Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur äldre erfar att livssituationen förändrats när de inte har haft stöd från hemtjänst till att beviljas insatser från hemtjänst. För att undersöka detta genomfördes halvstrukturerade intervjuer på en dagverksamhet med fem äldre personer som har hemtjänst. För att analysera materialet användes innehållsanalys, och teman användes för att kategorisera insamlade data. Dessa teman var livet innan hemtjänst, hälsa, livet efter hemtjänst och känslor kring livsförändring. För att tolka resultatet användes begreppen status passage, divestment passage och coping. Resultatet visar att förändringen av livssituationen börjar med att den fysiska förmågan försämras, antingen med ökande ålder eller genom sjukdom och skador. I och med försämrad fysisk förmåga blir de äldre beroende av stöd från hemtjänst i vardagen, och vardagslivet blir då styrt av hemtjänstens tider och rutiner. Denna förändring som vi har analyserat med hjälp av passage begreppen upplevs av några som negativ, medan den även i ett fall beskrivs som en i övergående positiv erfarenhet. Den sistnämnda erfarenheten föreslår vi ska benämnas som investment passage. För att hantera dessa förändringar av livssituationen används olika strategier, framförallt känslomässiga sådana. / The purpose of this study was to investigate how the elderly experience life changes when they have not received support from formal home care to receive home care services. To investigate this, half-structured interviews were conducted on a day-care facility, with five elderly people who receive formal home care service. In order to analyze the material, content analysis was used, and themes were used to categorize the collected data. These themes were life before home care, health, life after home care and feelings about life change. To interpret the result, the terms status passage, divestment passage and coping was used. The result shows that the change of life situation begins with the physical ability deteriorating, either with increasing age or through illness and injury. With the deterioration of physical ability, the elderly are dependent on home care services in their daily lives, and life is then controlled by the times and routines of the home care service. This change that we have analyzed using passage terms, some experience in a negative way while in one case it is described as a positive experience. We suggest that this positive experience should be called investment passage. To handle these changes of life situation different strategies are used, especially emotional ones.

Living with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects physical, psychological and social dimensions, limiting the ability to engage in daily activities. Persons with IBD may need frequent and lifelong contacts with the healthcare (HC), highlighting the importance of quality care. High quality HC for persons with IBD involves a partnership between the HC professionals and the person living with the disease. Information is essential, the more a person knows about their disease, the more concordant and satisfied with their treatment they are likely to be. The overall aim of this thesis was to describe the knowledge need, life situation and perception of HC among persons living with IBD, in order to develop a questionnaire to evaluate the quality of HC. This thesis is based on three studies that are presented in four papers. Qualitative methods were used to describe aspects of life situation in relation to the disease, whereas quantitative method was used to develop a questionnaire measuring quality of care. Study I and II have an inductive qualitative design. In study I, qualitative interviews with 30 people were performed to describe the knowledge need and experience of critical incidents in daily life while living with IBD. The interviews in study I were analyzed using content analysis (results presented in Paper I) and critical incident technique (results presented in Paper II). In study II, the perceptions of HC among persons living with IBD was explored in five focus group interviews and two individual interviews, in total n=26. Study III aimed to develop and evaluate a questionnaire, measuring quality of care among persons with IBD, including 318 persons with IBD and 8 professionals. The knowledge need among persons with IBD focused on managing symptoms and course of the disease and learning to assimilate the information in order to manage everyday life. Losing bowel control was of great concern for most of the informants in the study. Many of the informants said that “the bowel ruled their life” and that it influenced them to a great extent in their daily lives. The perception of HC among persons with IBD meant being met with respect and mutual trust, receiving information at the right time, shared decision-making, competence and communication, access to care, accommodation, continuity of care and the pros and cons of specialized care. The quality of care questionnaire QoC-IBD was constructed in five dimensions, building on the results from Study I and II. The dimensions were trust and respect, decision-making, information, continuity of care and access to care consisting of 21 questions in total. QoC-IBD is a short, self-administrated questionnaire that measures experiences of healthcare among persons with IBD with promising validity and reliability. To improve quality of care, HC is recommended to consider individual care needs and take the person’s daily life and social context into account. The QoC-IBD questionnaire measures the subjective experience of quality of care. Further testing in clinical practice is necessary to evaluate if QoC-IBD can be used to evaluate the care given and areas of improvement in HC for persons living with IBD.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the life situation of unaccompanied young Afghans as undocumented after rejection of their asylum application by deportation decision. Another purpose was to investigate the factors behind their migration and view of returning to their homeland. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four unaccompanied undocumented Afghans. The results showed that all respondents who live irregularly in the country have no intention of returning to their homeland voluntarily. They have all experienced homelessness and problems with their livelihood. Three respondents have worked illegally with poor wage conditions. Recently, all respondents have received help with accommodation and food from voluntary organizations. The respondents hope that they will have the opportunity to submit new asylum applications after their fingerprints disappear from the Swedish Migration Board's computer system. Their attitude towards non-voluntary return is based on feelings of fear and threats and lack of future in their homeland. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka ensamkommande unga afghaners livssituation som papperslösa efter avslag på asylansökan med utvisningsbeslut. Ytterligare ett syfte var att undersöka vilka faktorer som låg bakom deras flykt/migration samt deras syn på återvändandet till hemlandet. Semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes med fyra ensamkommande papperslösa afghaner. Resultatet visade att samtliga respondenter som lever irreguljärt i landet inte har någon avsikt att återvända till hemlandet frivilligt. De har alla upplevt hemlöshet och problem med sin försörjning. Tre respondenter har arbetat svart med dåliga lönevillkor för att försörja sig. På senare tid har samtliga respondenter fått hjälp med boendeplats och mat från frivilligorganisationer. Respondenterna hoppas på att de ska få möjlighet att lämna nya asylansökningar till Migrationsverket efter att deras fingeravtryck försvinner från Migrationsverkets datasystem. Respondenternas inställning till icke frivilligt återvändande har en grund i att de känner rädsla och hot samt att de inte ser någon framtid i hemlandet.

Forskning visar att det föreligger en underrepresentation vad gäller kvinnor med adhd, samt att fler studier behövs på området. Personer som möter målgruppen regelbundet kan ha en djupgående förståelse för deras situation. Syftet med den aktuella studien var därför att, i en svensk kontext, undersöka professionella vid lärosäten och ideellt verksamma inom intresseorganisationer, och deras erfarenheter av att möta kvinnor med en adhd-diagnos, i arbetet. Närmare bestämt om deras perspektiv på livssituationen och samhälleliga föreställningar som omger den berörda gruppen. En kvalitativ intervjustudie genomfördes med åtta deltagare, som besvarade frågor rörande livssituationen i olika kontexter, samt de attityder som de anser att kvinnorna bemöts med. Empirin analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys, som sedan tolkades med hjälp av Goffmans teori om stigma samt den miljörelativa handikappmodellen. Studiens resultat visade att kvinnor med adhd möter flertalet utmaningar i såväl arbets- som familjeliv, samt att de ofta har negativa upplevelser av sin skolgång, utifrån exempelvis bristande anpassningar och omgivningens förväntningar på prestation. Vidare framkom att livssituationen påverkas av samhälleliga föreställningar, där personer med adhd som grupp förknippas med flertalet negativa etiketter. Det föreligger skepticism gentemot diagnosens symptom och dess giltighet, vilket kan resultera i att specifikt kvinnor undviker att berätta om sin diagnos. Kvinnor diagnostiseras dessutom vanligtvis senare i livet då de, i motsats till män, sällan motsvarar stereotypa adhd-symptom. Sett ur den miljörelativa modellen visade resultatet att det föreligger ett flertal utmanande hinder i omgivningen, särskilt för kvinnor med adhd. Med hjälp av Goffmans teori om stigma synliggörs dessutom hur de blir dubbelt stigmatiserade då de blir ifrågasatta för innehavandet av en diagnos, oavsett symptombild. Studien implicerar att det krävs vidare forskning om kvinnor med adhd och deras livsvillkor på skilda plan, vilket kan motverka både felaktiga föreställningar och bristande kunskap. / Research shows that there is an underrepresentation of women with adhd, and that more studies are required in the field. People who meet the target group regularly can have a deep understanding of their situation. The purpose of the current study was therefore to investigate the experiences of professionals at education institutions and employees at non-profit organizations, in their work with women with an adhd diagnosis, in a Swedish context. More precisely about their perspective on the life situation and societal attitudes that surround the affected group. A qualitative interview study was completed with eight participants, who answered questions regarding the life situation in different contexts, as well as the attitudes that women with adhd encounter. The interview data was analyzed through thematic analysis, which was then interpreted using Goffman's theory of stigma and the relational model of disability. The results of the study showed that women with adhd face numerous challenges in both work and family life, and that they often have negative experiences from their attendance at school, based on, for example, insufficient adaptions and the expectations of performance from the surroundings. Fruthermore, it emerged that the life sitatuon is affected by societal attitudes, where people with adhd as a group are associated with several negative labels. There is skepticism towards the symptoms and validity of the diagnosis which can result in, specifically, women avoiding sharing their diagnosis. Women are also usually diagnosed later in life as they, contrary to men, rarely correspond to stereotypical adhd symptoms. From the perspective of the relational model, the results showed that there are severeal challenging obstacles in the environment, especially for women with adhd. Usin Goffman's theory of stigma, it is shown how they are also doubly stigmatized since they are questioned for having a diagnosis, regardless of the way their symptoms are shown. The study implies that further research is requiered on women with adhd and their living conditions on various levels, which can counteract both misconceptions and a lack of knowledge.

Background: About 3% of new cancer cases affect young adults aged between 15 and 39 years. The young age, the increasing incidence and the relatively good prognosis of this population lead to the growing importance to investigate the psychosocial long-term and late effects. The aims of the AYA-LE long-term effects study are: first, to assess the temporal course and related factors of life satisfaction and psychological distress of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors; and second, to examine a specific topic in each of the yearly surveys in a more differentiated way. Methods: This study represents a continuation of the longitudinal AYA-LE study. The existing sample of AYA cancer patients (t1: N = 577; t2: N = 514; aged between 18 and 39 years at diagnosis; all major tumor entities) was extended by four further survey points (t3: 2018, t4: 2019, t5: 2020, t6: 2021). In addition, a comparison sample of young adults without cancer was collected. We measured longitudinal data for outcomes such as quality of life, psychological distress, and fatigue with standardized questionnaires. Furthermore, each survey point included a different cross-sectional topic (e.g., health behavior, occupational situation, and compliance). Discussion: The AYA-LE long-termeffects study will show the long-termconsequences of cancer in young adulthood. We expect at least complete data of 320 participants to be available after the sixth survey, which will be completed in 2021. This will provide a comprehensive and differentiated understanding of the life situation of young adults with cancer in Germany. The findings of our study enable a continuous improvement of the psychosocial care and specific survivorship programs for young cancer patients.

В выпускной квалификационной работе рассмотрено понятие семьи и основания, по которым семья может считаться как находящаяся в трудной жизненной ситуации, определены основные понятия и характеристики восстановительного подхода и обозначены нормативно-правовые основы его применения в социальных службах. Опыт применения и реализации медиативного (восстановительного) подхода в урегулировании семейных конфликтов в практической деятельности социальных служб был изучен на примере работы специалистов-медиаторов некоммерческой организации. В заключении сделан вывод о готовности специалистов к реализации медиативного подхода при работе с семейными конфликтами, а также о возможностях и ограничениях данного подхода. / The final qualifying work examines the concept of family and the grounds on which a family can be considered to be in a difficult life situation, defines the basic concepts and characteristics of the restorative approach and outlines the legal framework for its application in social services. The experience of applying and implementing the mediation (restorative) approach to resolving family conflicts in the practical activities of social services was studied using the example of the work of specialist mediators of a non-profit organization. In conclusion, a conclusion was drawn about the readiness of specialists to implement the mediation approach when working with family conflicts, as well as the possibilities and limitations of this approach.

Visstidsanställda inom bemanningsbranschen har en utsatt position på arbetsmarknaden på grund av att de riskerar att med kort varsel förlora sin anställning. Bemanningsbranschen är väletablerad i Sverige och många arbetare har någon gång haft en relation till ett bemanningsföretag genom att själva arbeta via dem, eller via vänner eller kollegor med erfarenhet av det. I studien undersöks frågan kring hur bemanningsanställda med visstidskontrakt upplever sin anställningstrygghet. Genom att undersöka bemanningsanställdas upplevda oro för framtiden, närvarande ledarskap, sysselsättningstrygghet, inkomsttrygghet och flexibilitet ger studien en bild av hur bemanningsanställda mår i sin anställning. Studien bygger på intervjuer med åtta bemanningsanställda som är visstidsanställda. Studiens resultat visade att visstidsanställdas livssituation och kontakt med sin chef på bemanningsföretaget har en stor betydelse för den upplevda anställningstryggheten. Dessutom upplevde de anställda att otryggheten kring anställningen bidrog till en viss oro inför framtiden. Studien kan bidra till en ökad förståelse för de faktorer som har betydelse för bemanningsanställdas upplevelse av sin anställningstrygghet. / Fixed-term employees in the staffing industry have a vulnerable position in the labour market, due to the risk of losing their employment with a short notice. The temporary agency industry is well established in Sweden and many workers have at some point had a relationship with a temporary agency company by working with them themselves or through friends or colleagues with experience of it. The study examines the question of how temporary agency employees with fixed-term contracts experience their job security. By examining temporary employees' perceived concerns about the future, present leadership, occupational security, financial security and flexibility, the study provides a picture of how temporary employees feel in their employment. The study is based on interviews with eight temporary agency employees with fixed-term contracts. The results of the study showed that the life situation of fixed-term employees and contact with their manager at the temporary agency company were of great importance for the perceived job security. In addition, the employees felt that the insecurity concerning their employment contributed to uncertainty concerning the future. The study can contribute to an increased understanding of the factors that are important for temporary agency workers experience of their job security.

Background: When a person has a pattern of psychoactive substance and/or alcohol use that is causing damage to health family members are affected. The quality of life of parents, siblings, children, partners and other relatives may be severely impaired. When young adults transition from child/youth to adult care it involves changes for the patients as well as for relatives. To be able to support relatives, deeper knowledge is needed about the way nurses perceive the situation of relatives. Aim: The aim is to investigate how nurses perceive the situation for relatives when a person is being treated in addiction care, as well as the consequences for relatives when patients are being transferred from children/youth care to adult care.  Method: This is a qualitative study with an inductive approach. Eight semi-structured interviews have been carried out with nurses working within addiction care. The collected data was analysed according to qualitative content analysis. Result: Data analysis resulted in the formulation of two categories, with two sub-categories in each. The first category describes relatives’ situation at transition from child/youth care to adult care with two sub-categories are lack of transparency and changed life situation. The second category describes relatives’ situation with constant worry when having a relative with pattern of psychoactive substance and/or alcohol use. This category formulated with sub-categories psychological burden and social burden. Discussions: The result is discussed in relation to Afaf Ibrahim Meleis’ transition theory and other relevant research. Transition theory provides support for changed life situation of relatives within addiction care, which may be important to know in order to develop nursing care. / Bakgrund: I samband med att en person har ett skadligt bruk av alkohol eller droger påverkas anhöriga. Livskvaliteten kan försämras allvarligt för såväl föräldrar, syskon, barn, partner som andra anhöriga. När unga vuxna byter vårdform och övergår till vuxenlivet sker förändringar för patienten men även deras anhöriga. För att stödja anhöriga till närstående som har ett skadligt bruk av alkohol eller droger behövs fördjupade kunskaper om hur sjuksköterskor uppfattar anhörigas situation. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur sjuksköterskor beskriver anhörigas situation när närstående vårdas i beroendevården samt vad som händer med anhöriga när närstående övergår från barn och ungdomsvård till vuxenvård. Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ studie med induktiv ansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med åtta sjuksköterskor verksamma inom beroendevården. Det insamlade datamaterialet analyserades enligt kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Dataanalysen resulterade i två kategorier med två underkategorier vardera. Den första kategorin är den som beskriver anhörigas situation vid övergång från barn och ungdomsvård till vuxenvård med underkategorier: bristande insyn och förändrad livssituation. Den andra kategorin beskriver anhörigas situation med ständig oro när man har en närstående med skadligt bruk av alkohol eller droger. Denna kategori formuleras i två underkategorier vilka var psykisk merbelastning och social merbelastning. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuteras utifrån Afaf Ibrahim Meleis transitionsteori samt annan relevant forskning. Transitionsteorin ger stöd för den förändrade livssituationen för anhöriga inom beroendevården, vilket kan vara viktigt att känna till för att utveckla omvårdnaden.

(in English): This thesis is focused on solving life situation of long-term unemployed people through further education. It's based on the current state of active employment policy and on the survey of particular adult education possibilities in the region of Hradec Králové. The actual survey will be made through questionnaires given to job seekers in the Hradec Králové region. The main objective is to answer the question: Which education forms are available to the unemployed dealing with their life situations. The thesis also aims to find out whether they are informed about these forms and whether they are interested in them. The theoretical part deals with general topics of unempoyment and adult education. The research part compiles the results of questionaires which are used to prove or disprove preset hypothesis and to make a conclusion described in the final part.

<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the quality of life and the social life situation, with special focus on the consequenses of fear of hypoglycemia (FoH), in Islet transplanted patients.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>11 patients were included, four women and seven men, who have been Islet tranplanted at Uppsala University Hospital during the years 2001-2009. Two questionaires, Short Form 36 (SF-36) and the Swedish version Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (Swe-HFS) were used to investigate the quality of life, in relation to fear of hypoglycemia. Also, telephone interviews were conducted to investigate the patients social life situation in relation to FoH, after Islet transplantation and were analysed using content analysis method.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The mean value for quality of life was lower than that in the normal population. Three out of ten patients experienced FoH. Three predominant themes were revealed, one theme associated with pre- transplant, was “Struggle for control of Social Life Situation” and two themes associated with post-transplant, were “Regain power and controll of  Social Life Situation” and “At Peace with the balance between the Present and the Future”.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The patients experienced improved control over social life situation and quality of life in relation to FoH may been improved following islet tranplantation.</p> / <p><strong>Syfte: </strong>Att undersöka ö-cellstransplanterade patienters livskvalitet och sociala livssituation med speciellt fokus på oro/rädsla för hypoglykemi.</p><p><strong>Metod</strong>: I studien inkluderades 11 patienter, fyra kvinnor och sju män, vilka genomgått ö-cellstransplantation vid Akademiska Sjukhuset i Uppsala under perioden 2001-2009. Två frågeformulär, Short Form 36 (SF-36) och den svenska versionen av Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (Swe-HFS) användes för att undersöka patienternas livskvalitet relaterat till oro/rädsla för hypoglykemi. Telefonintervjuer genomfördes för att undersöka patienternas sociala livssituation efter genomgången ö-cellstransplantation relaterat till oro/rädsla för hypoglykemi och analyserats med innehållsanalys.</p><p><strong>Resultat: </strong>Medelvärdet för hälsorelaterad livskvalitet var lägre jämfört med normalbefolkningen och tre av tio deltagare upplevde oro/rädsla för hypoglykemi. Tre övergripande teman med koppling till social livssituation identifierades, ett tema före genomgången ö-cellstransplantation, var ”Kampen om kontroll över social livssituation”, och två teman efter genomförd transplantation, var ”Återtagande av makt och kontroll över social livssituation” samt ”Tillfreds med balans mellan nuet och framtiden”.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Konklusion: </strong>Patienterna upplevde att kontrollen över den sociala livssituationen och livskvalitet i relation till oro/rädsla för hypoglykemi förbättrades efter genomgången ö-cellstransplantation.</p>