My thesis has a didactic character. It consists of two parts - theoretical and practical. The theoretical part deals with Sedlčany region, the landscape of Central Vltava valley, its natural beauty and historical and cultural sights. This section also focuses on presentation of the folk traditions in the course of the year. The year in my thesis is divided into autumn, winter and spring seasons. In autumn, my work deals with St. Martin festival, which was almost forgotten but recently the topic of this festival has been returning to elementary school education. Christmas is the most popular in winter and in spring my work is focused mainly on Easter. The practical part consists of a project day and two sets of lesson plans concerning St. Martin festival and Christmas. The one-day project day combines interrelationships among subjects and cross-curricular topics. The practical part also includes worksheets that were used during the project day at our elementary school. Civic studies teachers can use the worksheets when preparing their lessons.

The author of the diploma work Parish and dean library in Velké Meziříčí. A list of manuscripts and old prints aimed to organize a part of the book collection and to present one of the forgotten church libraries in Moravia. The introduction presents shortly individual parts of the work with the criticism of used sources and literature, then four chapters succeed and the conclusion that evaluates the defined targets. The first chapter tells the historical story of the parish of Velké Meziříčí from the beginnings to the present days in the context of history of the same domain. The second chapter deals briefly with the history of church libraries in Moravia focusing on the parish libraries. The history of book culture in the parish and history of the parish and dean library itself are the topics of the third chapter. In the last fourth chapter the list of manuscripts and old prints is analysed in terms of language, time, place, topic, edition, palaeography, art and provenance. The final conclusion is followed by the list of used abbreviations, the list of used sources and literature and the supplements that include not only tables, graphs and photographs but also an extensive list of manuscripts and old prints with the commentary itself.

Este estudo teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta para avaliar estruturas físicas, leiaute e materiais de construção de cozinhas industriais. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, diversas legislações sanitárias e documentos técnicos foram avaliados, a fim de identificar itens pertinentes à construção da ferramenta. Com base nisso, foram elaboradas 196 perguntas, divididas em 24 itens, as quais compuseram a ferramenta de avaliação de estruturas (check-list). O check-list foi encaminhado para especialistas da área de segurança de alimentos, para que estes verificassem a adequação das perguntas e conferissem pesos para cada uma delas, conforme a possibilidade na contaminação e o impacto na segurança dos alimentos. O peso 1 (um) foi atribuído aos itens da estrutura física das cozinhas, que poderiam causar impacto na segurança de alimentos, porém que dificilmente resultariam em contaminação dos alimentos ou causariam surtos alimentares, como, por exemplo, as áreas externas, portas externas e fechamento automático de portas de sanitários. O peso 2 (dois) foi atribuído às perguntas sobre a estrutura física da cozinha que poderiam causar contaminação indireta nos alimentos, exemplos: portas internas ajustadas aos pisos e batentes, caixas de gordura e de esgoto compatíveis ao volume de resíduos, entre outros. O peso 4 (quatro) foi atribuído às questões sobre a estrutura física das cozinhas que poderiam causar contaminação direta aos alimentos, como, por exemplo, estrutura dos telhados e tetos, áreas de produção com fluxo linear, entre outras Após a revisão do check-list, foram retiradas as perguntas que não foram consideradas pertinentes ao setor de alimentação e então foi calculado um peso médio para cada pergunta, tendo como base os pesos atribuídos por cada avaliador. A versão final do check-list resultou em 23 itens, compostos por 126 perguntas. Na segunda etapa do trabalho, foi realizada a utilização prática do check-list com o objetivo de testar a aplicação da ferramenta de avaliação e identificar os problemas mais frequentes na construção civil de cozinhas industriais. Para tanto, as cozinhas industriais existentes na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre/RS (RMPA) foram consideradas e identificadas como o universo da pesquisa, possibilitando a visita a um número significativo de cozinhas industriais. O número de cozinhas identificado na RMPA foi de 248 unidades, das quais 52 foram visitadas. Para avaliar cada unidade visitada com relação à adequação sanitária de suas instalações, foi elaborado o Índice Sanitário de Edificações (ISE). O ISE é uma média harmônica ponderada dos itens aplicáveis, a qual leva em consideração os pesos conferidos a cada pergunta e se o item foi conforme ou não. As respostas do check-list foram analisadas no Microsoft Excel 2010 e a análise estatística foi realizada no programa IBM® SPSS® STATISTICS versão 18.0, adotando o nível de significância de 5% As principais não conformidades observadas foram infiltrações, goteiras, tubulações sem capacidade para vazão adequada, pias e sifões entupidos, pouca quantidade de ralos, caimento dos pisos, caixa de gordura, pouca luminosidade, ventilação e conforto térmico. Do total de unidades avaliadas, 1 (2%) apresentou índice de adequação excelente, 14 (27%) índice de adequação bom, 32 (61%) índice de adequação médio e 5 (10%) índice de adequação ruim. Além do índice de adequação ao check-list, foi calculado um índice de adequação aos itens requeridos por legislação. O volume de empresas que apresentaram índices entre os níveis de adequação excelente e bom aumentou quando comparado ao índice de adequação ao chek-list, passando para 4 (8%) com índice excelente, 27 (51%) com índice bom, 20 (39%) com índice médio e 1 (2%) com índice ruim. Os resultados indicam que as cozinhas industriais apresentaram inadequações em suas instalações, já que em sua maioria apresentaram índices medianos ou inferiores de adequação aos itens da legislação e ao ISE. Cozinhas com estas falhas nas instalações podem ter prejudicadas suas condições higiênico- sanitárias do processo, trazendo riscos potenciais para a produção de alimentos. Com a identificação dos problemas nas edificações e leiutes, pôde- se indicar soluções para contribuir na gestão de segurança dos alimentos em serviços de alimentação, prevenindo a contaminação de alimentos. / This study aimed to develop a tool to evaluate physical structures, layout and materials of industrial kitchens. In the first stage of the work, several sanitary legislations and technical documents were evaluated in order to identify items pertinent to the construction of the tool. Based on this, check-list tool were elaborated containing196 questions, divided into 24 items. The checklist was assessed to food safety experts to verify the appropriateness of the questions and to check weights for each one, depending on the possibility of contamination and impact on food safety. Weight 1 (one) was attributed to the items in the kitchen's physical structure, which could impact on food safety, but would hardly result in contamination of food or food outbreaks, such as external areas, external doors and automatic door closing of toilets. Weight 2 (two) was attributed to the questions about the physical structure of the kitchen that could cause indirect contamination in the food, some examples: internal doors adjusted to the floors and stops, fat and sewage boxes compatible with the volume of waste. Weight 4 (four) was attributed to questions about the physical structure of the kitchen that could cause direct contamination of food, such as the structure of roofs and ceilings, production areas with linear flow. After reviewing the checklist, the questions that were not considered pertinent to the food sector were removed, and then an average weight was calculated for each question, based on the weights assigned by each evaluator The final version of the checklist resulted in 23 items consisting of 126 questions. In the second stage of the work, the practical check-list was used, with the objective of testing the application of the evaluation tool and identifying the most frequent problems in the civil construction of industrial kitchens. To this end, the industrial kitchens in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre / RS (RMPA) were considered and identified as the research universe, allowing the visit of a significant number of industrial kitchens. The number of kitchens identified in the RMPA was 248 units, of which 52 were visited. To evaluate each unit visited in relation to the sanitary adequacy of its facilities, the Sanitary Building Index (ISE) was elaborated. The ISE is a weighted harmonic mean of the applicable items, which takes into account the weights given to each question and whether or not the item was compliant. The checklist responses were analyzed in Microsoft Excel 2010 and statistical analyzes were performed using the IBM® SPSS® STATISTICS version 18.0 program, adopting the 5% significance level. The main nonconformities observed were infiltrations, gutters, pipes with no adequate flow capacity, clogged sinks and siphons, few drains, floor trim, grease box, low luminosity, ventilation and thermal comfort Of the total number of units evaluated, 1 (2%) presented an excellent suitability index, 14 (27%) were adequately matched, 32 (61%) were adequately matched, and 5 were considered adequately matched. In addition to the index of adequacy to the checklist, an index of adequacy to the items required by legislation was calculated. The volume of companies that presented excellent and good levels of adequacy increased when compared to the index of adequacy to the former chek-list, passing to 4 (8%) with excellent index, 27 (51%) with good index, 20 (39 %) with average index and 1 (2%) with poor index. The results indicate that the industrial kitchens presented inadequacies in their facilities, since in their majority they presented medium or inferior indexes of adequacy to the items of the legislation and the ISE. Kitchens with these facility failures may have impaired their hygienic-sanitary conditions of the process, bringing potential risks to food production. With the identification of problems in buildings and law, it was possible to indicate solutions to contribute to the management of food safety in food services, preventing the contamination of food.

The goal of this diploma work was comparison the conditions of providing the mortgage loans before and during the financial crisis. In the first part of this work I define the basic parameter of the mortgage loans as a category of this loans, period of interest, interest rate, repaying and ensuring mortgage loans and also state assistaence. In the second part of this work I analyzed the current situation in the mortgage market in the Czech Republic with a period before the financial crisis especially with the year 2007. I also compared the conditions of the concrete mortgage loan from the year 2006 with the year 2012, which provided Hypoteční banka, a.s.In a model comparison I compared offers of mortgage loans in selected banks (Česká spořitelna, a.s, Komerční banka, a.s., Hypoteční banka, a.s, Raiffeisenbank, a.s., and Wüstenrot, a.s. to find out which bank has a best conditions for the applicants for mortgage loans.I compared the mortgage loans for purchase and reconstruction.

The aim of this thesis was to create a teaching programme on the principles of research oriented teaching on the topic called ?Aromatic compounds substances in spices?. This programme could be used in the lessons and examine the level of students' knowledge gained after passing such training. The educational program was applied in two groups of respondents, one of which attended lessons where a research oriented teaching approach was used, working with a specially created worksheet. On the contrary, the second group attended lessons of frontal teaching. Then a comparative survey for these groups was conducted in a didactic test. A statistically significant difference of observed results was tested in Student t-test at the significance level of 0.05. In terms of statistical evaluation of the results of both tested groups was obvious the influence of research-oriented teaching on student's knowledge level.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The competition and the concentration of business, observed in the Brazilian market, increase more and more the necessity of searching for quality and differentiation by the supermarket sector, seeing that the consumer is more and more demanding. Despite this, this segment remains little studied as for the hygienic-sanitary, food manipulators and managing conditions. Thus, this study aimed to develop and apply a specific list of Good Practices inspection for the supermarket sector; to characterize and verify the level of adequacy of this segment to the Good Practices; to identify the social- economical and demographic profile of managers and food manipulators in the establishments; and, to verify their level of knowledge in relation to the food security. The evaluation of hygienic-sanitary conditions was done in 69 establishments from the supermarket sectors which were registered at the National Health Surveillance Agency - VISA, during the period between April and July 2011 through the development and application of the list of Good Practices, having the current legislation as basis. He data were collected by in loco observation, using the List of Good Practices inspection, which were filled in by a technical and capable professional in the area of food quality. The data referring to the 345 food manipulators and 69 managers were obtained through interviews with questionnaires previously tested and approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research (CEP) from the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). The data analysis revealed that the average percentage of general adequacy of the 69 establishments is of 29,07%, being that the blocks that show bigger conformity were related to the external area (64,73%) and storing at ambient temperature (64,13%), respectively. the establishments showed a less satisfying performance in the other blocks and sectors, mainly in the bakery and patisserie (14,93%), water supply (18,30%), food manipulators (21,01%), sausage and cold meats factory (36,38%), butcher and fishery (40,06%), beyond the items referring to the Good Practices documentation (4,97%), seeing that any establishment from the supermarket sector had the Good Practice Manual, the Operational Standard Procedures and the other necessary documents for the implementation of the quality systems. Beyond that, all establishments from the supermarket sector showed inefficiency to the application of the Good Practices. The information from the interviews done with the food manipulators and the establishment managers revealed that these professionals have right perceptions about the food hygiene and manipulation; however, the knowledge related to the food security may not result in its effective application. It is suggested greater applicability of the Good Practices in the establishments analyzed, as well as the adoption of programs for continuing capability for the food manipulators and establishment managers in order to guarantee the quality in the food production and manipulation. the results of this work evidence lacks in the procedures adopted in the segment in study, what allows to assume potentials and expressive risks of impulsive occurrence of diseases passed through food in these environments and the like, yet, the establishments where the research happened mirror the conditions of common occurrence in our country. Investments in manpower capacitance and the urgent and effective implementation of right procedures of manipulation, in a way to guarantee food according to the sanitary standards adequate to the health protection of the consumer public, are recommended. / A competição e a concentração de negócios, observados no mercado brasileiro, aumentam ainda mais a necessidade de busca de qualidade e diferenciação por parte do setor supermercadista, visto que o consumidor está a cada dia mais exigente. No entanto, este segmento permanece pouco estudado quanto aos aspectos relacionados às condições higiênico-sanitárias, manipuladores de alimentos e gestores. Sendo assim, este estudo teve por objetivos desenvolver e aplicar uma lista de verificação de Boas Práticas específica para o setor supermercadista; caracterizar e verificar o nível de adequação do segmento quanto às Boas Práticas; identificar o perfil socioeconômico e demográfico do gestor e dos manipuladores de alimentos dos estabelecimentos; e, verificar o nível de conhecimento desses em relação à segurança dos alimentos. A avaliação das condições higiênico-sanitárias foi realizada em 69 estabelecimentos do setor supermercadista cadastrado na Vigilância Sanitária, no período de abril a julho de 2011 por meio do desenvolvimento e aplicação da lista de verificação de Boas Práticas, tendo como base as legislações vigentes. Os dados foram coletados por observação in loco utilizando a lista de verificação de Boas Práticas e foram preenchidos por um profissional técnico e capacitado na área de qualidade dos alimentos. Os dados referentes aos 345 manipuladores de alimentos e 69 gestores foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas com questionários previamente testados e aprovados pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). A análise de dados revelou que o percentual médio de adequação geral dos 69 estabelecimentos é de 29,07%, sendo que os blocos que apresentaram maior conformidade foram relativos à área externa (64,73%) e armazenamento a temperatura ambiente (64,13%), respectivamente. Os estabelecimentos apresentaram um desempenho menos satisfatório nos demais blocos e setores, principalmente na padaria e confeitaria (14,93%), abastecimento de água (18,30%), manipuladores de alimentos (21,01%), salsicharia e fiambreria (36,38%), açougue e peixaria (40,06%), além de itens referentes à documentação de Boas Práticas (4,97%), visto que nenhum estabelecimento do setor supermercadista possuía o Manual de Boas Práticas, os Procedimentos Operacionais Padrão e as demais documentações necessárias para a implementação dos sistemas de qualidade. Além disso, todos os estabelecimentos do setor supermercadista demonstraram ineficiência quanto à aplicação das Boas Práticas. As informações das entrevistas realizadas junto aos manipuladores de alimentos e gestores dos estabelecimentos revelaram que esses profissionais possuem percepções corretas quanto à higiene e manipulação dos alimentos; no entanto, o conhecimento relatado sobre a segurança dos alimentos pode não resultar na sua efetiva aplicação. Sugere-se maior aplicabilidade das Boas Práticas nos estabelecimentos analisados, bem como a adoção de programas de capacitação contínuos para os manipuladores de alimentos e gestores dos estabelecimentos a fim de garantir a qualidade na produção e manipulação dos alimentos. Os resultados deste trabalho evidenciam falhas nos procedimentos adotados no segmento em estudo, o que permite supor potenciais e expressivos riscos de ocorrência de surtos de doenças transmitidas por alimentos nestes ambientes e em seus similares, já que os estabelecimentos onde a pesquisa se ambientou espelham condições de ocorrência comum em nosso país. Recomendam-se investimentos em capacitação de mão-de-obra e a urgente e efetiva implementação de procedimentos corretos de manipulação, de forma a garantir alimentos segundo padrões sanitários adequados à proteção da saúde do público consumidor.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:02:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6432.pdf: 3122043 bytes, checksum: 082819afaa3a0b58bb6c250635b34e25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-10 / This research has as main objective making a manipulative material to work sequences of activities by introducing the notion of Combinatorial Analysis in an intuitive and natural way in elementary school final years. Without using formulas, it presents an encouragement to use the Multiplicative Principle, tree diagram and list of possibilities as an important tool for solving various problems. We started the research making a description of the current curriculum documents in the Department of Education of the State of São Paulo, followed by historical overview and theoretical foundation. The survey was developed with the implementation of three activities with students from the 5th grade - 6 year to 8th grade - 9th year of elementary school in a Public State School in the city of Sorocaba/SP. These activities were designed to find out the students difficulties in the development of problems involving Combinatorial reasoning and to propose manipulative materials at low cost and to help in the construction and understanding of that content, since a big part of students and teachers consider it difficult to understand. These manipulative materials represent the final product of this research and it is hoped that teachers use them in their classrooms to make their classes more dynamic, rich and arousing the interest of the students. / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo principal a confecção de material manipulável para trabalhar sequências de atividades introduzindo de maneira intuitiva e natural a noção de Análise Combinatória no Ensino Fundamental Anos Finais sem a utilização de fórmulas, incentivando o uso do Princípio Multiplicativo, do diagrama de árvore e da enumeração das possibilidades como uma ferramenta importante para a resolução de vários problemas. Iniciamos a pesquisa fazendo uma descrição dos documentos curriculares vigentes na Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São de São Paulo, seguida por um panorama histórico e fundamentação teórica. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com a aplicação de três atividades com alunos da 5ª série/6º ano a 8ª série/9º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma Escola Pública Estadual da cidade de Sorocaba/SP. Essas atividades foram elaboradas com o objetivo de constatar as dificuldades dos alunos no desenvolvimento de problemas que envolvam o raciocínio combinatório e propor materiais manipulativos, de baixo custo, que auxiliem na construção e compreensão desse conteúdo, considerados de difícil entendimento por grande parte de alunos e professores. Esses materiais manipulativos representam o produto final dessa pesquisa e espera-se que os professores o utilizem em suas salas de aulas para tornar suas aulas mais ricas e dinâmicas despertando o interesse dos alunos.

As demandas de saúde pública do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e do Ministério da Saúde, o conhecimento do consumo de medicamentos e dos principais agravos em saúde mental devem contribuir para o planejamento da produção pública do Laboratório Farmacêutico do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (LAFERGS). Com este objetivo, foram avaliadas as aquisições de medicamentos nas áreas de saúde mental na Assistência Farmacêutica Básica e de Especiais e Excepcionais no Estado do RS. Como instrumento de coleta de dados foi aplicado questionário, em dez municípios do RS, para verificar o consumo e os valores despendidos em medicamentos utilizados nas doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central e Periférico (SNCP), nos anos de 2006 ou de 2007 e os gastos com aquisições de medicamentos especiais e excepcionais, no ano de 2006. A curva ABC e a Matriz de Priorização foram utilizadas na avaliação dos dados. A depressão foi o agravo com maior ocorrência entre as doenças do SNCP. Os maiores gastos financeiros ocorreram na aquisição de medicamentos anticonvulsivantes e para o tratamento do transtorno bipolar de humor. Para os medicamentos apresentados nas formas sólidas, líquidas e semi-sólidas o gasto maior foi com os imunossupressores, seguido por medicamentos para tratamento da saúde mental. O elenco proposto contempla os medicamentos carbamazepina comprimidos 200 mg e solução 20 mg/mL, carbonato de lítio comprimidos 300 mg, amitriptilina comprimidos 25 mg, clorpromazina comprimidos 100 mg, fenobarbital comprimidos 100 mg da AFB e solução de morfina 1 % e clozapina comprimidos 100 mg dos Excepcionais. O estudo sugere o detalhamento das questões de consumo de medicamentos em outras áreas da AFB, a revisão da pactuacão intergestores, para garantia da aquisição da produção e de novos investimentos em planta industrial e em tecnologia para diversificar a capacidade fabril do LAFERGS. / The public health demands from the State of Rio Grande do Sul and from the Ministry of Health, the knowledge about drug consumption and the main mental health disorders must contribute to the planning of the public production by Pharmaceutical Laboratory from the State of Rio Grande do Sul (LAFERGS). The purchase profile of medications for the mental health area at AFB (Basic Pharmaceutical Assistance) and of Special and Exceptional drug programs in the State of Rio Grande do Sul was evaluated. A questionnaire was applied as a data sampling tool in ten municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul in order to verify medication consumption and the expenditure on drugs used for Central and Peripheral Nervous System (CPNS) diseases in the years 2006 or 2007 and the expenses on the purchase of special and exceptional medications in the year 2006. The ABC curve and the Prioritization Matrix were used for data evaluation. Depression was the disorder with greatest occurrence among CPNS diseases. The highest financial expenses took place with the purchase of anticonvulsants and for treatment of bipolar disorder. For drugs solid, liquid or semi-liquid forms, the highest expenditure in both programs was on immunosuppressive agents, followed by drugs for treating mental health. The proposed list comprises the drugs 200 mg tablets and 20 mg solution carbamazepine, 300 mg tablets lithium carbonate, 25 mg tablets amitriptyline, 100 mg tablets chlorpromazine, 100 mg tablets phenobarbital from AFB and a 1 % morphine solution and 100 mg tablets clozapine among Exceptional medications. The study suggests an in-depth look at issues regarding drug consumption in other AFB areas, review of the agreement between managers, for ensuring the acquisition of the production, and new investments in an industrial plant and in technologies to diversify the LAFERGS manufacturing capacity.

Les systèmes de traduction automatique (TA), qui génèrent automatiquement la phrase de la langue cible pour chaque entrée de la langue source, ont obtenu plusieurs réalisations convaincantes pendant les dernières décennies et deviennent les aides linguistiques efficaces pour la communauté entière dans un monde globalisé. Néanmoins, en raison de différents facteurs, sa qualité en général est encore loin de la perfection, constituant le désir des utilisateurs de savoir le niveau de confiance qu'ils peuvent mettre sur une traduction spécifique. La construction d'une méthode qui est capable d'indiquer des bonnes parties ainsi que d'identifier des erreurs de la traduction est absolument une bénéfice pour non seulement les utilisateurs, mais aussi les traducteurs, post-éditeurs, et les systèmes de TA eux-mêmes. Nous appelons cette méthode les mesures de confiance (MC). Cette thèse se porte principalement sur les méthodes des MC au niveau des mots (MCM). Le système de MCM assigne à chaque mot de la phrase cible un étiquette de qualité. Aujourd'hui, les MCM jouent un rôle croissant dans nombreux aspects de TA. Tout d'abord, elles aident les post-éditeurs d'identifier rapidement les erreurs dans la traduction et donc d'améliorer leur productivité de travail. De plus, elles informent les lecteurs des portions qui ne sont pas fiables pour éviter leur malentendu sur le contenu de la phrase. Troisièmement, elles sélectionnent la meilleure traduction parmi les sorties de plusieurs systèmes de TA. Finalement, et ce qui n'est pas le moins important, les scores MCM peuvent aider à perfectionner la qualité de TA via certains scénarios: ré-ordonnance des listes N-best, ré-décodage du graphique de la recherche, etc. Dans cette thèse, nous visons à renforcer et optimiser notre système de MCM, puis à l'exploiter pour améliorer TA ainsi que les mesures de confiance au niveau des phrases (MCP). Comparer avec les approches précédentes, nos nouvelles contributions étalent sur les points principaux comme suivants. Tout d'abord, nous intégrons différents types des paramètres: ceux qui sont extraits du système TA, avec des caractéristiques lexicales, syntaxiques et sémantiques pour construire le système MCM de base. L'application de différents méthodes d'apprentissage nous permet d'identifier la meilleure (méthode: "Champs conditionnels aléatoires") qui convient le plus nos donnés. En suite, l'efficacité de touts les paramètres est plus profond examinée en utilisant un algorithme heuristique de sélection des paramètres. Troisièmement, nous exploitons l'algorithme Boosting comme notre méthode d'apprentissage afin de renforcer la contribution des sous-ensembles des paramètres dominants du système MCM, et en conséquence d'améliorer la capacité de prédiction du système MCM. En outre, nous enquérons les contributions des MCM vers l'amélioration de la qualité de TA via différents scénarios. Dans le re-ordonnance des liste N-best, nous synthétisons les scores à partir des sorties du système MCM et puis les intégrons avec les autres scores du décodeur afin de recalculer la valeur de la fonction objective, qui nous permet d'obtenir un mieux candidat. D'ailleurs, dans le ré-décodage du graphique de la recherche, nous appliquons des scores de MCM directement aux noeuds contenant chaque mot pour mettre à jour leurs coûts. Une fois la mise à jour se termine, la recherche pour meilleur chemin sur le nouveau graphique nous donne la nouvelle hypothèse de TA. Finalement, les scores de MCM sont aussi utilisés pour renforcer les performances des systèmes de MCP. Au total, notre travail apporte une image perspicace et multidimensionnelle sur des MCM et leurs impacts positifs sur différents secteurs de la TA. Les résultats très prometteurs ouvrent une grande avenue où MCM peuvent exprimer leur rôle, comme: MCM pour la reconnaissance automatique de la parole (RAP), pour la sélection parmi plusieurs systèmes de TA, et pour les systèmes de TA auto-apprentissage. / Machine Translation (MT) systems, which generate automatically the translation of a target language for each source sentence, have achieved impressive gains during the recent decades and are now becoming the effective language assistances for the entire community in a globalized world. Nonetheless, due to various factors, MT quality is still not perfect in general, and the end users therefore expect to know how much should they trust a specific translation. Building a method that is capable of pointing out the correct parts, detecting the translation errors and concluding the overall quality of each MT hypothesis is definitely beneficial for not only the end users, but also for the translators, post-editors, and MT systems themselves. Such method is widely known under the name Confidence Estimation (CE) or Quality Estimation (QE). The motivations of building such automatic estimation methods originate from the actual drawbacks of assessing manually the MT quality: this task is time consuming, effort costly, and sometimes impossible in case where the readers have little or no knowledge of the source language. This thesis mostly focuses on the CE methods at word level (WCE). The WCE classifier tags each word in the MT output a quality label. The WCE working mechanism is straightforward: a classifier trained beforehand by a number of features using ML methods computes the confidence score of each label for each MT output word, then tag this word with highest score label. Nowadays, WCE shows an increasing importance in many aspects of MT. Firstly, it assists the post-editors to quickly identify the translation errors, hence improve their productivity. Secondly, it informs readers of portions of sentence that are not reliable to avoid the misunderstanding about the sentence's content. Thirdly, it selects the best translation among options from multiple MT systems. Last but not least, WCE scores can help to improve the MT quality via some scenarios: N-best list re-ranking, Search Graph Re-decoding, etc. In this thesis, we aim at building and optimizing our baseline WCE system, then exploiting it to improve MT and Sentence Confidence Estimation (SCE). Compare to the previous approaches, our novel contributions spread of these following main points. Firstly, we integrate various types of prediction indicators: system-based features extracted from the MT system, together with lexical, syntactic and semantic features to build the baseline WCE systems. We also apply multiple Machine Learning (ML) models on the entire feature set and then compare their performances to select the optimal one to optimize. Secondly, the usefulness of all features is deeper investigated using a greedy feature selection algorithm. Thirdly, we propose a solution that exploits Boosting algorithm as a learning method in order to strengthen the contribution of dominant feature subsets to the system, thus improve of the system's prediction capability. Lastly, we explore the contributions of WCE in improving MT quality via some scenarios. In N-best list re-ranking, we synthesize scores from WCE outputs and integrate them with decoder scores to calculate again the objective function value, then to re-order the N-best list to choose a better candidate. In the decoder's search graph re-decoding, the proposition is to apply WCE score directly to the nodes containing each word to update its cost regarding on the word quality. Furthermore, WCE scores are used to build useful features, which can enhance the performance of the Sentence Confidence Estimation system. In total, our work brings the insightful and multidimensional picture of word quality prediction and its positive impact on various sectors for Machine Translation. The promising results open up a big avenue where WCE can play its role, such as WCE for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) System, WCE for multiple MT selection, and WCE for re-trainable and self-learning MT systems.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JosildoJBS_TESE.pdf: 1777094 bytes, checksum: a9a39551fbb840b0d01e7dbe25e6122d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-25 / Pythagoras was one of the most important pre-Socratic thinkers, and the movement he founded, Pythagoreanism, influenced a whole thought later in religion and science. Iamblichus, an important Neoplatonic and Neopythagorean philosopher of the third century AD, produced one of the most important biographies of Pythagoras in his work Life of Pythagoras. In it he portrays the life of Pythagoras and provides information on Pythagoreanism, such as the Pythagorean religious community which resembled the cult of mysteries; the Pythagorean involvement in political affairs and in the government in southern Italy, the use of music by the Pythagoreans (means of purification of healing, use of theoretical study), the Pythagorean ethic (Pythagorean friendship and loyalty, temperance, self-control, inner balance); justice; and the attack on the Pythagoreans. Also in this biography, Iamblichus, almost seven hundred years after the termination of the Pythagorean School, established a catalog list with the names of two hundred and eighteen men and sixteen women, supposedly Pythagoreans of different nationalities. Based on this biography, a question was raised: to what extent and in what ways, can the Pythagoreans quoted by Iamblichus really be classified as Pythagoreans? We will take as guiding elements to search for answers to our central problem the following general objectives: to identify, whenever possible, which of the men and women listed in the Iamblichus catalog may be deemed Pythagorean and specific; (a) to describe the mystery religions; (b) to reflect on the similarities between the cult of mysteries and the Pythagorean School; (c) to develop criteria to define what is being a Pythagorean; (d) to define a Pythagorean; (e) to identify, if possible, through names, places of birth, life, thoughts, work, lifestyle, generation, etc.., each of the men and women listed by Iamblichus; (f) to highlight who, in the catalog, could really be considered Pythagorean, or adjusting to one or more criteria established in c, or also to the provisions of item d. To realize these goals, we conducted a literature review based on ancient sources that discuss the Pythagoreanism, especially Iamblichus (1986), Plato (2000), Aristotle (2009), as well as modern scholars of the Pythagorean movement, Cameron (1938), Burnet (1955), Burkert (1972), Barnes (1997), Gorman (n.d.), Guthrie (1988), Khan (1999), Matt?i (2000), Kirk, Raven and Shofield (2005), Fossa and Gorman (n.d.) (2010). The results of our survey show that, despite little or no availability of information on the names of alleged Pythagoreans listed by Iamblichus, if we apply the criteria and the definition set by us of what comes to be a Pythagorean to some names for which we have evidence, it is possible to assume that Iamblichus produced a list which included some Pythagoreans / Pit?goras ? considerado um dos mais importantes pensadores pr?-socr?ticos. A escola pitag?rica, por ele fundada, influenciou todo um pensar posterior na religi?o e na ci?ncia. J?mblico, fil?sofo neoplat?nico e neopitag?rico do s?culo III d.C., elaborou, quase setecentos anos ap?s o t?rmino do movimento pitag?rico, uma das tr?s biografias de Pit?goras, a Vida de Pit?goras. Nela, ele retrata a vida desse fil?sofo e nos fornece informa??es sobre o pitagorismo: uma comunidade religiosa assemelhada ao culto de mist?rios; o envolvimento de seus participantes em assuntos pol?ticos e no governo no sul da It?lia; a exalta??o dada ? m?sica (meio de purifica??o, de cura, recurso de estudo te?rico), ? ?tica (amizade, lealdade, temperan?a, autocontrole, equil?brio interior), ? justi?a, e o ataque sofrido pelos pitag?ricos. Ao final dessa biografia, J?mblico elabora um cat?logo com os nomes de duzentos e dezoito homens e dezesseis mulheres, suposto(a)s pitag?rico(a)s de diversas nacionalidades. Tomando como base essa biografia, lan?a-se a quest?o: at? que ponto, e em quais aspectos, esses homens e mulheres citado(a)s por J?mblico podem realmente ser classificados como pitag?rico(a)s? Tomaremos como elementos norteadores ? busca de respostas para nosso problema central os seguintes objetivos (i) geral, identificar, quando poss?vel, quais dos homens e mulheres listados no cat?logo de J?mblico podem ser considerados pitag?ricos, e (ii) espec?ficos: (a) caracterizar as religi?es de mist?rios; (b) refletir sobre as semelhan?as entre o culto de mist?rios e a escola pitag?rica; (c) desenvolver crit?rios que v?o definir o que ? ser um pitag?rico; (d) definir um pitag?rico; (e) identificar, se poss?vel, atrav?s dos nomes, locais de nascimento, vidas, pensamentos, obras, estilo de vida, gera??o, etc., cada um dos homens e mulheres listados por J?mblico; (f) destacar, no cat?logo, quem realmente poderia ser considerado um(a) pitag?rico (a), ou se adequando a um ou v?rios crit?rios estabelecidos em c, ou atendendo ao disposto no item d. Para dar conta de tais objetivos, realizamos uma pesquisa bibliogr?fica valendo-se de fontes antigas que discutem o pitagorismo, principalmente J?mblico (1986), Plat?o (2000/s.d.), Arist?teles (s.d.), e modernos estudiosos desse movimento: Cameron (1938), Burnet (1955), Burkert (1972), Guthrie (1988/2003), Barnes (1997), Khan (1999), Gorman (1979), Matt?i (2000), Kirk, Raven & Shofield (2005), e Fossa (2006/2010). Os resultados de nossa pesquisa mostram que, se utilizarmos as raras informa??es acerca de poucos desse(a)s suposto(a)s homens e mulheres catalogado(a)s por J?mblico, e se aplicarmos sobre eles os crit?rios e a defini??o por n?s anteriormente estabelecidos sobre o que vem a ser um pitag?rico, ? poss?vel supor que a lista elaborada por J?mblico pode estar constitu?da por alguns homens e mulheres que possu?am um modo de vida e um interesse por determinados assuntos caracteristicamente pitag?ricos