<p>The aim of the thesis is to discuss possible effects of an increase in African – Chinese relation above the historically more dominant Western – African dependency. There has recently both been an increase in trading between Africa and China and an increase in Chinese funded development on the African continent. But will Chinese aid over Western actually make that big a difference for Africa? African intellectuals see Chinese involvement as a way to break free from the neo-colonial ties to the West. A fair south-south relationship between Africa and China would indeed have that result but few indicators prove that that would be the case today. The trading interest from China is very similar to that from Western parties, a few valuable goods constitutes the major part of African nations export industry. A rapid growth in trading between China and Africa is not likely to bring African nations from the pattern they are historically used to having against western parties but to form a new trend of dependency towards Chinese interest. (Tull, 2006, s. 471) </p><p>To explain this relation between the African continent and both Western and Chinese interests dependency theory will be used. To fully explain dependency theory one will not only have to look at trading and exploatation of natural resources but also on a transference of social values and foreing involvment in African communities. To achieve this a series of interviews were conducted in Babati during the later parts of February and early March in 2010. This in coagency with an text analys provides a foundation for discussion about the implications  Chinese aid will have on the African dependency towards Western interests. </p><p>What can be extracted from this is that Chinese aid most likely will not lift Africa out of dependency in it’s current form. Trading interests from Chinese parties are to similar to the explotiative west to make a huge difference. African natural resources are traded against low-cost mass produced units and to  small of an profit is made for the African parties to make the exhange fair. But with the rise of China and the fact that China today finances a big part of the United States government a global power shift will occur and the traditional hegemoninc power structure will most likely change into an multi polar world order.  This change is important to study closer to understand what the effects might be for the African continent’s depenency towards foreign interests and specially the relation between China and USA is important though they are the biggests actors today in development work on the African continent.</p>

Bakgrund: Folkhälsoproblemet stress har bara ökat under senare år och flertalet sjukdomar uppkommer ur stress. Det finns olika stresshanteringsmetoder, men den kinesiska medicinen som stresshantering är inte så vanligt än. Hur kan den kinesiska medicinen påverka stressen hos individen? Syfte: Vilken metod inom den traditionella kinesiska medicinen(TCM) kan hjälpa mot stressrelaterade sjukdomar? Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes med tio utvalda artiklar som analyserades och sammanställdes till en rapport. Resultat: Akupunktur, akupressur, qigong har visat sig vara bra redskap till stresshantering. Bara positiv resultat har uppmäts och då det är ofarligt för alla att utöva, så de flesta personer kan medverka. Vidare forskning måste dock göras, för att undersöka om det är motionen som visar de positiva resultaten eller om det är de olika metoderna i sig. Slutsats: Kinesisk medicin kan rekommenderas att använda till att förebygga folkhälsoproblemet stress och för att förhindra stressrelaterade sjukdomar. / Background: The public health problem stress has only increased in recent years and several diseases are arisen from stress. There are various stress management techniques but the Chinese medicine is in the stress field not widely used yet. How can Chinese medicine affect stress in individuals? Purpose: What method within the Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can help against stress related diseases? Methods: A literature review was conducted with ten selected articles that was analysed and compiled into a report. Results: Acupuncture, acupressure, qigong and tai chi have proved to be good tools for stress management. Only positive results have been measured and it is safe for everyone to practice, so the most people can do it. Further research must be done to investigate if there is the exercise that shows the positive results or whether it is the different Chinese methods. Conclusion: Chinese medicine can be recommended to use in preventing the public health problem stress and to prevent stress related illnesses.

The aim of the thesis is to discuss possible effects of an increase in African – Chinese relation above the historically more dominant Western – African dependency. There has recently both been an increase in trading between Africa and China and an increase in Chinese funded development on the African continent. But will Chinese aid over Western actually make that big a difference for Africa? African intellectuals see Chinese involvement as a way to break free from the neo-colonial ties to the West. A fair south-south relationship between Africa and China would indeed have that result but few indicators prove that that would be the case today. The trading interest from China is very similar to that from Western parties, a few valuable goods constitutes the major part of African nations export industry. A rapid growth in trading between China and Africa is not likely to bring African nations from the pattern they are historically used to having against western parties but to form a new trend of dependency towards Chinese interest. (Tull, 2006, s. 471)  To explain this relation between the African continent and both Western and Chinese interests dependency theory will be used. To fully explain dependency theory one will not only have to look at trading and exploatation of natural resources but also on a transference of social values and foreing involvment in African communities. To achieve this a series of interviews were conducted in Babati during the later parts of February and early March in 2010. This in coagency with an text analys provides a foundation for discussion about the implications  Chinese aid will have on the African dependency towards Western interests.  What can be extracted from this is that Chinese aid most likely will not lift Africa out of dependency in it’s current form. Trading interests from Chinese parties are to similar to the explotiative west to make a huge difference. African natural resources are traded against low-cost mass produced units and to  small of an profit is made for the African parties to make the exhange fair. But with the rise of China and the fact that China today finances a big part of the United States government a global power shift will occur and the traditional hegemoninc power structure will most likely change into an multi polar world order.  This change is important to study closer to understand what the effects might be for the African continent’s depenency towards foreign interests and specially the relation between China and USA is important though they are the biggests actors today in development work on the African continent.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att belysa hur svenska ledare bemöter kulturella skillnader i Kina samt på vilket sätt de anpassar sig till en kinesisk arbetsplats. Vidare syftar studien till att identifiera eventuella utmaningar som kan uppkomma för svenska ledare på en kinesisk arbetsplats.    Metod: Forskningen tillämpar en kvalitativ metod som utgår ifrån en deduktiv forskingsanstas. Studien använder sig av en komparativ forskningsdesign och implementerar semistrukturerade intervjuer för att utforska kulturella skillnader som svenska ledare upplever i Kina.   Empiri och analys: I det empiriska avsnittet sammanförs en sammanfattning av de insamlade intervjusvaren som är indelade i tre huvudteman (kultur, ledarskap och kommunikation). Senare analyseras det empiriska materialet utifrån den teoretiska referensramen.   Slutsatser: Slutsatserna som kan dras utifrån analysen av det empiriska materialet är att svenska ledare upplever olika typer av problem i form av ledarskap, kommunikation och kulturella koder. För att kunna handskas med dessa kulturella skillnader anpassar sig svenska ledare till den kinesiska företagskulturen. Dessutom anpassar svenska ledare en del av sitt egna ledarskap på arbetsplatsen, i samband med att kinesiska medarbetare anpassar sig till det svenska ledarskapet. Det uppstår alltså en ömsesidig anpassning. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to highlight how Swedish leaders encounter cultural differences in China and how they adapt to the Chinese workplace. Moreover, the study aims to identify any challenges that may arise for a Swedish leader in a Chinese workplace.   Method: The research implements a qualitative method, based on a deductive research approach. The study uses a comparative research design and implements semi-structured interviews in order to study the cultural differences experienced by a Swedish leader in China.   Empirical findings and Analysis: The empirical part presents a summary of the collected interview data separated into three main themes (culture, leadership and communication). Thereafter, the empirical material is analyzed using the theoretical reference frame.   Conclusions: The conclusions that can be drawn from the analysis of the empirical material is that Swedish leaders experience different forms of complications regarding leadership, communication and cultural indications. To be able to deal with these cultural differences, Swedish leaders adapt to the Chinese corporate culture. In addition, Swedish leaders adopt a part of their own leadership in the workplace, in order for Chinese employees to adapt to the Swedish leadership. Therefore, a mutual adjustment from both sides appears.

Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka hur debatten kring maskuliniteten har sett ut i kinesiska media, om de maskulina och feminina männen presenterades olika samt om maskulinitetsdebatten reflekterar Kinas utmaningar. Det har främst diskuterats fem olika teman med ämnena: Jämställdhet, hälsa, nationalism, utbildning och populärkultur. De olika medierna som diskuterats är Xinhua: New China News Agency, Xinhua tongxunshe 新华通讯社 och Tencent: Tengxun 腾讯. Det finns några skillnader mellan de olika medierna men framförallt finns det många likheter. Slutsatserna är att maskulinitet är något som är befäst i samhället, där det maskulina kan förklaras vara positivt för hälsan, utbildningen och även jämställdheten. Maskulinitet är inte nödvändigtvis bara applicerbar på män, utan maskulinitet är tillämpad för ens individuella personlighet. De maskulina och feminina männen har därför en tydlig hierarkisk ordning där den maskuline är att föredra framför den feminine, vilket tydligt kan ses i debatten angående populärkulturen. Slutligen så är denna debatt väldigt kopplad till en debatt om nationens framtid där maskuliniteten anses vara det som ska lägga grunden till att förverkliga Kinas stora ambitioner. / The purpose of this essay has been to see how the debate about masculinity has taken place in Chinese media, if the masculine and feminine men were represented differently and if you could see Chinas different struggles discussed in the masculinity debate. There have been primarily five different themes that has been discussed: Equality, health, nationalism, education, and popular culture. The different media outlets discussed are Xinhua: New China News Agency, Xinhua tongxunshe 新华通讯社 and Tencent: Tengxun 腾讯. There has been found to be some differences between the two outlets but there are even more similarities. The results show masculinity is something that is woven into society and it is shown that it is positive for many different subjects such as health, education and even equality. It does not have to be applied on men to work; masculinity is mainly part of one’s personality. Therefore, the masculine man is preferred over the feminine since the masculine man have more positive traits, which is clearly shown in the debate about popular culture. Lastly this debate is closely tied to the nation’s future, where masculinity is seen as the driving force to achieve Chinas great ambitions.

Metaphors and their use as a rethorical vehicle are examined. Two texts, one in Chinese and one in Swedish, are compared and analyzed to determine the extent to which the associations they create successfully capture the author's intent. Seecondarily, a shift from the assumptions that rhetorical analyses often assume (read: antiquity and Aristotles) to a more abstract internal human platform is suggested. Neurological and cognitive research is cited in support of this shift. The essay examines the question: How can metaphoric contribute to conveying the communicator's intention? By comparing metaphorics used by an historical Chinese rhetor with those used by a contemporary Swedish rhetor. In the former, Zuozhuan describes how Ji Zha commented on Shijing in 770-430 BCE. In the latter, Johan af Donner defends himself in court in 2010. The study culminates in recommendations for a more poetic approach to metaphor. / Utgångspunkten för föreliggande uppsats är att undersöka metaforik. Syftet med studien är att undersöka användningen av metaforen som ett retoriskt medel, i ett kinesiskt exempel och i ett svenskt exempel, och att jämföra dem, samt att resonera kring vilka associationsfält dessa skapar och om de är framgångsrika eller inte. Sekundärt är det också uppsatsens syfte att föreslå en förflyttning av den plattform retoriska analyser ofta utgår ifrån (läs antiken och Aristoteles) till en mer abstrakt inre mänsklig plattform. Studien tar stöd i neurologisk och kognitiv forskning i detta. Uppsatsens frågeställning är: Hur kan metaforik bidra till förståelse för avsändarens intention? Studien jämför metaforer som används av en retor i en tidig kinesisk situation; Zuozhuan berättar om hur Ji Zha kommenterade Shijing, 770-430 f.v.t. och en retor från en svensk nutida situation; Johan af Donner försvarar sig i tingsrätten 2010. Studien mynnar ut i rekommendationer till ett mer poetiskt förhållningssätt till metaforik.

Studenter med ett icke-tonspråk som modersmål brukar ha svårigheter att lära sig de kinesiskatonerna när de börjar sina studier. Å ena sidan brukar kursböckerna på denna nivån användabara enstaviga ord och det har ansetts vara god pedagogik att läraren visar tonkonturerna medsina händer. Å andra sidan har forskningen om kinesiska länge varit koncentrerad på vilkavärden som grundtonen (F0) uppvisar i enstaviga ord. Det är många faktorer som tvärspråksforskningeninte har uppmärksammat, bl.a. det inflytande som konsonanterna har på F0 (vilketinfödda talare inte alltid är medvetna om).Det finns ingen samsyn när det gäller att förklara tonförväxlingsmönstren. Tidigare teorierinom ämnet andraspråksinlärning (Second Language Acquisition, SLA), som Perception AssimilationModel (PAM) och Speech Learning Model (SLM) har visat sig otillräckliga förstudiet av tonperception. På senare tid har PAM-Suprasegment försökt förklara hur den lärandesmodersmål antas närma sig kinesiskans tonsystem men modellen tar inte upp ordprosodin.Eftersom den moderna kinesiskans ordförråd till majoriteten består av tvåstaviga ord börforskningen lämna gamla spår för att finna andra kriterier – som duration och betoning – föratt förklara hur man lär sig höra kinesiskans toner, t.ex. vad som händer när två toner återfinnsi ett ord.Denna studie har som mål att ta reda på hur svenskar som studerar kinesiska som andraspråk/främmande språk uppfattar tonerna i kinesiska tvåstaviga ord. Experimentet bygger intepå tillrättalagda testord. Resultaten visar att tonerna först och främst påverkas av den initialakonsonanten och sedan av de omgivande tonerna. Vidare visas att det svenska systemet medaccent I och II i sin tur kan åstadkomma tonförväxlingar eftersom kinesiska tvåstaviga orddelvis uppvisar samma mönster.Resultaten illustrerar att tonidentifiering är en dynamisk och komplex process. Det krävsfortsatt forskning om tonerna för att få grepp om dem men det kan inte stanna där: interaktionenmellan ljud och ordprosodi behöver belysas bättre för att uppnå god behärskning avprosodin i språkundervisningen. / Foreign adult students with atonal language usually have, in the beginning of their Chinesestudy, difficulties to identify the Chinese tones. On one side, only monosyllabic tones arementioned in course books during this earlier stage and to illustrate the tone contours withhands has been treated as an effective pedagogy. On the other side, research on Chinese hasfor long been solely concentrated upon the values of the fundamental frequency (F0) of thevowels in monosyllabic words. In cross-linguistic studies many factors, among others the effectsof consonants on F0 that native speakers are not aware of, have still not been paidspecial attention to.There is no consensus regarding the explanation to tone confusion patterns. Earlier theoriesof Second Language Acquisition (SLA) like Perception Assimilation Model (PAM) andSpeech Learning Model (SLM) are no longer suited for tone perception. Recently, PAMSuprasegmenthas tried to approach that the intonation of the learners’ native language is assumedto be assimilated to the Chinese tone system. However, this model ignores the wordprosody. Nowadays, when the modern Chinese vocabulary consists of a majority of disyllabicwords, research has to be re-directed to find other criteria e.g. temporal and stress for explainingthe complexity of Chinese tone perception, i.e. how two tones behave when they arecombined in one word.The purpose of this essay is to explore how native Swedish speakers learning Chinese assecond/foreign language perceive the Chinese tones of disyllabic words. The experiment isnot based on elaborated test words. The results show that tones are first of all affected by theinitial consonants and sequentially influenced by the surrounding tones with accordance toChinese. It further reveals that Swedish accent I/II patterns might be a reasonable explanationfor the Chinese tone confusion patterns since partially acoustic properties of Chinese disyllabicwords overlap the Swedish accents.These results mean that tone perception is a dynamic and complex process. Further researchon tone perception should explore profoundly and widen interaction between sounds andword prosody, which paves the way for more effective prosodic practice in language education.

The aim of this study is to use an intermedial theory to analyse and contextualize embodiment and violence in the Chinese author Mo Yan’s Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out. I use Jørgen Bruhn’s mediality model, introduced in The Intermediality of Narrative Literature: Medialities Matter (2016), to analyse medial phenomena such as intra- and intermediality in the novel. Bruhn’s model mainly covers relations between several media and within a single medium. The focus of this study lies on the blending of different media within the novel. My hypothesis is that the depiction of embodied violence in the novel is a literary strategy, based on cognitive functions and Chinese oral traditions to communicate historical events, as well as through an intermedial depiction of those events, a way to avoid censorship. Of particular importance to this study are medial phenomena connected to visualization of memories, and intermediality as discipline a voice between media texts, to establish how a literary text through narrative techniques can create an illusion of cinematic blending. I see this as an illustration of the historical hierarchical struggle between art forms. This is a broader perspective on literary depiction in Mo Yan’s novel than generally can be found in interpretations originating in a Western discourse. The result of my study shows that medial phenomena such as inter- and intramediality are woven into a narrative theme of remembrance of historical political events. Such memories are communicated through depictions of embodied violence, as well as the impact of trauma on anonymous bodies reminiscent of cinematic techniques, heightened by the metafictive voice of Mo Yan within the novel. It is a perspective that is also accentuated through auditory and visual elements that recall the ability of audio-visual media techniques to create identification with exposed bodies through close-up depictions of body and violence. Hence, Mo Yan has constructed a grid of medial phenomena in the novel through which he is able to convey historical processes without risking censorship.

The aim of this paper is to describe which view the Chinese government in connection with the Olympics wants to display for the natural world and analyze if this view coincide with China’s foreign-policy goals. A qualitative content analysis is used. By using the theory of rational choice and a model with three different political approaches I want to examine whether or not the foreign-policy goals of the Chinese regime comport with the view that displays in two major newspapers in China. Since the runoff voting in Moscow in 2001 for the 2008 Olympics the Chinese government has been able to act rational and to compose different strategies to use the Games in Beijing for political propaganda. The analysis show that the governing in China make use of domestic media to put across their political message and some of the most important foreign-policy goals also occur in articles that handle the Olympic Games of 2008.

Projektet bygger på åtta veckors fältarbete på en oberoende teater i Peking våren 2017,baserat på antropologisk och konstnärlig metod. Det är ett försök att utveckla begreppet konstnärlig etnografi, samt tillämpa det praktiskt. I detta är konsten inte huvudsakligen en produkt eller en presentationsform, utan ett sätt att tänka, att förhålla sig till världen. Materialet består av fältanteckningar, video, foto, rörelsematerial, personliga berättelser, minnen av dofter, ljud och smaker och någonting så vagt som stämning – stadens tempo, känslan i en repsituation… Hur kan scenen förmedla en plats och dess människor? Kan jag levandegöra mina upplevelser så att de blir angelägna för någon annan än mig själv? Det praktiska arbetet utgör ett försök att besvara dessa frågor. Vilka bilder har vi, och vad ser vi när vi speglar oss i varandra? Vad betyder det att våra världar redan är sammanflätade? Spegeln som bild och lek, träder fram både som tema och metod. Begrepp som exotism, representation och mötet med den andre diskuteras, liksom växlingen mellan identifikation och främmandegörande (”othering”) som en grund för förståelse. Hur påverkas människors liv av Kinas snabba samhällsförändringar, balansgången mellan socialism och kapitalism? Och vilken roll har scenkonsten i detta? Här diskuteras frågor om yttrandefrihet, liksom relationen mellan politik och spelstil, så kallad ”fejk realism”. Frågorna knyts samman genom en diskussion om autenticitet, följd av en betraktelse om utanförskap, för att slutligen återvända till det personliga mötet, till en berättelse om kontaktsökande – om vänskap. / This project is based on eight weeks of fieldwork at an independent theatre in Beijing in the spring of 2017, based on anthropological and artistic methods. It is an attempt to develop the concept artistic ethnography, and apply it practically. In this, art is seen not mainly as a product or a form of presentation, but as a way of thinking, of relating to the world. The material consists of field notes, video, pictures, movement material, personal stories, the memories of smells, sounds and tastes and of something as vague as atmosphere – the pace of the city, the feeling of a rehearsal situation... How can the stage render a place and its people? Can I bring my experiences to life, making them relevant for anybody else? The practical artistic work with an exposition is an attempt to answer these questions. What images do we have, and what do we see when we mirror each other? What does it mean that our worlds are already intertwined? The mirror as image and play appear both as a theme and a method. Concepts like exoticism, representation and the encounter with the other are discussed, as well as the movement between identification and othering, contributing to understanding. How are people’s lives affected by China’s rapid social changes, balancing between socialism and capitalism? What role do the performing arts have in this? Questions about freedom of expression are discussed, along with the relation between politics and styles of acting, the so called “fake realism”. The research questions are tied together in a discussion of authenticity, to finally return to the personal encounter and a story of seeking contact, of friendship. / <p>Sinnlig - the movie finns länkad dels i dokumentet och dels som egen fil</p> / Movit –Direction and Dramaturgy of movement based Performing Arts