result of a consequent of a wider access to better work conditions and of the establishment of more symmetrical financial and power relations. Eventually it looks at the outcomes of the Projeto Rede Solidariedade do UniFOA , analyzing data presented by the participants to evaluate the achieved results. / O presente trabalho discute a situa??o de exclus?o social em que se encontra a popula??o brasileira e a necessidade de se promover de forma imediata e contundente a inclus?o dessa parcela da sociedade e, ainda, faz uma analise reflexiva dos dados recolhidos sobre o desempenho do projeto de inclus?o social, pela inclus?o digital, oferecido e operacionalizado como Projeto de Extens?o, pela Institui??o de Ensino Superior UniFOA. Dessa forma, contextualiza a situa??o de exclus?o social em que se encontra uma parcela consider?vel da popula??o brasileira, a partir dos fatores determinantes que levam a essa a??o, buscando definir o que alguns autores chamam de Sociedade da Informa??o, com o seu significado e a import?ncia que o momento cient?fico e tecnol?gico representa para o Brasil. A partir dessa contextualiza??o, busca o entendimento do que pode significar a exclus?o digital e os reflexos que poder?o advir se o Brasil n?o se enquadrar nos novos padr?es de competi??o e de concorr?ncia em que se encontram as empresas no cen?rio mundial. A partir de uma reflex?o acerca do significado social, pol?tico e econ?mico do bin?mio trabalho x emprego, discorre sobre a import?ncia da busca da inclus?o digital, como forma de promover a inclus?o social, com o objetivo de oportunizar melhores condi??es de trabalho e promover uma melhor distribui??o de renda da qual participem as popula??es mais carentes e necessitadas. Finalmente, analisa o desempenho do Projeto Rede Solidariedade do UniFOA, a partir dos dados capturados com os participantes dos diferentes segmentos do projeto, como forma de avaliar o seu desempenho e valid?-lo quanto ? busca de seus objetivos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:36:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio F Maia Oliveira.pdf: 1034141 bytes, checksum: a768ebd6c294e962e758031a30f0885d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-26 / Study about social inclusion through digital inclusion, according to Information Science theories with the purpose of contributing for reflection about the Digital TV model, presently in discussion, to be used in Brazil. Based on Information Science that aims to study the general aspects of the information (meaning transmitted to a conscious being trough a registered message in a spatial-temporal basis), analyze the processes of the construction and information transference. This research deals with these bases as a way to obtain a theoretical understanding about the social inclusion and, trough a critical analysis of the public policies, concerning the processes of the technology of Digital TV verify the convey degree between social inclusion and citizenship construction through the improvement of educational audiovisual information supply. The dissertation is constructed through documental research, using the documental method and the analysis is focused in the hypothetical-deductive method connected to the documental procedure method. As a result intends to contribute for the construction of the public policies of democratization and the access to information trough digital television, supported by the formulation of policies that support the transference of information through digital technologies. / Estudo sobre inclus?o social por meio da inclus?o digital, segundo teorias da Ci?ncia da Informa??o com o objetivo de contribuir para reflex?o sobre o modelo de TV Digital, ora em discuss?o, a ser implantado no Brasil. Fundamentado na Ci?ncia da Informa??o que tem como objetivo estudar os aspectos gerais da informa??o (significado transmitido a um ser consciente por meio de uma mensagem registrada em um suporte espacialtemporal), analisar os processos de constru??o e transfer?ncia da informa??o. Este trabalho opera esses fundamentos como forma de obter um entendimento te?rico da inclus?o social e, por meio de uma an?lise cr?tica das pol?ticas p?blicas, concernentes aos processos da tecnologia da TV Digital verificar o grau de converg?ncia entre inclus?o social e constru??o da cidadania atrav?s da potencializa??o de estoques de informa??o audiovisuais. A disserta??o ? constru?da por meio de uma pesquisa documental, utilizando-se do m?todo documental e a an?lise est? centrada no m?todo hipot?ticodedutivo, dialogando com o m?todo de procedimento documental. Como resultado pretende contribuir para a constru??o de pol?ticas p?blicas de democratiza??o e acesso ? informa??o atrav?s da televis?o digital, apoiado na formula??o de pol?ticas de incentivo ? transfer?ncia de informa??o por meio das tecnologias digitais.

São inúmeros os países que debatem a supervisão política da Internet. Do ponto de vista geográfico, a atual supervisão, pela ICANN, reflete a centralização do poder e do controle mantido por um único país, os EUA. Este fato fragmenta os demais Estados Nacionais que buscam formar uma Governança de Internet multilateral. Uma das questões centrais que buscamos desvendar em nosso trabalho é identificar se há possibilidade de se estabelecer uma Governança Global de Internet capaz de atuar no modelo multistakeholder, ou multilateral, cuja responsabilidade governamental atua com atores da sociedade para um pacto global de Internet onde as correlações de forças se alteram de forma democrática, eqüitativa e equilibrada, igualitária com objetivo de atender as demandas da sociedade global. No intuito de verificar a constituição do modelo de governança da Internet brasileira investigamos a história da implantação da Internet no Brasil, desde instalação das redes acadêmicas não comerciais, no final dos anos 80, à formação do marco regulatório com a criação do Governo Eletrônico em 1995. Até o momento as questões geopolíticas que envolvem a Governança de Internet, a partir de um sistema internacional, demonstram que as propostas atendem a múltiplos interesses e que podem levar a conflitos, porque são de difíceis consensos e também por ser assuntos relacionados à privacidade, padrões de abertura, acesso e conectividade, multilingüismo, spam, acesso ao conhecimento, liberdade de expressão e os Direitos e Deveres da Internet. A metodologia empregada neste trabalho se consubstanciou na elaboração de pesquisas, levantamentos bibliográficos,entrevistas e trabalhos de campo que renderam em torno de 60 horas de gravação. Buscamos ainda compreender e efetuar uma reflexão dos conceitos aplicados à Governança, enfatizando que uma Governança mundial é um conceito políticoestratégico que revela grandes e difíceis questões que afetam as economias nacionais e a atual ordem mundial, com desdobramentos que irão obviamente provocar mudanças no território dessas economias. A intervenção regulatória é cada vez maior no desenvolvimento das redes de comunicação que têm alcance global. Na geografia, o termo governança quando adicionado às categorias espaço e território remetem as questões e conteúdos relacionados à soberania, à geopolítica, à regulação (ordenamento) e ao controle jurídico da autoridade política estabelecida ou em exercício, que dizem respeito ao poder para ou ao poder sobre. A transição da Governança unilateral da Internet para uma Governança de Internet multilateral, baseada no modelo multistakeholder, cujo anseio visa estabelecer um novo modelo de Governança formulado por múltiplos atores, de modo transparente e democrático, assentada em princípios de cooperação concebidos de forma compartilhada, teve início a partir da Resolução 56/183 da ONU, em que todos os organismos das Nações Unidas foram convocados para contribuir para a formação da Cúpula Mundial sobre a Sociedade de Informação (CMSI), juntamente com representações da sociedade civil, de organizações não-governamentais e de organizações intergovernamentais. Em seguida a instituição do Internet Fórum Global (IGF). Este novo modelo vem sendo constituído como uma prerrogativa do exercício soberano dos Estados Nacionais, e está em fase de consolidação. / Many countries debate the political supervision of Internet. In the point of view of the Geography, todays supervision, by ICANN, reflects the centralization of the power and control of one country only, the USA. This fact fragments the other National States that try to form a multilateral internet governance. One of the central questions we try to uncover in our research is to identify if there is any possibility to establish a Global Internet Governance capable to act in the multistakeholder or multilateral model, whose governmental responsibility works with society actors to an internet global pact, where the correlations of power alter in a democratic, equitative and balanced, equalitarian way with the objective of attending the demands of the global society. With aim to verify the establishment of the model of Brazilian Internet governance, it was investigated the history of the implantation of Internet in Brazil, since installation of academic non-commercial networks, in the late 80, and the formation of the regulatory framework with the creation of Electronic Government in 1995. Up to the moment, the geopolitical questions which involve the internet governance, from an international system, show that the proposes answer to multiples interests that can lead to conflicts, due to the fact that they have difficult consensus and also for being related to issues such as privacy, opening patterns, access and connectivity, multilinguism, spam, knowledge access, freedom of expression and Internet Bill of Rights. The methodology used in this paper was made up of research elaboration, bibliographical survey, interviews and field work, generating about sixty hours of audio record. We also tried to understand and put into practice a reflection on the concepts of Governance, emphasizing that a Global Governance is a political-strategic concept that reveals huge as well as hard issues that affect national economies and todays world order, unfolding in a way so as to cause changes in the areas of these economies. The regulatory intervention in the development of communication networks with global range gets bigger each day. In Geography the term Governance, when added to the categories of space and territory, lead to issues and contents related to sovereign, geopolitics, regulation (ordering) and to the juridical control of the established or in exercise political authority, that are related to power to or power over. The transition of Unilateral Governance of Internet to a Multilateral one, based on the multistakeholder model, that objectives to establish a new model of Governance formulated by multiples actors, in a transparent and democratic way, settled on principles of cooperation generated by a sharing pattern, was settled in the 56/183 UN Resolution, when all the United Nations organisms were called to contribute to the formation of the Global Domain about Information Society, along with representatives of the civil society, nongovernmental organizations, and of intergovernmental organizations. Next, the Internet Global Forum (IGF) was constituted. This new model, which is in consolidation process, is being constituted as a prerogative of the sovereign exercise of The National States.

近年來，資訊社會的典型現象紛紛浮現，資訊量爆炸對於人類在經濟、政治與文化等生活各層面上的重大影響性，皆促使人類對於網路頻寬和傳輸速度的渴求程度越來越強烈。於是，窄頻網路已無法再滿足龐大且多元的資訊傳輸，取而代之的是寬頻網路的應用。在許多國家陸續推動寬頻網路建置與接取政策的同時，也重新關注普及服務的定位以及其所能發揮的功能，開始思考是否可運用普及服務機制以達到寬頻網路普及接取的目標。OECD早在2003年就曾探討將寬頻網路接取制定為普及服務義務的先決條件。歐盟自2005年起也開始正式討論是否要修改普及服務指令以將寬頻網路的接取納入普及服務的義務當中。瑞士、芬蘭、英國和美國則已經陸續開始推行寬頻普及服務的相關政策。而我國國家通訊傳播委員會則於2007年開始相繼推動「村村有寬頻」與「部落(鄰)有寬頻」政策，要求普及服務提供者提供偏遠地區居民2 Mbps的寬頻網路接取服務。 然而，將寬頻接取定義為普及服務目前卻受到廣泛探討與爭論，最關鍵的問題就是寬頻網路究竟是不是資訊社會中的基本電信服務。因此，本研究旨在探討普及服務機制在各國推動寬頻網路建置與接取政策上的定位，以及目前寬頻普及服務的相關推動方式。這其中牽涉的範圍廣泛，包含寬頻普及服務接取速率的認定、政策推動單位、業者的範圍界定、經費來源的規劃與調整等，在在都牽動著國家寬頻網路的發展。 本研究歸納我國目前數據普及服務與寬頻政策之間的關係，並依據國外推動寬頻普及接取政策的綜合經驗，對於我國未來推動寬頻普及服務的政策提出以下研究建議：（一）確立我國寬頻普及服務的政策目標，政府應該將寬頻普及接取的目標納入「數位匯流發展方案」，確立在2012年之前可以讓我國所有家庭都能接取基本的寬頻網路服務；（二）整合各部會資源，由NICI負責統籌與協調各部會的力量與資源，最重要的是要求各部會配合以達到資源整合的效果；（三）政府與業者合力推動寬頻普及服務，數據普及服務提供者負責建置寬頻網路，政府則負責電腦設備或是網路教育訓練等的後續補助；（四）整合有線與無線技術達成目標；（五）考量是否挹注公共經費以促進寬頻建置的目標。 / With the advent of information society, people become eager for the greatest degree of bandwidth and highest transmission rate on the Internet. Obviously since narrow bandwidth can neither meet the service demands of the masses, nor transmit all data efficiently, broadband has taken on ever greater importance. When implementing policies in regard to broadband infrastructure and access, many countries start to pay their attention again to the role and function of universal service and the feasibility of promoting universal broadband access by universal service mechanism. Starting in 2003, OECD has debated the preconditions for widening the scope of universal service obligation to include broadband. The EU also began in 2005 the formal public consultation to discuss the possibility of revising Universal Service Directive to include broadband as part of universal service obligation. However, redefinition of the scope of universal service to include broadband now faces many challenges. Among them, whether broadband is an essential telecommunications service necessary for information society has become the most crucial issue. Therefore, this study aims to explore the role of universal service in policies of promoting broadband infrastructure and access, as well as current approaches to accelerate implementation of universal broadband access in different countries. Relevant issues include determination of data transmission rate, involvement of government and service providers, sources of funding, among other issues yet to be resolved. By comparison of the approaches among foreign governments with that of Taiwan, this study suggests the following: (1) The Government should include the goal of universal broadband access into its “Digital Convergence Development Plan,” providing every household in Taiwan access to basic broadband service by 2012. (2) NICI should take charge of coordinating resources among Governmental Departments so as to make effective use of all resources. (3) The Government and telecommunications operators should cooperate closely and strive to deliver broadband universal service. (4) Both wireline and wireless technologies should be fully utilized. (5) The role of public funding for this goal should be highly considered.

<p>The present compiled dissertation explores culture jamming as a social movement in late capitalist information society. Culture jamming embraces groups and individuals practicing symbolic protest against the expansion and domination of large corporations and the logic of the market into public and private life. The central aim is to understand the meaning of culture jamming; its “model” of collective identification, and its protest and mobilizing strategies. International social movement research mostly focuses upon well established movements that are traditionally organized and directed against conventional political institutions. Studying culture jamming as a social movement therefore entails implications for social movement theory and research. For instance, concepts must be adjusted to cover emerging “individualized” forms of collective action and the effects of cyberspace on collective identification. Furthermore, attention is directed to emotions in culture jamming. It is thereby also argued that social movement research generally may have a lot to gain from incorporating emotion theory.</p><p>Data consists of texts and visuals from the organization Adbusters Media Foundation, and seven interviews with culture jammers. The groups represented in the interviews are Institute for Applied Autonomy, Reverend Billy’s Church of Stop Shopping, New York Surveillance Camera Players, Bureau of Inverse Technology, Rtmark, and the French Casseurs de Pub. The method of analysis is “abductive” qualitative text analysis inspired by hermeneutic qualitative analysis and the epistemological and ontological foundations of discourse theory and post-structuralism.</p><p>Analysis is carried out in five separate studies presented in text I-IV (previously published) and in chapter eight. Text I maps the Adbusters Media Foundation (AMF) along the lines of narrative, organization, ends, means, and strategy. Text II offers an analysis of the various nodal points in the AMF discourse and discusses the tensions inherent to the AMF effort to “hegemonize” the meaning of culture jamming. Text III offers an analysis of culture jamming as political activism from the thematic perspective of culture, place and identity, based on four of the interviews. In text IV the AMF visuals are analyzed from the perspective of emotions and social movement mobilization. Chapter eight brings together the seven interviews and the AMF material into an analysis of emotions in culture jamming.</p>

L’environnement digital constitue certes une menace pour la protection du droit d'auteur mais il y apporte aussi son lot de réponses et d’outils nouveaux. Ont ainsi été développés de nombreux dispositifs techniques visant à protéger les œuvres numériques, en ligne ou non : films, musique, programmes d'ordinateur, peuvent désormais être dotés de mécanismes techniques gérant les droits de l’auteur ou contrôlant la copie, l’accès ou l’utilisation non autorisés de l’œuvre. Le droit vient au secours de ces mesures techniques de protection : les Traités OMPI de 1996, la directive européenne de 2001 sur le droit d'auteur dans la société de l'information, récemment suivis par le législateur belge, prévoient de sanctionner la neutralisation de tels dispositifs, ainsi que la fabrication et le commerce de moyens permettant ou facilitant un tel contournement. L’œuvre est donc désormais susceptible de bénéficier d’une triple couche de protection : elle est protégée par le droit d’auteur, protégée par la technique, elle-même protégée par la loi. Cet ouvrage analyse l’articulation entre ces trois couches de réservation de l’œuvre et examine dans quelle mesure cette multiplication de la protection modifie le droit d'auteur et l’étendue des prérogatives qu’il accorde à son titulaire. L’auteur répond ainsi aux principales critiques qui ont été adressées à ces mesures techniques et aux dispositions anti-contournement, critiques relatives à l’impossibilité de bénéficier des exceptions au droit d'auteur et notamment de la copie privée, ainsi qu’au contrôle de l’accès à l’œuvre permis par ces dispositifs. Première analyse approfondie de l’introduction des mesures techniques en droit d'auteur, l’ouvrage est également une réflexion d’ensemble sur l’étendue du droit d’auteur, des droits exclusifs d’exploitation aux exceptions et limitations de ces droits, réflexion qui se nourrit aux fondements philosophiques, sociologiques ou économiques de la propriété littéraire et artistique. Ces développements, qui donnent lieu à une analyse minutieuse et argumentée, permettent à l’auteur de plaider d’une part pour une limitation naturelle du pouvoir de l’auteur aux actes d’exploitation de l’œuvre, soit aux actes permettant une diffusion publique de l’œuvre, excluant ainsi les seuls actes d’accès ou d’utilisation finale de l’œuvre ; d’autre part, pour une préservation nécessaire des exceptions au droit d'auteur à l’encontre des mesures techniques ou de la protection légale de celles-ci.

The present compiled dissertation explores culture jamming as a social movement in late capitalist information society. Culture jamming embraces groups and individuals practicing symbolic protest against the expansion and domination of large corporations and the logic of the market into public and private life. The central aim is to understand the meaning of culture jamming; its “model” of collective identification, and its protest and mobilizing strategies. International social movement research mostly focuses upon well established movements that are traditionally organized and directed against conventional political institutions. Studying culture jamming as a social movement therefore entails implications for social movement theory and research. For instance, concepts must be adjusted to cover emerging “individualized” forms of collective action and the effects of cyberspace on collective identification. Furthermore, attention is directed to emotions in culture jamming. It is thereby also argued that social movement research generally may have a lot to gain from incorporating emotion theory. Data consists of texts and visuals from the organization Adbusters Media Foundation, and seven interviews with culture jammers. The groups represented in the interviews are Institute for Applied Autonomy, Reverend Billy’s Church of Stop Shopping, New York Surveillance Camera Players, Bureau of Inverse Technology, Rtmark, and the French Casseurs de Pub. The method of analysis is “abductive” qualitative text analysis inspired by hermeneutic qualitative analysis and the epistemological and ontological foundations of discourse theory and post-structuralism. Analysis is carried out in five separate studies presented in text I-IV (previously published) and in chapter eight. Text I maps the Adbusters Media Foundation (AMF) along the lines of narrative, organization, ends, means, and strategy. Text II offers an analysis of the various nodal points in the AMF discourse and discusses the tensions inherent to the AMF effort to “hegemonize” the meaning of culture jamming. Text III offers an analysis of culture jamming as political activism from the thematic perspective of culture, place and identity, based on four of the interviews. In text IV the AMF visuals are analyzed from the perspective of emotions and social movement mobilization. Chapter eight brings together the seven interviews and the AMF material into an analysis of emotions in culture jamming.