Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-05-28T15:41:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sidney Luiz Mayer.pdf: 1509608 bytes, checksum: 62178963256c9550bb65a125c0dbe024 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-28T15:41:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sidney Luiz Mayer.pdf: 1509608 bytes, checksum: 62178963256c9550bb65a125c0dbe024 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Nenhuma / O presente trabalho reconstitui o processo de formação do projeto missionário jesuítico para o Maranhão português da segunda metade do século XVII. Trajetória tomada em sua dinâmica própria, isto é, na tensão entre a continuidade e a descontinuidade de seu ser processo. Em outra forma, a presença jesuítica considerada e justificada no trânsito entre as suas principais determinantes: a experiência de missionariedade e as categorias de pensamento pelas quais aquela tomou forma. Este estudo preocupa-se com as circunstâncias da atividade jesuítica na Amazônia seiscentista, nas quais a realidade da Colônia foi experimentada segundo o sistema do pensamento escolástico ibérico, do qual os jesuítas eram os principais representantes. Esta processualidade aparece na análise de dois momentos distintos e complementares da História da Missão jesuítica no norte da América portuguesa: na transição entre a fase fundacional e a fase denominada de expansão, período no qual se destacou a intervenção conflituosa do Padre Antônio Vieira na constante defesa da liberdade dos índios e, posteriormente, na análise da transição do período vieirino à fase de consolidação, obtida pela reestruturação organizacional da Missão e adoção de uma posição conciliatória da parte do Padre João Felipe Bettendorff junto aos colonos portugueses. / The present work reorganizes the Jesuit missionary project for Portuguese Mara- nhão in the second half of the seventeenth century. The course taken in its own dynamic, that is, in the tension between the ongoing continuity and the irruptions of its being process. In another manner, the Jesuit presence, considered after careful thought, and justified in the transit between its determinants: the experience of missionarity and the category of thought, through which it took shape. Drawing out this study, it offers a worrisome feeling that deals with the circumstances of Jesuit activities in the sixteenth century in Amazonia in which the colonial reality that has been tested according to the Iberian scholastic system of thought for which Jesuit were the leading point. That dealing shows in an analysis of two distinct and complementary moments of the Jesuit mission's History in the north of Portuguese American: in the transition between the foundation phase and the phase called enlargement period in which there was on outreaching and conflicting intervention of Father Antonio Vieira in the continuous support of the Indian' freedom, and later on, in the analysis in the "vieirian" period to the consolidation phase, gained by the setting up a new structure of the mission and, as well as the adoption of a friendly position obtained by Father João Filipe Bettendorff towards Portuguese colonial settlements.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Gomes Bedin.pdf: 7640361 bytes, checksum: 95e62bc53d37ae7473a13bf0759d7ab4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The research focuses on the analysis of the performance of the Company of Jesus in the area of education and the production of Brazilian religious art throughout the seventeenth century and early eighteenth century, with the preliminary base historical documents of the period, mostly. We resorted, under observation and data collection, the Jesuit churches and relevant to the purpose of the survey monuments. Lent greater emphasis to Our Lady of the Rosary Church in Embu das Artes, São Paulo. In this Baroque religious complex, beyond the church, the museum and the sacristy were relevant to my research. Assuming that art constitutes element of relevance to the study of a particular historical moment and that education is one of the fundamental building blocks of a given society, it is possible to affirm the existence of a dialogue between these two elements, the fact that in the specific case of the Society of Jesus, have much contributed to the catechesis of natives and settlers who frequented the church of the Rosary, at the time, the central location of a Jesuit settlement. To do so, I sought theoretical references on authors whose works are focused on the production of sacred art in this period, especially from the Baroque and the authors argue that, in a singular manner, the role of Ignatian education during the colonial period in Brazil. In parallel, kept frequent contacts with historical sites, visits to churches and monuments. I managed a few interviews with experts and authorities on the subject / A Pesquisa concentra-se na análise da atuação da Companhia de Jesus na área da educação e na produção da arte sacra brasileira ao longo do século XVII e início do século XVIII, tendo como base preliminar documentos históricos do período, principalmente. Recorreu-se, em regime de observação e coleta de dados, às Igrejas jesuíticas e monumentos pertinentes ao objetivo da pesquisa. Deu-se maior destaque à Igreja Nossa Senhora do Rosário em Embu das Artes, São Paulo. Nesse complexo religioso Barroco, além da Igreja, o museu e a sacristia foram relevantes para a pesquisa. Partindo do pressuposto de que a arte constitui elemento de relevância para o estudo de um dado momento histórico e de que a educação é um dos alicerces fundamentais de uma dada sociedade, é possível afirmar a existência de uma interlocução entre estes dois elementos, fato que, no caso específico da Companhia de Jesus, teria em muito colaborado para a catequese de nativos e colonos que frequentavam a Igreja do Rosário, na época, localidade central de um aldeamento jesuítico. Para tanto, buscaram-se referenciais teóricos em autores cujas obras têm como foco a produção da arte sacra do referido período, em especial do Barroco, bem como nos autores que discutem, de maneira singular, o papel dos inacianos na educação durante o período colonial no Brasil. Em paralelo, foram mantidos frequentes contatos com locais históricos, visitas a igrejas e monumentos, bem como algumas entrevistas com especialistas e autoridades no assunto

INTRODUÇÃO: A Companhia de Jesus desde o seu início influenciou as mais diversas esferas da sociedade, incluindo o campo informacional. Uma das formas de exercer tal influência foi através das cartas escritas pelos religiosos. OBJETIVO: Identificar e analisar as primeiras prescrições para a escrita epistolar da Companhia de Jesus, investigando o conteúdo das prescrições e comparando-as entre si. MÉTODO: Revisão de literatura sobre o contexto histórico-informacional do século XVI, mais especificamente sobre as primeiras décadas da expansão do impresso e a epistolografia no período, focando nos manuais para a escrita de cartas; a revisão procurou ressaltar as contribuições dos jesuítas no contexto. RESULTADOS: O levantamento encontrou três normas epistolares nos primeiros anos da Companhia: as Reglas (1547), alguns artigos das Constituições relativos ao tema (1558) e a Formula scribendi (1565), cuja tradução em língua portuguesa foi feita exclusivamente para este trabalho. A análise delas mostrou que a Companhia elaborou normativas rígidas para a produção e circulação das cartas, mas que possibilitaram a criação de uma verdadeira rede de informações epistolares pelo mundo. CONCLUSÕES: Os jesuítas tiveram papel relevante no contexto informacional do século XVI, sobretudo através de suas cartas. Por determinarem questões como autores, destinatários, temas das cartas e seus prazos, as normas epistolares foram de essencial importância para a manutenção dessa rede de informações. / INTRODUCTION: The Society of Jesus from its inception has influenced the most diverse spheres of society, including the informational field. One of the ways of exercising such influence was through the letters written by the religious. OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyze the first prescriptions for the epistolary writing of the Society of Jesus, investigating their contents and comparing them with each other. METHOD: Literature review on the historical-informational context of the sixteenth century, more specifically on the first decades of print expansion and epistolography in the period, focusing on manuals for writing letters; the review sought to emphasize the contributions of the Jesuits in the context. RESULTS: The survey found three epistolary norms in the first years of the Society: the Rules (1547), some articles of the Constitutions (1558) on the subject and the Formula scribendi (1565), whose translation into Portuguese was made exclusively for this work. Their analysis showed that the Society developed rigid norms for the production and circulation of letters, but that made possible the creation of a true network of epistolary information throughout the world. CONCLUSIONS: The Jesuits played a relevant role in the informational context of the sixteenth century, especially through their letters. By determining issues such as authors, recipients, themes of the letters and their deadlines, the rules of letters were of essential importance for the maintenance of this information network.

In this PhD thesis I offer an examination of the work of Jesuit Andrea Pozzo (1642-1709), an artist known primarily for his works of perspectival fresco painting. Pozzo's development, his career and his multifaceted practice––which included painting, scenography, architecture, and a two-volume treatise on perspective–– together serve as a prime case study for understanding the relationship of the religious art and architecture of the seventeenth century to the period's culture of ritual and performance. Pozzo's work, I argue, is religious theatre, and the key to reading both his ephemeral scenographies and the permanent works of painting and architecture lies in religious performance. Each of the works, I contend, functions as a work of religious theatre: architectural space, images, narrative, illusion and light are used to communicate messages, to engage the senses and the intellect, to activate the memory and the imagination, and to directly involve the spectator both internally and externally as a performer. In my first two chapters I present an analysis of the environment in which Pozzo emerged, beginning with the religious, intellectual and visual culture of the Jesuits, before turning to the religious theatre of Northern Italy. Here I concentrate on the Counter-Reform culture of religious spectacle, before arriving at Pozzo’s first recorded scenographies. In addition to their ritual function, I demonstrate how these works establish many of the recurring visual themes and techniques we see across Pozzo's work. In the third chapter I study Pozzo's earliest surviving major painting commission: the church of San Francesco Saverio at Mondovì. I present the church as a teatro sacro—a permanent ritual scenography of architecture and painting which evokes the elaborate ritual processions of the time. My fourth chapter focuses on the ephemeral scenographic works of Pozzo’s Roman period. Pozzo’s innovations in scenography and perspectival illusionism in Rome quickly establish his reputation and lead to the major commissions in the church of Sant'Ignazio, which I discuss with several major Roman works in my final chapter. The examination of the Roman projects returns us to the central theme of my thesis: art and architecture as theatre; both a setting for religious ritual and a means of persuasion through intellectual and spiritual engagement of the observer in a ritual performance. In order to pursue this line of argument I have consulted a wide array of sources and secondary literature across a number of fields. Important primary sources studied include Pozzo's two-volume treatise, Perspectiva Pictorum et Architectorum (1693,1700), Jesuit documents and archived correspondence, eighteenth-century biographies of Pozzo, prints and commemorative publications of festivals, works of classical authors, and theological writings of major figures in the seventeenth century. This project embraces a wide range of topics including painting, perspective, architecture, illusion, theatre and scenography, ritual and spectacle, theology, philosophy, early modern science, Counter-Reform religious culture, and Jesuit history.

Matteo Ricci's True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven (1603) has been studied extensively by scholars of the Jesuit China Mission, especially in terms of accommodation through means of Scholastic and Humanist arguments and translation choices. Few of these studies, however, discuss the genre of this work (disputation), nor consider this genre in relation to Renaissance rhetorical teachings and how this relationship informs Ricci's accommodative strategies. The purpose of this paper is to remedy this gap in early modern Jesuit scholarship. Through a review of the history of accommodations in disputations in the Aristotelian-Scholastic and Ciceronian-Humanist traditions, this paper claims that True Meaning is a Humanist disputation, not only because Ricci translated Christian terms into Chinese and draws references from classical sources, but also because this text follows strategies taught in the Humanist, but not the Scholastic curriculum. If True Meaning is a Humanist disputation, then Ricci's teachings should be reconsidered from the perspective of Renaissance rhetoric, which sheds further light on how Ricci's work fits into Renaissance culture and the transformation of the early modern disputation genre, as well as provides further explanation of the Western accommodation paradigm Ricci brought to China, which is prior to understanding how Ricci was transformed by China.

This work explores the relationship between time, temporality, and power by utilizing interactions between Jesuit missionaries and the Ming and Qing governments of late imperial China as a case study. It outlines the complex relationship between knowledge of celestial mechanics, methods of measuring the passage of time, and the tightly controlled circumstances in which that knowledge was allowed to operate. Just as the Chinese courts exercised authority over time and the heavens, so too had the Catholic Church in Europe. So as messengers of God’s authority, the Jesuits identified the importance of astronomical and temporal authority in Chinese culture and sought to convey the supremacy of Christianity through their mastery of the stars and negotiate positions of power within both imperial governments.

This study seeks to articulate how and to what extent the religious-education programs, faith formation, and spiritual ethos in Catholic schools can cultivate dialogue about and foster experiences of religion and God in light of the diversity of faith traditions present in the student population. The methodology involves demographic and document inquiry, participant observation, and individual, semistructured interviews using an analytical framework inspired by Thomas Groome’s seminal work on a shared Christian praxis. Research was conducted between November 2004 and March 2005. One school in Canada, one school in the United States, and two schools in India were observed, and 15 interviews were completed. What was demonstrated most clearly is that specific dialogue about religion and God is not a primary focus in any of the schools. Rather, their approaches seek to foster character development and religious tolerance based on the principles of moral and values education that are rooted in the experiences of the students. This study is useful for schools that desire to stimulate religious expression and dialogue that are rooted in, but not limited to, the narrow language of a single faith tradition. / May 2005

This dissertation addresses key questions that are yet to be answered related to the involvement of local patrons in the decoration of northern New Spanish churches. The case study of the Jesuits' church of San Ignacio in Santa María de las Parras (located in present-day Coahuila, Mexico) reveals new evidence that prominent Spanish and Tlaxcaltecan Indian benefactors participated in the adornment of private devotional chapels in this religious space. In Parras, the Jesuits and secular landowners cultivated vineyards and participated in the lucrative business of viticulture that transformed this mission settlement by the mid-seventeenth century into a thriving winemaking center. As the Jesuits created their own "spiritual economy" in Parras on the northeastern frontier, they fostered alliances with Spanish and Tlaxcaltecan vineyard owners to serve both their religious and temporal interests (Chapter One). The surviving evidence of artworks and inventories reveals that these benefactors donated funds to decorate their own chapels in San Ignacio. This financial support helped the Jesuits purchase and import paintings by prominent artists working in Mexico City for display in their Parras church. While these patrons selected the iconographies of the artworks they funded, the Jesuits also arranged their chapels in a carefully ordered sequencing of images to promote devotions that were commensurate with Ignatian spirituality (Chapter Two). To shed more light on the process in which the Jesuits coordinated the circulation of devotional images from Mexico City to Parras, this study will examine travel logs to document the mobility of the Jesuits and their frequent movement between metropolitan settings and the northern frontier. By tracking the circulation of individuals as well as artworks, it is possible to uncover how the Society's process of fostering relationships with donors operated in Parras just as it did in larger cities such as Mexico City, Lima, Cuzco, and Rome (Chapter Three). Vineyard metaphors that resonated with special symbolic meaning at Parras also took on a new relevance when martyrdom became an omnipresent subject in the wake of Indian revolts. Evangelization on the frontiers of the Christian world became integral to the Jesuits' formation of their missionary identity in both New Spain and Europe. This study will present evidence of rare martyrdom drawings produced in Mexico and transported to Rome that played an active role in transforming the importance of the New Spanish frontier and catalyzed the creation of new artworks in Mexico City and Rome (Chapter Four). The evidence uncovered in this study has important implications for the field of colonial art history, as it reveals that art production in Parras was not an isolated missionary phenomenon but rather part of a dynamic network of artistic patronage and cultural exchange that moved in both directions between Europe and New Spain. This re-contextualizing of center-periphery paradigms further demonstrates that metropolitan and frontier relationships were not always opposed to each other, but rather interacted within a larger network of artistic dialogue. / History of Art and Architecture

This work explores the relationship between time, temporality, and power by utilizing interactions between Jesuit missionaries and the Ming and Qing governments of late imperial China as a case study. It outlines the complex relationship between knowledge of celestial mechanics, methods of measuring the passage of time, and the tightly controlled circumstances in which that knowledge was allowed to operate. Just as the Chinese courts exercised authority over time and the heavens, so too had the Catholic Church in Europe. So as messengers of God’s authority, the Jesuits identified the importance of astronomical and temporal authority in Chinese culture and sought to convey the supremacy of Christianity through their mastery of the stars and negotiate positions of power within both imperial governments.

Remiantis įvairios literatūros analize, jėzuitų norminiais dokumentais, magistro darbe sukurtas Jėzuitų mokyklų mokinių vertybinių nuostatų audito modelis, kuris sujungia jėzuitų mokyklų bazines vertybes (katalikiškumą, akademiškumą, bendruomeniškumą) ir Šv. Ignaco pedagoginės paradigmos procesinius elementus: patirtį, apmąstymą ir veiksmą. Darbe naudoti tokie tyrimo metodai: teoriniai (filosofinės-etinės, teologinės, pedagoginės ir psichologinės literatūros, jėzuitų norminių dokumentų analizė); empiriniai (FOCUS grupė, uždaro ir atviro tipo anketa). Apklausoje dalyvavo 250 Vilniaus ir Kauno jėzuitų gimnazijų 6 ir 4 gimnazijos klasių mokinių. Tyrimo duomenys leidžia teigti, kad jėzuitų gimnazijose palankiausiai (daugiausia aukšto lygio vertinimų) vertinamas katalikiškumas ir bendruomeniškumas. Mažiau palankiai (dominuoja vidutinis lygis) – akademiškumas. Mokinių bazinių vertybių suvokimas vertintinas aukštu lygiu, o patirtis ir veiksmas (žinojimo ir patirties realizavimas) – vidutiniu. J���zuitų gimnazijų mokiniai palankiausiai vertina tarnystės ir Cura personalis bazinės vertybės, palankiai – atsidavimo bendruomenei, akiračio platumo tikėjimo ir sąmoningo savo galių tobulinimo vertybes, vidutiniškai – teisingumą ir pažinimo siekimą. / Based on the Jesuit documents, the audit model of the values of Jesuit high-school students which connect the basic values of Jesuit schools (Catholicism, academics, social awareness) and the elements of Ignatian pedagogical paradigms: experience, reflection and action is created. The study uses these methods of analysis: theoretical (philosophical-ethical, theological-pedagogical and psychological literature, analysis of Jesuit norms); empirical (FOCUS group, a closed and open questionnaire). Two hundred fifty students from the sixth and fourth high-school classes at the Vilnius and Kaunas Jesuit high schools participated in the study. The results of the study indicate that Catholicity and sense of community rank the highest (the most high choices). Less favorably chosen is academics (medium choices). The students’ understanding of basic values rate highly, but their experience and action (information and experience as action)—of medium rank. The students of Jesuit high schools assessed most favorably the basic values of service to the community and Cura personalis, less favorably— a broad perspective; the values of faith, and development of one’s capabilities; and least favorably—justice and searching for knowledge.