Sportinės veiklos teisinis reguliavimas Europos Bendrijoje yra nedaug nagrinėta ir gana menkai žinoma tema. Dėl žymių pokyčių, kurie ištiko sporto pasaulį po to, kai Bendrija pripažino sportinę veiklą didžiąja dalimi esant ekonomine veikla ir ėmė taikyti jai vieningos rinkos nuostatas, sportinės veiklos teisinis reguliavimas EB ilgai buvo neapibrėžtas, ne visada pagrįstas ir susilaukiantis daugiau kritikos nei pritarimo tiek iš sporto visuomenės, teisės žinovų, tiek iš eilinių Europos piliečių. Ilgai kvestionuojama, visų pirma, buvo Bendrijos kompetencija apskritai teisinėmis priemonėmis reguliuoti sportinės veiklos realybę. Šito priežastis paprasta – Bendrijų steigimo sutartyje nėra nė vieno straipsnio, kalbančio apie Bendrijos teisę vykdyti sportinės veiklos reguliavimą. Vėliau, sporto pasaulio visuomenei susitaikius su tokia Bendrijos pozicija ir suvokus, kad pastaroji neketina atsižadėti parodytos savo iniciatyvos, buvo imta vertinti Bendrijos taikomo teisinio reguliavimo pobūdį. Kaip vėliau paaiškėjo, sportinės veiklos reguliavimo pradžioje Bendrijos užimta pozicija buvo klaidinga: sporto vertinimas kaip grynai ekonominio pobūdžio veiklos reiškė nepagrįstą socialinės – kultūrinės jo prigimties ignoravimą. / Sporting activity regulation in the European Community is a topic which has not been widely analyzed and still needs great attention. After the seismic changes in the world of sport which were determined by the ECJ acknowledging sporting activity being a subject to EC law in so far as it constitutes an economic activity, the situation in the world of sport was characterized by considerable confusion and great legal uncertainty. The right of EC to implement legal regulation of sport was widely discussed while proving that its policy involvement in sport extends beyond legal regulation. At the end the EC regulatory policy interest in sport was justified of its commitment to protect the legal foundations of the Single Market, but it has not reduced the negative attitude towards the EC. Later on the primary regulation of sport as an economic activity has proved to be wrong because of EC paying lack of attention to the social and cultural significance of sport which was agreed to be essential. Because of this the EC and ECJ have both received a great criticism from the society of sport, various sporting organizations and common people of the united Europe. While sporting activity being just one of many others (in which the EC had its own interests) but a very sensitive one in which the negative image of EC was taking its tall, the EC has therefore faced many problems concerning slow integration. This negative experience has forced EC to revalue its policy towards many areas... [to full text]

Šiuolaikinis pasaulis sukuria vartotojams naujas priemones – galimybę gauti virtualiame pasaulyje visas įsivaizduojamas paslaugas. Siekiant tokias paslaugas padaryti prieinamesnes, supaprastinti pirkimo/pardavimo procedūras kuriamos įvairios elektroninių pinigų formos. „elektroniniai pinigai – tai pinigų vertė, išreikšta kaip pretenzija emitentui: kuri yra saugoma elektroninėse laikmenose; kuri leidžiama gavus lėšas, kurių suma yra ne mažesnės vertės už išleistą pinigų vertę; kurią įmonės, kurios nėra emitentas, priima kaip mokėjimų priemonę“. Darytina svari prielaida, kad ši pinigų rūšis taps pagrindinėmis valiutomis ir atsiskaitymo priemonėmis. Valstybės jau dabar bando perimti elektroninių pinigų kontrolę, tačiau taikomi kontrolės režimai leidžia kompanijoms kurti iš esmės savo “virtualias valstybes“, siekiama savo vartotojus išlaikyti, pasiūlyti jiems geresnes sąlygas, o kartu užtikrinti jų lojalumą, pradedamos kurti savotiškos simbolines struktūras, taip įtvirtindamos naujas vertybes. Dabartiniame pasaulyje yra kompanijų siūlančių naudotis jų sukurtais elektroniniais pinigais, pirkti jų sukurtose virtualiuose parduotuvėse, baisiausia tai, kad kompanijos atstovauja skirtingas ideologijas, kuria savo stilius taip patraukdami vartotoją. Tokį pasaulį galima sutapatinti su į decentralizuotu pasauliu, kur atskiros kompanijos kaip valstybės turi savo pinigus, savo simbolika, kuria manipuliavimo modelius. Tai patraukia vartojimą į orientuotą kultūrą. / One technology that has been described at this work is "electronic money". E-money is a smart card that actually stores money rather than account information. Such a card could be loaded with cash at an ATM just like a traditional purse or wallet. The cardholder could spend the money just like cash at any shops with the appropriate reader. Electronic money technology holds promise to replace the last area where cash is dominant – small-value transactions. It is costly to the merchant to process transactions for only a few cents with checks or credit cards because of the fixed transaction costs they incur for processing. Because they would not require approval, electronic purse transactions would be as cheap to process as cash. In order for these new technologies to revolutionize how we pay, lots of obstacles must be overcome. New technologies usually mean costly new equipment for merchants to install. They will not be persuaded to undertake this investment unless they think many customers will use them or that they will save processing costs. With new technologies, there are usually several versions vying for dominance. However, payment systems work best if everyone is compatible with everyone else. Agreeing on which of these technologies is to become the standard and licensing its widespread use can impede adoption. Finally, we have to be confident that the new technology is beneficial, private, and safe. Only when all of these hurdles have been overcome can a new... [to full text]

Dabartinė bendrovių valdymo koncepcija iškilusi JAV IX dešimtmetyje, Europoje didesnio dėmesio susilaukė tik X dešimtmetyje, D. Britanijoje kilus plataus spektro įmonių krizėms. Nuo tada visoje ES vyksta aktyvus teisinio reguliavimo tobulinimas bendrovių valdymo srityje. Bendrovių valdymas nagrinėjamas ne tik siaurąja prasme, kaip bendrovės veiklos administravimas ir kontrolė, vykdoma jos akcininkų, valdymo bei priežiūros organų, tačiau ir plačiąja prasme – kaip įvairialypiai santykiai tarp skirtingų bendrovės veikla suinteresuotų asmenų, reguliuojami imperatyviomis teisės normomis, rekomendacinio pobūdžio teisės aktais ir bendrovės vidaus dokumentais. Santykiai tarp šių subjektų, jų teisės, pareigos bei interesų pusiausvyra priklauso nuo šalyje egzistuojančios bendrovių valdymo sistemos. Kokio tipo valdymo sistemą įtvirtino įstatymų leidėjas, kokia tvarka formuojami bendrovės valdymo organai, numatomos jų funkcijos bei atsakomybė už netinkamą įsipareigojimų vykdymą dažniausiai priklauso nuo konkrečios šalies istorinės praeities, šalyje vyraujančių bendrovių dydžio ir įstatymų leidėjo sugebėjimo reaguoti į beiškei���iančias verslo sąlygas šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje. Siekiant įvertinti vienokio ar kitokio teisinio reguliavimo bendrovių valdymo srityje privalumus bei trūkumus, analizuotina kitų šalių, konkrečiu atveju ES valstybių narių - Austrijos, D. Britanijos, Lenkijos, Prancūzijos ir Švedijos patirtis. Remiantis pažangia minėtų šalių praktika tikslinga apsvarstyti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Actual concept of corporate governance that emerged in USA in the 9th decade, has reached more significant attention in Europe only in the 10th decade, after a wide range of company crises in Great Britain. Since than an active improvement of legal regulation in the sphere or corporate governance is taking place in the whole EU. Corporate governance is being examined not only in the narrow perspective, as administration and control of company’s activities, exercised by its shareholders, management and supervisory bodies, but also in a broad sense - as miscellaneous relationship between different individuals concerned about company’s activities, regulated by peremptory legal rules, acts of recommendatory character and company’s inner documents. Relationship among these individuals, their rights, duties and balance of interests depend on the system of corporate governance excising in the country. What type of corporate governance system was chosen, what is corporate bodies’ formation order, determined functions and responsibility for improper exercise of obligations, in most cases depend on the historical past of the country, the size of the companies and legislator’s ability to respond the changing business’s conditions in nowadays world. Trying to evaluate advantages and disadvantages of different legal regulation in the sphere of corporate governance, experience of other countries, in particular case experience of EU member states – Austria, Great Britain, Poland, France... [to full text]

Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojamas vežėjo ir ekspeditoriaus sutartinių santykių teisinis reglamentavimas, šios temos aktualumą lemia tai, kad transporto sritis yra viena iš prioritetinių šalies ūkio sričių, ekspeditoriaus vaidmuo krovinių gabenimo procese pastaruoju metu labai išaugo, o teisiniai santykiai, susiklostantys tarp vežėjo ir ekspeditoriaus nei teisinėje literatūroje, nei teismų praktikoje nebuvo analizuojami. Autorius kelia mokslinę problemą, kad ekspeditoriaus padėties teisinio reglamentavimo krovinių gabenimo procese neaiškumas neigiamai įtakoja vežėjo ir ekspeditoriaus teisių apsaugą bei gynimą. Todėl šiuo tyrimu siekiama nustatyti, ar vežėjo ir ekspeditoriaus sutartinių santykių teisinis reglamentavimas Lietuvoje atitinka rinkos poreikius. Magistro baigiamajame darbe keliami uždaviniai įvertinti, ar teisinis reglamentavimas Lietuvoje nepagrįstai nevaržo ekspeditoriaus teisės sudaryti krovinių vežimo sutarties savo arba užsakovo vardu, taip pat įvertinti vežėjo ir ekspeditoriaus teisinę padėtį, kai ekspeditorius vežimo sutartį sudaro savo arba užsakovo vardu, palyginti Lietuvoje galiojantį vežėjo bei ekspeditoriaus sutartinių santykių teisinį reglamentavimą su galiojančiu Vokietijoje, aptarti krovinių vežimo dokumentų reikšmę vežėjo ir ekspeditoriaus sutartiniams santykiams, taip pat įvertinti rekomendacinio pobūdžio teisės normų (angl. soft law) įtaką vežėjo ir ekspeditoriaus sutartiniams santykiams. Šiuo tyrimu autorius siekia pagrįsti (arba... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The subject of the Master thesis is the legal regulation concerning contractual relations between the carrier and forwarder. The relevance of the subject determines the fact, that transport branch has a priority status among other economy branches, the role of the forwarder has increased significant, and the legal relations between these characters were never an object of legal studies. The scholar question of this Master thesis is that the legal regulation of forwarders activity in the process of the carriage of goods is not explicit and clear enough and it affects the protection of the rights of the carrier and the forwarder. Therefore the purpose of this Master thesis is defining if the legal regulation of the contractual relations between the carrier and forwarder accords the demands of the market. The Master thesis has a task to define if the legal regulation do not straitens the right to sign the contract of carriage of goods in the name of the forwarder or the name of his customer, to study the legal character of a carrier and a forwarder, in the case of signing the agreement in his name or the name of the customer, to compare the legal regulation applicable in Lithuania and Germany. In the thesis we also examine the papers of the carriage of goods, the soft law legal acts and their influence to the contractual relations. The research must validate or deny the hypothesis that the legal regulation in Lithuania grants an effective protection of the rights of carrier... [to full text]

Atranka į valstybės tarnybą įtakoja viešojo sektoriaus žmogiškųjų išteklių kokybę. Ji yra griežto teisinio reglamentavimo objektas, todėl bet kokios problemos ir tobulinimo perspektyvos susiję su teisinio reglamentavimo turinio pokyčių poreikiu. Darbo tikslas – išnagrinėti esamą atrankos į valstybės tarnybą teisinį reglamentavimą - įvardinti esmines problemas bei galimas tobulinimo kryptis. Pasitelkiant mokslininkų požiūrį į atranką viešajame sektoriuje nagrinėtas atrankos teisinio reglamentavimo turinys, išskirtos probleminės sritys, įžvelgtos galimo tobulinimo perspektyvos. / Selection of the civil service affect human resource quality of the public sector. It is subject to strict legal regulation, so any problems and improvement prospects related to changes in the legal regulation content. The aim - to reveal legal regulation characteristics of the selection in the civil service - . Through scientific approach of the selection in a public sector, legal regulation content is analyzed considering the problem areas and the prospects of potential improvements.

The study is started from the discussion about the particularities of the provision of tourist services that lead to the construction of the special section in the new Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania intended to impose special provisions for this contract for the provision of remunerative services. Main legal acts that regulate the provision of tourist services in Lithuania are analyzed. Flied of regulation of these legal acts, most important provisions, their evolution, objectives, interconnections between national, international law and law of the European Union are discussed. A lot of attention is paid to the topic of the unfair terms in the contract for the provision of tourist services. Legal acts are discussed in the light of the related topicalities and decisions of the courts in the field of the provision of tourist services.

The use of electronic measures during administration of public procurement not only helps to save recourses but also guarantees effectiveness, transparency and more possibilities for small and medium companies to take part in it. Directive 2004/17/EC coordinating the procurement procedures of entities operating in the water, energy, transport and postal services sectors and Directive 2004/18/EC on the coordination of procedures for the award of public work contracts, public supply contracts and public service contracts became the basis of the legal regulation. Great Britain, Spain and Lithuania have incorporated norms of directives into their national law systems successfully. Great Britain is considered to be one of the leaders from European Union member states in e-procurement administration. Spain’s administrative units – Cataluña and Basque Country – are as examples of e-procurement’s regulation and for very good results in e-procurement’s administration in Basque Country. Lithuania has implemented new norms of directives with the law of public procurement and shows a quite good progress in it. In 2006 the Federation of Russia with new legal act of public procurement implemented many important aspects which will help to cooperate with the public procurement participants from abroad and administrate public procurement with the help of electronic measures. Electronic signature’s legal regulation is important for the e-procurement’s successful administration. The results... [to full text]

Legal aspects of movement and stay of person in wild nature Abstract The thesis deals with the legal framework of movement and stay of an individual in wild nature, that is to say outside developed land areas. The legal framework used is effective on 30th August 2018. The thesis describes the legal aspects and limits of an individual's behaviour in wild nature in the context of nature and landscape protection. The first part of the thesis focuses on the general definition of the key concepts. A definition of wild nature, an individual, movement and stay is given. The following part is divided into chapters according to the kind of area in question, namely movement and stay in the forest, in agricultural areas, on water and in caves. A chapter is dedicated to particularities of specially protected areas. Two chapters of the thesis deal with the legal framework regarding plants and animals. Another chapter deals with staying in wild nature overnight, particularly with regard to camping or bivouacking in the Czech Republic. Penalties that may be imposed on individuals violating regulations concerning movement and stay in wild nature are also mentioned. Description and interpretation of signs used is given for the sake of better orientation in the field. A special section is dedicated to overnight stays in wild...

Company name Abstract This diploma thesis analyzes the current legal regulation of company law and evaluates the quality of this regulation in terms of sufficiency and unambiguity. The thesis is divided into four main chapters. The first chapter contains an analysis of basic theoretical questions of company law - it specifies the concept and legal nature of the company, its basic functions and the basic principles of company law in the creation and use of the company. The second chapter deals with the analysis of ownership of the company, taking into account the new legal nature of the company name as a thing in the legal sense. The use of the so-called old firm and the analysis of § 427 is then contained in chapter three. The last chapter describes the protection of a company name according to the current legal regulation, including the analysis of specific claims arising from this protection. At the end of the thesis the results from the analysis and assessment of the legal regulation of company law are summarized. The evaluation takes into account the changes introduced by the new legal regulation contained in the Civil Code as compared to the original regulation in the Commercial Code. As a positive, the following issues are assessed: the change in the legal nature of a company name where the company is...

The thesis The Development of the Legal Regulation of Adult Education in the Czech Republic addresses the legal regulation of adult education in the Czech Republic and its historical, social and international political context. The thesis describes and analyses the following elements: adult education legislation in our country from 1918 to present days, and its strategic, analytical and conceptual documents, key documents of international organizations, adult education legislation of the European Union, in Slovakia and shallowly in few other countries in order to provide a comparison, all based on law theory and andragogic terminology. The conclusion of thesis provides a critical evaluation of the current adult education legislation in the Czech Republic and drafts a new legislation substantively related to all the above components.