Over the last sixty years, overtly intertextual poems with titles such as “Poem Beginning with a Line by John Ashbery” and “Poem Ending with a Line by George W. Bush” have been appearing at an increasing rate in magazines and collections. These poems wed themselves to other texts and authors in distinct ways, inviting readers to engage with poems which are, themselves, in conversation with lines from elsewhere. These poems, which I refer to as “apprompted” poems, explicitly challenge readers to investigate the intertextual conversation, and in doing so, they adopt inherent risks. My thesis will chart the various effects these poems can have for readers and the consequences they may hold for the texts from which they borrow. Literary critics such as Harold Bloom and J. H. Miller have described the act of borrowing as competitive and parasitic—“agon” is Bloom’s term for what he sees as the oedipal anxiety of poets and poets’ texts to their antecedents, but an investigation of this emerging genre in terms of linguistic pragmatics shows that apprompted poems are performing a wider range of acts in relation to their predecessors. Unlike Bloom’s theory, which interprets the impulse of poetic creation through psychoanalysis, I employ linguistic terms from Brown and Levinson’s linguistic Politeness theory to analyze apprompted poems as conversational speech events. Politeness theory provides a useful analysis of these poems by documenting the weight of threats to the positive and negative “faces” of the participants in each poetic conversation. I have documented these “face-threatening-acts” and used them to divide apprompted poems into five major speech events: satire, revision, promotion, pastiche, and ecclesiastic. Ultimately, this paper serves at the intersection of literary criticism and linguistics, as I suggest a theoretical approach to the interpretation and criticism of apprompted poems by way of linguistic pragmatics.

Le monstre intrigue et fascine : il a été étudié, disséqué, et abondamment mis en scène dans des œuvres littéraires. Il reste pourtant mystérieux : nous retrouvons par exemple des monstres similaires dans des cultures éloignées sans aucun contact aussi bien temporellement que géographiquement. Mais si la tératologie est florissante dans de nombreux pays, cet engouement paraît être moins partagé lorsqu’il s’agit de la littérature mexicaine contemporaine car les monstres y sont moins analysés. Ils y sont pourtant présents et nombreux. Une grande partie de notre travail consiste à proposer une typologie des figures du monstre du folklore mexicain en regroupant ceux qui apparaissent dans des recueils de légendes ou des dictionnaires de créatures étranges. Cela permet de comprendre comment il est perçu dans la croyance populaire puis ensuite réutilisé par des auteurs d’œuvres fictionnelles.Le monstre est inscrit dans un imaginaire populaire collectif partagé d’abord oralement puis passé à l’écrit, et ainsi transmis en héritage aux générations futures. L’écriture littéraire s’inspire de cet héritage, ce qui crée une sorte d’hypertextualité entre l’imaginaire collectif présent dans les mythes et légendes, et l’imaginaire individuel de l’auteur par le biais de ses œuvres de fiction. Ce dernier réactive ces sources et même les modifie. L’intertextualité est aussi présente entre les fictions mexicaines et celles du reste du monde, ce qui nous invite à proposer une analyse littéraire comparatiste lorsque celle-ci est possible. Le but de ce travail est de déterminer à travers ces jeux d’écriture et ces inventions, les enjeux de ces figures du monstre dans la littérature mexicaine. / The monster intrigues and fascinates: he was studied, dissected, and abundantly staged in literary works. He remains nevertheless mysterious: we find for example similar monsters in distant cultures without any contact so temporarily as geographically. But if the teratology is prosperous in numerous countries, this craze appears to be less shared when it is the contemporary Mexican literature because monsters are less analyzed there. Nevertheless, they are present and numerous. A big part of our work consists in proposing a typology of the figures of the monster of the Mexican folklore by grouping those who appear in collections of legends or the dictionaries of strange creatures. It allows to understand how it is perceived in the popular belief and then reused by authors of fictional works.The monster is registered in a collective popular imagination, shared at first orally then passed to the paper, and transmitted in inheritance to the future generations. The literary writing is inspired by this inheritance, what creates a sort of hypertextuality between the present collective imagination in the myths and the legends, and the individual imagination of the author by means of its works of fiction. The latter revives these sources and even modifies them. The intertextuality is also present between the Mexican fictions and those besides of the world, what invites us to propose a comparative literary analysis when this one is possible. The purpose of this work is to determine through these sets of writing and these inventions, the stakes in these figures of the monster in the Mexican literature.

Orientador: Maria Celeste Tommasello Ramos / Resumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado investiga trechos de duas fases da revista Mulher-Maravilha roteirizadas por George Pérez (1987-1992) e Greg Rucka (2016-2017). O eixo teórico utilizado é o do maravilhoso como gênero narrativo identificado por Marinho. A autora estabelece alguns critérios de inserção de narrativas nesse grupo, sendo um deles o da intertextualidade com outras narrativas maravilhosas. Acreditando que esse seja o principal modo pelo qual Mulher-Maravilha se enquadra nesse gênero, utilizamos os pressupostos Samoyault para explorar a relação da revista com alguns mitos e contos de fadas. Também é feita uma categorização de um dos volumes analisados segundo as funções do conto maravilhoso de Vladimir Propp, outro critério estabelecido por Marinho. As análises são acompanhadas de ponderações a respeito do modo como as esferas mítica e maravilhosa interagem com a super-heroica, bem como uma reflexão que mostra os motivos pelos quais a superaventura em quadrinhos propicia o uso da intertextualidade. A conclusão mostra que a intertextualidade com o maravilhoso é ampla em Mulher-Maravilha, e sempre está atrelada à revisão dos valores presentes nos mitos e contos. Alinha-se, portanto, à tendência presente desde sua criação de usar histórias canônicas de forma revisionista, questionando-as, reinterpretando-as e atualizando seus valores para os novos tempos. / Abstract: This master thesis investigates excerpts of two runs of the Wonder Woman comic book: those written by George Pérez (1987-1992) and Greg Rucka (2016-2017). The theoretical guideline is Marinho’s view of the marvelous as a narrative genre. The author establishes a few criteria for classifying narratives as part of this group, one of them being the intertextuality with other marvelous narratives. This work uses Samoyault’s studies regarding intertextuality to explore how the comic book relates to both myths and fairy tales, as this seems to be the main mode of operation of the marvelous genre in Wonder Woman. One of the volumes of stories is also examined through Propp’s functions of the wonder tale since this method is another of Marinho’s parameters. The analyses are accompanied by discussions on how the mythic and marvelous spheres interact with the superhero one, as well as a reflection about why superhero comics encourage their study through the means of intertextuality. The conclusion shows that the dialogue with marvelous stories is broad in Wonder Woman and that it is always tied to the revision of their values. Therefore, the comic is aligned to a typical tendency of the character since her creation: using canonical stories in a revisionist fashion, questioning and reinterpreting them in a way that updates their values to the new times. / Mestre

The thesis deals with intertextuality in Karel Čapek's drama R.U.R. and Dan Wells' trilogy Partials Sequence. The aim of the thesis is the interpretation and subsequent comparison of the above-mentioned works and finding mutual resemblances mostly in the main motives, but also in genre characteristics, environment, story sequence and other topics reflected in both works. Since the topic of the thesis already assumes the existence of intertextual relationship between the two works, therefore the aim of the work is not proving its existence but we are trying to determine how far these similarities goes and whether they are just random intertextual similarities or whether Dan Wells, although he does not admit it publicly, necessarily had to be inspired directly by Čapek's drama. Keywords: intertextuality, Gerard Genette, Roland Barthes, Karel Čapek, R.U.R., Dan Wells, Partials Sequence, robot.

Intertextuality is a key aspect in the poetry of Blas de Otero (1916-1979), an engagement with other poets as well as with his readers. It is a powerful tool that he uses to create a polyphonic voice that challenges the discourse of power. One of the fundamental figures in this polyphony is the Peruvian poet César Vallejo (1892-1938), whose poetry deeply affected the work of Blas de Otero. Both Vallejo and Otero shared similar temperaments and ideologies, and believed that intellectuals had a responsibility towards society. By examining the way that Vallejo’s España aparta de mí este cáliz (1938) informs Otero’s Pido la paz y la palabra (1955), this dissertation reopens the question of the social role of art, focusing specifically on the so-called “poesía social” of Spain during the 1950’s. It also explores the role of the reader and the circulation, often clandestine, of Vallejo’s poetry during Francisco Franco’s dictatorship. Lastly, by focusing on Blas de Otero as a reader of Vallejo’s work, this dissertation shows that the specific characteristics found in Vallejo were fundamental in making him one of the most influential poets in Franco’s Spain. Aware of the uniqueness of Vallejo’s poetry, Otero transformed the Peruvian’s word and made it his own, shaping a compelling language that suggests new realities and defies oppression.

[pt] A pesquisa exegética sempre indicou um alto índice de referências a diversos textos vétero-testamentários no livro do Apocalipse. Dentre eles, destacam-se os textos de Ezequiel. A presença de textos do Antigo Testamento no Novo Testamento vem sendo analisada nos últimos anos sob a perspectiva da intertextualidade. A presente tese tem por escopo analisar Ap 22,1-5 e Ez 47,1-12 focalizando de modo particular o motivo da fonte de água que surge do Templo ou do trono de Deus. A perspectiva intertextual permitirá perceber melhor o modo como Ap 22,1-5 trabalhou este motivo de Ez 47,1-12. Outros textos véterotestamentários, apontados ao longo da pesquisa, contribuirão para verificar a relevância de Ez 47,1-12 na formulação de Ap 22,1-5. / [en] The exegetical research has always indicated a high quantity of references to Old Testament texts present in the Book of Apocalypse. Among them the text of Ezekiel is specially relevant. The presence of Old Testament texts in the New Testament has been analyzed in the last years under the perspective of intertextuality. This dissertation has its focus on Apocalypse 22,1-5 and Ezekiel 47,1-12, specially the reason for the source of water which comes from the Temple or the throne of God. The intertextual perspective will allow a better understanding of the manner in which Apocalypse 22,1-5 worked this aspect from Ezekiel 47,1-12. Other Old Testament texts, signaled during the research, will contribute for the importance of Ezekiel 47,1-12 in the formulation of Apocalypse 22,1-5.

This thesis seeks to analyze the Homeric allusions in the Aethiopica with an inclusive definition to explore Heliodorus’ authorial motives. To approach this project, I use textual analysis to avoid arguments rooted in assumptions of the historical context of the novel, about which we know almost nothing. I explore how links to Homer’s Odyssey are visible within the structural organization of the text and the content of the text. I also explore how the content of the novel reproduces actions and compatible settings of Odyssean characters, which therefore qualifies Heliodorus’ characters in a metaliterary commentary with Homer’s archaic epic poem. The division of Odyssean actions and traits depicted in Heliodorus’ characters introduce a new addition to the heroic legacy established by Homer and distances the hero from Greek identity. I conclude that Heliodorus’ adherences to epic conventions and departures thereof inform the subtextual commentaries conveyed in the Aethiopica.

Plusieurs ouvrages de Jacques-Pierre Amette centrés sur de grandes figures d'écrivains (au premier rang desquels Brecht et Voltaire) font l'objet de cette thèse. Ils ressortissent au genre de la fiction biographique et l'intertextualité y joue un rôle constitutif. La question de la référence, et plus exactement de la relation complexe que la fiction biographique entretient avec le référent historique, constitue l'un des pivots de la réflexion. Le processus de fictionnalisation du vécu et de l'œuvre (ainsi que des discours critiques inspirés par elle), qui est au cœur des interrogations actuelles sur le genre de la biographie romancée, est envisagé ici à la lumière d'un nombre important de travaux récents, dont les thèses sont exposées et mises à l'épreuve systématiquement. L'un des enjeux de cette étude est de tenter de décrire ce qui fait la spécificité du traitement de ce genre par J.-P. Amette. L'hypothèse envisagée est que cette spécificité pourrait tenir à l'investissement, selon des modalités particulières, du mythe d'Icare dans la représentation de l'Ecrivain, Au sein de cette interprétation, dont la démonstration s'appuie pour les interroger sur les propositions de la sémiotique riffaterrienne de l'intertextualité, prend place un questionnement de la figure auctoriale, qui renvoie à l'une des préoccupations majeures de J.-P. Amette, à savoir le statut de l'écrivain contemporain. / Several works by Jacques-Pierre Amette, which focus on great writers such as Brecht and Voltaire, comprise the subject of this dissertation. They arise out of the genre of biographical fiction, and intertextuality plays an essential role in them. The question of reference generally, and more particularly the complex relationship between biographical fiction and the historical referent, constitutes a primary area of reflection. The process of fictionalization of lived experience and the literary work (as well as critical discourses inspired by it), which is at the heart of current analyses of the fictionalized biography, is envisioned here in light of numerous recent works, the main arguments of which are explored and systematically challenged. One of the purposes of this study is to attempt to describe the specificity with which J-P Amette treats this genre. The hypothesis set forth is that this specificity could privilege the myth of Icarus as a representation of the writer, according to particular modalities. At the heart of this interpretation, the demonstration of which will involve an interrogation of Riffaterrianne semiotics of intertextuality, an examination of the authorial figure emerges, which reiterates one of Amette’s major preoccupations, namely the status of the contemporary writer.

IN ENGLISH The thesis deals with intertext and architext relations in some works of T. Pratchett. It tries to introduce some variants of intertextual referencing, their possibilities and above all to map the use of this literary phenomenon together with its interpretation. The aim of this work is to create at least an approximate map of links with their description. The method of work is primarily a thorough study of novels in translation and their originals. The introductory part of the thesis deals with the theoretical basis, the central part of the work is a summary of individual passages containing an intertext or architectext reference and their analysis.

This dissertation examines the representation of ethnic origins in Antonio Skármeta’s fiction. My hypothesis is that exile in Europe and return to Chile led the author to rethink his Dalmatian-Croatian roots and his sense of self in response to prevailing discourses of national identity. I assess Chile’s immigration history as well as the development of the idea of a homogeneous national identity. Blending concepts of ethnic narrative with theories of memory, identity, and literature, I trace Skármeta’s literary shift towards reclaiming his roots and initiating a critical dialogue with established notions of Chilean identity. I further argue that he grounds himself in literary tradition to inscribe immigrant stories into two major foundational genres, the historical novel and the family romance. I also show that, instead of accepting the truth-telling claims of historical fiction, Skármeta employs historiographic metafiction and intertextuality to emphasize the literary nature of fictional discourse and the role of literary figures in inventing the nation. Finally, I contend that these narratives constitute literary lieux de mémoire (Pierre Nora), which incorporate a subjective memory into the evolving discourses on Chilean identity, thereby recognizing pluralism and fostering mutual understanding.