La prédiction de valeurs de tension interfaciale des fluides est capitale dans de nombreuses applications industrielles. Les techniques de simulation moléculaire et l’évolution rapide des moyens de calcul intensif permettent depuis quelques années de prédire des valeurs de tension interfaciale pour des systèmes complexes. Des travaux concernant des équilibres liquide / vapeur des corps purs SO2, O2, N2 et Ar montrent que les modèles choisi pour chaque molécule peuvent influencer la qualité des prédictions de tension interfaciale. Des simulations d’équilibres gaz acide / alcane de type CO2 / n-butane, CO2 / n-décane et H2S / n-pentane ont ensuite été réalisées. Elles ont mis en évidence l’efficacité des méthodes de simulation de type Monte Carlo pour la prédiction des tensions interfaciales pour de tels systèmes. L’étude de systèmes ternaires H2O / N2+CH4 et H2O / CO2+H2S a par ailleurs montré que le recourt à la dynamique moléculaire pouvait faciliter l’équilibration des systèmes simulés, rendant plus efficace la prédiction des tensions interfaciales. L’étude d’équilibres liquide / vapeur de saumures de chlorure de sodium a permis de mettre en évidence l’efficacité de certains potentiels non-polarisables pour la prédiction de l’évolution de la tension interfaciale avec la molarité de sel. Les modèles polarisables de type core-shell choisis ne permettent de prédire ni les masses volumiques, ni les tensions interfaciales. Enfin, l’étude d’équilibres eau / alcane en présence de sel ou de méthanol a montré que les méthodes de dynamique moléculaire permettaient de prédire quantitativement des valeurs de tension interfaciale pour ce type d’interface. L’effet de l’alcool abaissant la tension interfaciale a bien été observé, tout comme son placement préférentiel à l’interface. / The prediction of interfacial tension of fluids is critical for many industrial applications. Advances in molecular simulation, and the recent evolution of supercomputing calculations allow for some years to predict the values of interfacial tension for complex systems. A work involving liquid / vapor equilibrium of pure compounds SO2, O2, N2 and Ar show that the models used can impact the quality of the prediction. Simulations of acid gas / alkane equilibrium such CO2 / n-butane, CO2 / n-decane or H2S / n-pentane were then performed. They have demonstrated the performance of methods of Monte Carlo simulations for the reproduction of interfacial tensions for such system. The study of ternary systems H2O / N2+CH4 and H2O / CO2+H2S has also shown that using molecular dynamics could help the equilibration of the simulated systems. The study of liquid / vapor equilibrias of sodium chloride brines show that certain non-polarizable models perform very well to predict the changes in the interfacial tension with the molarity of salt. The core-shell polarizable models based on the Drude oscillator model chosen did not allow to predict brines densities and the interfacial tensions. Finally, the study of water / alkane equilibria in the presence of salt or methanol showed that the molecular dynamics methods allow to predict quantitatively interfacial tension values for this kinds of interfaces. The effect of alcohol lowering the interfacial tension has been observed : this small surfactant populate the interfacial region at weak concentration.

Depuis plusieurs décennies, une importante activité scientifique se concentre sur la description numérique, théorique ou expérimentale de l'hydrodynamique des écoulements multiphasiques. Ces écoulements sont caractérisés par l'existence d'interfaces, et d'une force à l'interface, la tension superficielle, séparant généralement deux fluides non miscibles. Un cas d'étude dans ce contexte est le problème du drainage d'une unique goutte dans une phase continue, l'ensemble étant soumis à la gravité. Ce système fait apparaître des écoulements récemment décrits pour une goutte d'eau dans l'huile de paraffine. Ce système constitue également un modèle simple pour l'étude des propriétés aux interfaces, Mais d'un point de vue numérique, se pose alors le problème de la stabilité des algorithmes pouvant être utilisés. Les effets aux interfaces impliquent en effet des domaines spatiaux très limités dans lesquels les grandeurs physiques entre les deux fluides sont discontinues. D'importants artéfacts numériques peuvent alors être générés dans les simulations et faire perdre la richesse de la physico-chimie du système considéré. Le problème de la simulation d'écoulements multiphasiques intéresse aussi bien le monde académique que le monde industriel. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est donc d'implémenter les techniques numériques les plus récentes et de développer un code pour permettre la simulation de l'hydrodynamique de systèmes dispersés. Pour parvenir à ce but, il reste encore des problèmes algorithmiques importants à résoudre comme la prise en compte des effets thermocapillaires et thermosolutaux. Ces deux derniers points sont l'objet de cette thèse. / For several decades, an important scientific activity has focused on the numerical, theoretical and experimental hydrodynamics of drops. This work presents numerical results of a single droplet in the gravity field and in non-isothermal conditions. The simulation such a multiphase system is important in both academic and industrial world. This is particularly the case in the field of emulsions, wetting problems and evaporation. To achieve this goal, there are still important algorithmic problems due to the free moving interfaces and the description of capillary effects. Here, a Volume of Fluid technique has been implemented with high order temporal and spatial schemes to preserve the sharpness of the drop interface. The system under consideration is a simplified model consisting in a single water droplet in a continuous paraffin oil phase. These liquids are immiscible and non-compressible and the overall evolution is unsteady. Capillary contributions such as temperature and surfactant dependent surface tension are fully accounted for. This presentation is aimed to show the capabilities of VOF techniques for the simulations of unsteady multiphase systems in non-isothermal configurations. The role of the droplet initial position and temperature field is described with good numerical stability. There are still important problems remaining in the simulation of free interface systems with such a technique. Spurious currents induced by the description of capillarity can in particular come into play. But these latter can be controlled once the droplet average velocity due to drainage becomes large enough.

Ce travail porte sur la contribution à la modélisation thermodynamique d'un atelier de purification d'acide acrylique. Après l'identification des principaux produits intervenant dans l'étape de purification et la collecte de leurs propriétés thermodynamiques disponibles dans la littérature, nous avons effectué une série de mesures expérimentales pour un ensemble de mélanges contenant des acides carboxyliques (en particulier : diagrammes d'équilibres liquide-liquide et équilibres liquide-vapeur, enthalpies d'excès et volumes d'excès). L'ensemble des données (nos mesures et les valeurs de la littérature) a été exploité selon deux approches de modélisation des équilibres liquide-vapeur : une approche symétrique (φ-φ) appliquée aux équations d'état de Peng-Robinson (P-R) et de PC-SAFT et une approche dissymétrique (γ-φ) appliquée aux modèles de coefficients d'activité en phase liquide NRTL, UNIQUAC et Van Laar associés à diverses équations d'état en phase vapeur (gaz parfait, Viriel, Hayden et O'Connell et Nothnagel). Nous avons finalement retenu le modèle UNIQUAC associé à la corrélation de Hayden et O'Connell en phase vapeur. Des nouveaux paramètres d'interaction ont été déterminés et conduisent à des résultats homogènes et satisfaisants en comparaison avec nos mesures expérimentales et aux données de la littérature. Ils permettent également de décrire convenablement les diagrammes d'équilibres liquide-vapeur et les volatilités relatives des mélanges étudiés / This work focuses on the contribution in the thermodynamic modeling of an acrylic acid purification unit. After identifying the main products involved in the purification step and collecting their thermodynamic properties available in the literature, we conducted a series of experimental measurements for a range of mixtures containing carboxylic acids(mainly liquid-liquid equilibrium and vapor-liquid equilibrium diagrams, excess enthalpies and excess volumes).The data set-our measurements and literature values-was used according to two approaches for modeling vapor-liquid equilibrium: a symmetric approach(φ-φ) applied to the equations of state Peng-Robinson (P-R) and PC-SAFT and an asymmetrical approach (γ-φ) applied to the models of activity coefficients in the liquid phase NRTL, UNIQUAC and Van Laar associated with various equations of state in the vapor phase(ideal gas, Viriel, Hayden O'Connell and Nothnagel). We have finally chosen the UNIQUAC thermodynamic model associated with the correlation of Hayden O'Connell in vapor phase. New binary parameters were determined and led to consistent and satisfactory results in comparison with our experimental measurements and literature data. These parameters can also be used to adequately describe the diagrams of vapor-liquid equilibrium and the relative volatilities of the mixtures studied

La phosphorylation des protéines constitue l’une des plus importantes modifications post-traductionnelles (PTMs) et intervient dans de multiples processus physiologiques tels, la croissance, la différenciation cellulaire, l’apoptose, etc. En dépit de son importance, l’analyse des phosphoprotéines demeure une tâche difficile en raison de leur nature dynamique (car la phosphorylation des protéines est un processus réversible) et de leur faible abondance relative. En effet, la détermination des sites de phosphorylation est souvent difficile car les phosphopeptides sont souvent difficiles à détecter par des méthodes d’analyse chromatographique classique et par spectrométrie de masse (MS). De récentes études ont démontré que les nombreuses méthodes d’enrichissement de phosphopeptides existantes ne sont pas complètes, et que le nombre total de phosphopeptides détectés ne chevauchent pas complètement ces méthodes. C’est pour cela qu’il existe une nécessité de combler les lacunes des méthodes d’enrichissement existantes afin d’avoir des analyses phosphoprotéomiques plus complètes. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé les liquides ioniques (LI), plus particulièrement les sels d’imidazolium, comme une technique d’enrichissement alternative, dans le but de favoriser une extraction sélective de phosphopeptides présents en solution. Les sels d’imidazolium ont donc été utilisés en raison de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques "facilement" ajustables selon la nature des substituants sur le noyau imidazolium et la nature de l’anion. Les sels de monoimidazolium et de bis-imidazolium possédant respectivement des chaînes linéaires à 4, 12 et 16 atomes de carbone et ayant différents anions ont été synthétisés et utilisés pour effectuer des extractions liquide-liquide et solide-liquide des phosphopeptides en solution. Dans un premier temps, des extractions liquide-liquide ont été réalisées en utilisant un liquide ionique (LI) ayant une chaine linéaire de 4 atomes de carbone. Ces extractions réalisées avec le bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide de 3-butyl-1-methylimidazolium (BMIM-NTf2) et l’hexafluorophosphate de 3-butyl-1-methylimidazolium (BMIM-PF6) n’ont pas montré une extraction notable du PPS comparativement au PN. Dans un deuxième temps, des extractions solide-liquide ont été réalisées en fonctionnalisant des particules solides avec des sels d’imidazolium possédant des chaines linéaires de 12 ou 16 atomes de carbone. Ces extractions ont été faites en utilisant un phosphopentapeptide Ac-Ile-pTyr-Gly-Glu-Phe-NH2 (PPS) en présence de 2 analogues acides non-phosphorylés. Il a été démontré que les sels d’imidazolium à chaine C12 étaient meilleurs pour extraire le PPS que les deux autres peptides PN (Ac-Ile-Tyr-Gly-Glu-Phe-NH2) et PE (Ac-Glu-Tyr-Gly-Glu-Phe-NH2) L’électrophorèse capillaire (CE) et la chromatographie liquide à haute performance couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (LC-MS) ont été utilisées pour quantifier le mélange des trois peptides avant et après extraction ; dans le but de mesurer la sélectivité et l’efficacité d’extraction de ces peptides par rapport à la composition chimique du liquide ionique utilisé. / Protein phosphorylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications because it is involved in multiple physiological processes such as growth, differentiation, apoptosis, etc. Despite its importance, the analysis of phosphoproteins remains a difficult task due to their dynamic nature (phosphorylation of proteins is a reversible process) and their low abundance. Indeed, the determination of phosphorylation sites is difficult because phosphopeptides are often difficult to detect by conventional chromatographic analysis and by mass spectrometric (MS) methods. Recent studies have shown that the existing methods of enrichment of phosphopeptides are not complete, and the total number of phosphopeptides detected does not overlap completely with those detected by these methods. The gaps in existing enrichment methods need to be filled in order to have more complete phosphoproteomic analyses. In the current study, ionic liquids (IL), specifically imidazolium salts, have been used in an alternative enrichment technique with potential for selective extraction of phosphopeptides from solution. Imidazolium salts were chosen because their physicochemical properties are readily adjustable depending on the nature of the substituent attached to the imidazolium core and the counter-anion. Monoimidazolium and bis-imidazolium salts with linear chains having respectively 4, 12, and 16 carbon atoms and with different anions were synthesized and used to carry out liquid-liquid and solid-liquid extractions of a phosphorylated peptide from a solution. At first, liquid-liquid extractions were carried out using an ionic liquid (IL) with a linear chain of 4 carbon atoms. These extractions performed with bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide 3-butyl-1-methylimidazolium (BMIM-NTf2) and hexafluorophosphate 3-butyl-1-methylimidazolium (BMIM-PF6) did not show a considerable extraction of PPS comparatively to the PN. Secondly, solid-liquid extractions were done by first functionalizing solid-phase particles with the imidazolium salts. The extractions were carried out using the phosphopentapeptide Ac-pTyr-Ile-Gly-Glu-Phe-NH2 (PPS) and its acidic non-phosphorylated analogues. It has been shown that the C12 chain imidazolium salts were better to extract PPS than the other two peptides PN (Ac-Ile-Tyr-Gly-Glu-Phe-NH2) and PE (Ac-Glu-Tyr-Gly-Glu-Phe-NH2). The extraction efficiency of these peptides was estimated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

In this work, the solubility of butyl paraben in 7 pure solvents and in 5 different ethanol-water mixtures has been determined from 1 ˚C to 50 ˚C. The solubility of ethyl paraben and propyl paraben in various solvents has been determined at 10 ˚C. The molar solubility of butyl paraben in pure solvents and its thermodynamic properties, measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, have been used to estimate the activity of the pure solid phase, and solution activity coefficients. More than 5000 nucleation experiments of ethyl paraben, propyl paraben and butyl paraben in ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, ethanol, propanol and 70%, 90% ethanol aqueous solution have been performed. The induction time of each paraben has been determined at three different supersaturation levels in various solvents. The wide variation in induction time reveals the stochastic nature of nucleation. The solid-liquid interfacial energy, free energy of nucleation, nuclei critical radius and pre-exponential factor of parabens in these solvents have been determined according to the classical nucleation theory, and different methods of evaluation are compared. The interfacial energy of parabens in these solvents tends to increase with decreasing mole fraction solubility but the correlation is not very strong. The influence of solvent on nucleation of each paraben and nucleation behavior of parabens in each solvent is discussed. There is a trend in the data that the higher the boiling point of the solvent and the higher the melting point of the solute, the more difficult is the nucleation. This observation is paralleled by the fact that a metastable polymorph has a lower interfacial energy than the stable form, and that a solid compound with a higher melting point appears to have a higher solid-melt and solid-aqueous solution interfacial energy. It has been found that when a paraben is added to aqueous solutions with a certain proportion of ethanol, the solution separates into two immiscible liquid phases in equilibrium. The top layer is water-rich and the bottom layer is paraben-rich. The area in the ternary phase diagram of the liquid-liquid-phase separation region increases with increasing temperature. The area of the liquid-liquid-phase separation region decreases from butyl paraben, propyl paraben to ethyl paraben at the constant temperature. Cooling crystallization of solutions of different proportions of butyl paraben, water and ethanol have been carried out and recorded using the Focused Beam Reflectance Method, Particle Vision and Measurement, and in-situ Infrared Spectroscopy. The FBRM and IR curves and the PVM photos track the appearance of liquid-liquid phase separation and crystallization. The results suggest that the liquid-liquid phase separation has a negative influence on the crystal size distribution. The work illustrates how Process Analytical Technology (PAT) can be used to increase the understanding of complex crystallizations. By cooling crystallization of butyl paraben under conditions of liquid-liquid-phase separation, crystals consisting of a porous layer in between two solid layers have been produced. The outer layers are transparent and compact while the middle layer is full of pores. The thickness of the porous layer can reach more than half of the whole crystal. These sandwich crystals contain only one polymorph as determined by Confocal Raman Microscopy and single crystal X-Ray Diffraction. However, the middle layer material melts at lower temperature than outer layer material. / <p>QC 20130515</p> / investigate nucleation and crystallization of drug-like organic molecules

Submitted by MICHAEL PÉREZ RODRÍGUEZ null (michaelpr@iq.unesp.br) on 2016-09-16T20:43:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE MICHAEL VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 4495815 bytes, checksum: 5d4a4f8ffcd143bb08ad336b289fe7ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-22T14:44:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 perezrodriguez_m_dr_araiq_par.pdf: 1340231 bytes, checksum: 9e639833f42ff1e6fc87e7f9f965f8fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-22T14:44:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 perezrodriguez_m_dr_araiq_par.pdf: 1340231 bytes, checksum: 9e639833f42ff1e6fc87e7f9f965f8fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação (PROPG UNESP) / Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos ambientalmente mais amigáveis utilizando sistemas de screening e procedimentos de análise por injeção em fluxo para a detecção e quantificação de antibióticos, da classe das tetraciclinas, em amostras de medicamentos veterinários e alimentos de origem animal como leite bovino e suplementos de ovos. Os métodos desenvolvidos foram baseados na reação de acoplamento diazo obtida entre as tetraciclinas e o ácido p-sulfanílico diazotado em meio básico, resultando na formação de azo compostos com máximos de absorção em torno de 435 nm, permitindo determinar esses antibióticos por espectrofotometria. As condições analíticas foram otimizadas através de análise multivariada utilizando planejamentos experimentais fatoriais e o desempenho dos métodos propostos foi avaliado através de parâmetros como linearidade, efeito matriz, precisão, exatidão, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação, recuperação e estudo de interferências. O primeiro trabalho desenvolvido fez uso de um procedimento de injeção em fluxo contínuo para a rápida determinação de tetraciclinas em formulações veterinárias comerciais, visando maior eficiência no controle de qualidade na indústria farmacêutica. Na sequência, foi desenvolvido um método de screening mediante análise por injeção em fluxo empregando uma cela capilar de longo caminho óptico (LWCC) para a detecção de resíduos de tetraciclinas em amostras de leite bovino, sem a necessidade de passos de extração dispendiosos e demorados ou complicados tratamentos de amostras. Finalmente, um novo método de microextração líquido-líquido dispersiva assistida por ultrassom (US-DLLME) foi desenvolvido para a simples, rápida e eficiente extração de resíduos de tetraciclinas a partir de amostras de suplemento de ovos e, posterior análise por injeção em fluxo baseada em uma cela capilar de longo caminho óptico (LWCC), empregando um banho de aquecimento com controle de temperatura. Os métodos descritos apresentaram importantes características como simplicidade operacional, possibilidade de automação, rapidez e baixo custo das análises. Além disso, estes métodos seguiram os princípios da química verde, de modo que permitiram realizar determinações ambientalmente mais limpas, através da redução considerável do consumo de reagentes e amostras, evitando ou minimizando o emprego de solventes tóxicos. Também, os métodos desenvolvidos para a análise de resíduos mostraram excelente desempenho para aplicação no controle de qualidade dos produtos alimentares estudados na indústria alimentícia, a fim de proteger os consumidores. / This work describes the development of environmentally friendly analytical methods using screening systems and flow injection procedures for detection and quantification of tetracycline antibiotics in veterinary pharmaceuticals and animal-derived foods such as bovine milk and egg-based protein supplements. The developed methods were based on the diazo coupling reaction between the tetracyclines and diazotized p-sulfanilic acid in basic medium, resulting in the formation of azo compounds that present maximum absorption around 435 nm, which allows determining these antibiotics by spectrophotometry. The analytical conditions were optimized by means of multivariate analysis using factorial experimental designs. Performance of the proposed methods was assessed through parameters such as linearity, selectivity, precision, accuracy, detection limit, quantification limit, matrix effect and recovery. The first developed work used a continuous flow injection procedure for the rapid determination of tetracyclines in commercial veterinary formulations, aiming greater efficiency in quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. Thereafter, it was developed a screening method by flow injection analysis using a liquid waveguide capillary cell (LWCC) for detecting tetracyclines residues in bovine milk samples, without the need for expensive extraction steps that are time-consuming or complicated sample treatments. Finally, a new ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (US-DLLME) method was developed for simple, rapid, and efficient extraction of tetracyclines residues from egg supplement samples, followed by flow injection analysis based on a liquid waveguide capillary cell (LWCC), using a controlled temperature heating bath. The described methods presented important features such as operational simplicity, possibility of automation, quickness and low cost of the analysis. Furthermore, these methods followed the principles of green chemistry, making possible to perform environmentally cleaner determinations, due to the considerable reduction of reagents and samples consumption, avoiding or minimizing the use of toxic solvents. Besides, the methods developed for residues analysis showed excellent performance for application in the food industry for quality control of the studied food products in order to protect consumers.

De nos jours, remplacer les solvants organiques utilisés traditionnellement dans l'industrie chimique par une nouvelle génération de solvants moins toxique, moins inflammable et moins polluante est un défi considérable. Les liquides ioniques, sels liquides qui satisfont ces critères, sont envisagés comme alternatives. Le but de ce travail est d'étudier le comportement des liquides ioniques en présence de composés organiques ou de gaz afin d'établir leur domaine d'applications dans le génie des procédés.Dans un premier temps, une étude chromatographique présente les interactions entre composés organiques et les liquides ioniques. Les données de rétention ont permis d'estimer la sélectivité à dilution infinie de plusieurs liquides ioniques pour différents problèmes de séparation. Un modèle de solvatation <<GC-LSER>> a été développé afin de prédire les coefficients de partage de solutés dans des liquides ioniques classiques et fonctionnalisés. Ensuite, l'étude des équilibres liquide-liquide de systèmes ternaires ont permis d'évaluer l'efficacité de trois liquides ioniques pour trois problèmes de séparation fréquemment rencontrés dans l'industrie chimique (extraction des composés aromatiques, du thiophène ou des alcools linéaires). Les valeurs des sélectivités et des coefficients de distribution élevées indiquent que les liquides ioniques étudiés peuvent remplacer les solvants traditionnels. Enfin, les performances des liquides ioniques pour la capture des gaz à effet de serre sont évaluées grâce à des mesures de solubilités du dioxyde de carbone et du protoxyde d'azote dans les liquides ioniques sous hautes pressions. Les données expérimentales ont été utilisées afin d'étendre le modèle PPR78 (Predictive 1978, Peng-Robinson equation of state) aux systèmes {CO2+ liquide ionique} / Nowadays, replacement of conventional organic solvents by a new generation of solvents less toxic, less flammable and less polluting is a major challenge for the chemical industry. Ionic liquids have been widely promoted as interesting substitutes for traditional solvents. The aim of this work is to study the behavior of ionic liquids with organic compounds or gases in order to determine their range of applications in process engineering.First, interactions between organic compounds and ionic liquids are studied using inverse gas chromatography. The activity coefficients at infinite dilution are used to calculate capacity and selectivity of different ionic liquids for different separation problems. A solvation model <<GC-LSER>> is proposed in order to estimate the gas-to-ionic liquid partition coefficients in alkyl or functionalized ionic liquids. Then, liquid-liquid equilibria measurements of ternary systems were carried out in order to evaluate the efficiency of three ionic liquids for three separation problems frequently encountered in chemical industry (extraction of aromatic compounds, thiophene or linear alcohols). The high values of distribution coefficients and selectivities indicate that the investigated ionic liquids could replace the traditional solvents. Finally, the performance of ionic liquids for greenhouse gases capture was examinated through solubility measurements of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in ionic liquids at high pressure. The experimental data is used in order to extend the model PPR78 (Predictive 1978, Peng-Robinson equation of state) to systems containing {CO2+ ionic liquid}

<p>  </p> <p>In the pharmaceutical industry, special care must be taken by companies to guarantee high quality medications that are free from byproducts and impurities. The development process involves various considerations including solvent selection, solubility screening, unit operation selection, environmental, and health impact evaluations. Traditionally, pharmaceutical manufacturing consisted of large, centralized facilities to meet pharmaceutical demands; however, there has been a recent shift toward distributed manufacturing. With distributed manufacturing platforms, rapidly changing supply chain needs can be met regionally in addition to supplying small-volume medications and personalized medicines to hospitals and pharmacies. To produce quality pharmaceuticals, distributed manufacturing platforms should integrate digital design, novel unit operations, and process analytical technology (PAT) tools for quality monitoring and control. In this dissertation, a process design and development framework is proposed and implemented for a small-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing platform: MiniPharm.</p> <p>Various approaches to process design are detailed in this dissertation, which include heuristic-based and digital or simulation-based design. For heuristic-based design, the knowledge of the researchers was utilized to provide unit operation evaluation and screening of process alternatives. In cases when unit operations were highly complex, digital or simulation-based design was utilized to conduct sensitivity analyses and simulation-based design of experiments. With the implementation of simulation-based design, material and time needs were reduced while gaining knowledge about the system. The integration of various unit operations comes with increased understanding of start-up dynamics and operational constraints. What was found to be the most successful approach was the combination of heuristics and digital design to combine researcher knowledge and experience with the information gained from process modeling and simulation to create process alternatives that utilized system dynamics to reach desired process outcomes. </p> <p>Additionally, MiniPharm was used for process model development at the small-scale. Various software packages have been made commercially available that focus on production scale; however, models for small-scale operations are not typically implemented in these packages. Models for unit operations were fit with collected experimental data to estimate model parameters for small-scale synthesis, liquid-liquid extraction, and crystallization unit operations. The models were implemented to better capture the heat and mass transfer of the milli-fluidic scale platform, which consist of unit operations housed within microchannels. MATLAB was utilized for estimation of parameters such as kinetic rate constants and overall mass transfer coefficients. These parameters were used for design space determination and process disturbance simulation. The exploration of the impact of various process parameters on quality attributes helps researchers gain a deeper understanding about the manufacturing process and helps to demonstrate how to control the process. </p> <p>An important aspect of MiniPharm is the process development progress that has been demonstrated. With the construction of a modular and reconfigurable platform, various process alternatives can now be experimentally validated. The integration of unit operations operated at a decreased scale makes MiniPharm an example of process intensification. The implementation of integrated unit operations decreases handling time of intermediates and reduces the overall footprint for manufacturing. Designed to allow for increased flexibility of operation, perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA) tubing was used for synthesis and purification. With PFA tubing clean in place procedures can be implemented using continuous solvent flow or the low cost, PFA tubing can be replaced. The modular nature of the platform also allows for the investigation of individual unit operations for performance evaluation. </p> <p>Finally, a novel continuous solvent switch distillation unit operation was designed and constructed along with customized reactor and crystallizers for process alternative screening for the synthesis and purification of two compounds: Diphenhydramine hydrochloride and Lomustine. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride is a low-value, high volume allergy medication commonly found in Benadryl and Lomustine is a high-value, low volume cancer medication used to treat glioblastoma and Hodgkin Lymphoma. The production of the compounds demonstrated the flexibility of the manufacturing platform to produce both a generic and a specialty medication. A versatile platform is needed for distributed manufacturing because of quickly changing supply chain needs. Overall, this dissertation successfully demonstrates the process design, development, and simulation for small-scale manufacturing.</p>

The distribution and potential sources of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils and Digitaria eriantha in the vicinity of three South African coal-fired power plants, Matla, Lethabo and Rooiwal were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. An ultrasonic assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) method was developed for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in soil, followed by determination using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The study showed that an extraction protocol based on acetonitrile as dispersive solvent and C2H2Cl2 as extracting solvent, gave extraction efficiencies comparable to conventional soxhlet extraction for soil samples. The extraction time using ultrasonication and the volume of the extraction solvent was also investigated. Using a certified reference material soil (CRM), the extraction efficiency of UA-DLLME ranged from 64 to 86% in comparison with the Soxhlet result of 73 to 95%. In comparison with the real sample, the CRM result did not show a significant difference at 95% C.I. The UA-DLLME proved to be a convenient, rapid, cost-effective and greener sample preparation approach for the determination of PAHs in soil samples. PAH compound ratios such as phenanthrene/phenanthrene + anthracene (Phen/ Phen + Anth) were used to provide a reliable estimation of emission sources. The total PAH concentration in the soils around three power plants ranged from 9.73 to 61.24 μg g−1, a range above the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry levels of 1.0 μg g−1 for a significantly contaminated site. Calculated values of the Phen/Phen + Anth ratio were 0.48±0.08, 0.44±0.05, and 0.38+0.04 for Matla, Lethabo and Rooiwal, respectively. The flouranthene/fluoranthene + pyrene (Flan/ Flan + Pyr) levels were found to be 0.49±0.03 for Matla, 0.44±0.05 for Lethabo, and 0.53±0.08 for Rooiwal. Such values indicate a xx pyrolytic source of PAHs. Higher molecular weight PAHs (five to six rings) were predominant, suggesting coal combustion sources. The carcinogenic potency B[a]P equivalent concentration (B[a] Peq) at the three power plants ranged from 3.61 to 25.25, indicating a high carcinogenic burden. The highest (B[a] Peq) was found in samples collected around Matla power station. It can, therefore, be concluded that the soils were contaminated with PAHs originating from coal-fired power stations. Nine metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr and Zn) were analysed in soil and the Digitaria eriantha plant around three coal power plants (Matla, Lethabo and Rooiwal), using ICP-OES and GFAAS. The total metal concentration in soil ranged from 0.05 ± 0.02 to 1835.70 ± 70 μg g-1, 0.08 ± 0.05 to 1743.90 ± 29 μg g-1 and 0.07 ± 0.04 to 1735.20 ± 91 μg g-1 at Matla, Lethabo and Rooiwal respectively. The total metal concentration in the plant (Digitaria eriantha) ranged from 0.005 ± 0.003 to 534.87 ± 43 μg g-1 at Matla, 0.002 ± 0.001 to 400.49 ± 269 μg g-1 at Lethabo and 0.002 ± 0.001 to 426.91 ± 201 μg g-1 at Rooiwal. The accumulation factor (A) of less than 1 (i.e. 0.003 to 0.37) at power plants indicates a low transfer of metal from soil to plant (excluder). The enrichment factor values obtained (2.4 – 5) indicate that the soils are moderately enriched, with the exception of Pb that had significant enrichment of 20. The Geo-accumulation Index values of metals indicate that the soils are moderately polluted (0.005 – 0.65), except for Pb that showed moderate to strong pollution (1.74 – 2.53). / Chemistry / D. Phil. (Chemistry)

Ziel der Untersuchungen war die Charakterisierung der Protonierungs-, Komplexbildungs- und Verteilungseigenschaften von tripodalen Azaliganden unter Anwendung thermodynamischer und spektroskopischer Verfahren. Im Vordergrund stand dabei der Einfluß des Lösungsmittels auf die zugrundeliegenden Gleichgewichte. Ausgehend von dem Aminopodanden Tris(2-aminoethylamin) (tren) wurden für eine Reihe abgeleiteter Verbindungen mit unterschiedlichen Stickstoffdonorfunktionen und Substituenten Faktoren untersucht, welche die beteiligten Gleichgewichte beeinflussen. Das Protonierungsverhalten der Polyaminverbindungen ist im starken Maße von elektrostatischen, elektronischen und Solvenseinflüssen abhängig, welche durch den Abstand der benachbarten Aminfunktionen, die Substitution am Aminstickstoffatom und die sterischen Eigenschaften der Substituenten bestimmt werden. Faktoren, welche die Solvatation der Aminfunktionen verringern, führen zu einer Verringerung der Protonierungskonstanten. Zudem beeinflussen die Zusammensetzung der verwendeten Methanol-Wasser-Gemische sowie das verwendete Leitsalz die Protonierungskonstanten z.T. deutlich. Die Komplexbildung der untersuchten Azapodanden mit Ag+ in Methanol zeigt Unterschiede, welche hauptsächlich auf die unterschiedliche Basizität von Imin- bzw. Aminstickstoffatomen sowie Substituenteneffekte zurückzuführen sind. Von sterisch aufwendigen Substituenten an den Donorfunktionen der Podandarme können zudem destabilisiernde Effekte infolge der Beeinflussung der Koordinationsgeometrie von Ag+ ausgehen. Heteroditope Tetraazacryptanden zeigen gegenüber abgeleiteten offenkettigen Podanden erhöhte Stabilitätskonstanten, wobei auch die Verknüpfungsposition der tripodalen Einheiten am Phenylspacer und die Bindung von Wasser im Käfighohlraum eine Rolle spielen. Lösungsmittelpolarität und Gegenion haben einen deutlichen Einfluß auf die Komplexbildung mit Ag+. Der Schwerpunkt von Untersuchungen an Zweiphasensystemenen wäßrig-organisch lag auf dem Übergang von Wasser in die organische Phase unter dem Einfluß von extrahierten Spezies bei der Kationen- und Anionenextraktion. Mit der Verteilung von Liganden und Kationen- bzw. Anionenkomplexen lassen sich Änderungen des Wassersättigungsgehaltes in der niedrigpolaren organischen Phase registrieren, die mit der unterschiedlichen Hydratation der Spezies korrelieren. Qualitativ wurde die Hydratation von Azapodanden mittels IR- und 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie nachgewiesen, wobei auch Hinweise auf bestimmte, die Hydratation verringernde Faktoren, wie intramolekulare Wasserstoffbrücken, erhalten wurden. Quantitativ konnten mittels Karl-Fischer-Titration und Verteilungsmessungen Hydratationszahlen für ausgewählte Ligansysteme bestimmt werden. Extrahierte Komplexe der Verbindungen mit Ag+, Co2+, Ni2+ und Zn2+ zeigen eine gegenüber den freien Komplexbildnern veränderte Hydratation. Bei Ag+ kann in allen Fällen von einer deutlichen Verringerung der Hydratationszahlen ausgegangen werden. Für die zweifachgeladenen Kationen konnte kein klarer Nachweis erbracht werden. Es ergeben sich aber Hinweise, wonach zum Teil keine Verringerung auftritt, was auf eine zusätzliche Koordinationsstellen von Wasser am Kation hinweist. Bei der Iodidextraktion treten bei gleichzeitiger pH-Abhängigkeit mehrere Komplexspezies auf, was die Bestimmung von Hydratationszahlen erschwert. Als hilfreich erwies sich die Simulation für verschiedene mögliche Zusammensetzungen. Dabei stellte sich heraus, daß der 1:1-Komplex des untersuchten monoprotonierten Aminopodanden in Chloroform wahrscheinlich stärker hydratisiert ist als der freie Ligand, während die entsprechende 1:2-Spezies (Ligand:Iodid) eine ähnliche oder schwächere Hydratation aufweist als der Ligand.