The aim of this study is to examine how the basic values ​​dilemma is narratively embodied in the youth novels # Seriöstdeträckernu (Long, 2017) and Hungerspelen (Collins, 2008). The research questions of the study are: • How is the narratology presented, based on how, plot, time, narrator, characters are presented? And which themes and motifs concern the novels?  • What similarities and differences can be detected between the selected novels in question of narration, themes and motifs? This study have been conducted with a literature analysis, where aspects such as the novels' plot, temporality, narrative, themes, motifs and characters have been analyzed. The analysis shows that by constructing the novels' plot based on the classic dramaturgical curve, the readers´ interest in the fable is increased. The themes and motifs of the novels concern subjects such as human rights and equality, which correlates to the core values within the Swedish school.  Intimacy and identification between the reader and the main characters is created by the use of internal focalization and a self-narrative perspective. This invites the reader to reflect on the dilemmas the characters encounter and how they might possibly think of acting in similar situations.

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This study examines the three novels Cat s Eye, The Robber Bride, and Alias Grace by Margaret Atwood. It focuses on the female characters and their relationships to each other: Their friendships are formed in a patriarchally structured environment and are therefore arenas for defending and controlling the norms of such a structure. The women continually watch each other and themselves, and through the power exercise of watching, femininity is constructed. Atwood describes acts of dialogic storytelling as a means to find options to gendered behavior. / digitalisering@umu

Text visualization is a field dedicated to the visual representation of textual data by using computer technology. A large number of visualization techniques are available, and now it is becoming harder for researchers and practitioners to choose an optimal technique for a particular task among the existing techniques. To overcome this problem, the ISOVIS Group developed an interactive survey browser for text visualization techniques. ISOVIS researchers gathered papers which describe text visualization techniques or tools and categorized them according to a taxonomy. Several categories were manually assigned to each visualization technique. In this thesis, we aim to analyze the dataset of this browser. We carried out several analyses to find temporal trends and correlations of the categories present in the browser dataset. In addition, a comparison of these categories with a computational approach has been made. Our results show that some categories became more popular than before whereas others have declined in popularity. The cases of positive and negative correlation between various categories have been found and analyzed. Comparison between manually labeled datasets and results of computational text analyses were presented to the experts with an opportunity to refine the dataset. Data which is analyzed in this thesis project is specific to text visualization field, however, methods that are used in the analyses can be generalized for applications to other datasets of scientific literature surveys or, more generally, other manually curated collections of textual documents.

O presente estudo analisa o livro Notícia de um Sequestro (1996), do ficcionista colombiano Gabriel García Márquez. A relevância da obra para este trabalho está no fato de ela fazer uso da Literatura e do Jornalismo em seu relato. Esse gênero literário transforma um fato jornalístico em uma narrativa envolvente, humanizada, deixando os leitores enredados com a trama das personagens e narradoras de suas histórias, ao misturar jornalismo e ficção. A pesquisa se atém a essa obra com o objetivo de investigar de que maneira o autor fez uso da linguagem jornalística e literária e como ambas o auxiliaram para desenvolver este enredo, no qual ele narra o sequestro de dez jornalistas e parentes de políticos influentes na Colômbia pelos Extraditáveis, grupo de narcotraficantes liderados por Pablo Escobar, que temiam a extradição para os Estados Unidos. A obra de Gabriel García Márquez contribuiu para A metodologia aplicada nesta dissertação foi a pesquisa bibliográfica realizada por meio de diversas leituras, além da fortuna crítica do autor, fundamental para a compreensão sobre como ele se valeu do Jornalismo Literário em outros momentos da sua carreira. Além de outros pesquisadores, foram empregadas as teorizações de Ijuim (2010) para tratar dos aspectos relacionados à narrativa, Lopes (2010) que esclarece as distinções entre os gêneros jornalístico e literário, Barbosa (2007) que articula sobre o Jornalismo e a Literatura e, finalmente, autores como Gilard (2006), Gardner (1995) e Silva (1990) importantes para explanar como García Márquez utilizou essas duas vertentes em suas obras anteriores. O resultado da análise é a constatação de que o autor conseguiu unir Jornalismo e Literatura de uma forma em que ambos apesar de suas especificidades se complementam e precisam um do outro para construir a narrativa de forma que ela reafirme esse gênero literário. / The present study analyzes the book Notícia de um Sequestro (1996), which was written by the Colombian writer and journalist Gabriel Garcia Marquez. The relevance of this work for the study is in the fact that it uses Literature and Journalism in its narration. This literary genre makes a journalistic fact turns into a surrounding and humanized narrative making the by means of mixing journalism and fiction. The research focus on this book with the aim to investigate how the author used the journalistic and literary language and how both helped to develop this plot, in which he tells the kidnapping of ten journalists and relatives of influent politicians in Colombia by the Extraditable group, a group of drug traffickers who were led by Pablo Escobar, who feared the extradition to the United States. Garcia Marquez book contributed to demystify the story known as official by the government and the meadia of communication of that time. The applied methodology was the bibliographic research which was fulfilled by t to understand how he used Literary Journalism in other moments of his career. Besides other were used to treat about the aspects related to the narrative, Lopes (2010) who elucidates the distinctions between journalistic and literary genres, Barbosa (2007) who articulates about Journalism and Literature and finally some authors like Gilard (2006), Gardner (1995) and Silva (1990) who were important to explain how Garcia Marquez used these two trends in his previous works. The result of the analysis is the confirmation that the author was successful when he joined Journalism and Literature in a way that both, despite their specificities, can complement each other to build it and reaffirm this literary genre.

The present licentiate thesis aims to investigate students’ written reflections after reading a Kenyan short story, distant from the students’ previous experiences from a geographical, cultural and societal point of view. The study was carried out at Swedish upper secondary school with 83 16- and 17-year-old students in year one and two at a college preparatory program. After individual reading of the Kenyan short story “Treadmill love” (“Kärlek på löpande band”, Kahora, 2006/2010) the students were instructed to write down “what in the short story they took notice of”). The research questions that guide the study deal with aspects such as what themes can be identified in the students’ written reflections about the short story, what characterizes the interaction between the students and the short story, and what kind of choices connected to the teaching and learning of literature the teachers of these students face? The findings reveal a tendency to use the short story a source of factual information of society and geographical as well as cultural aspects. This may lead to a meta-perspective and suggests a critical literacy. The same students’ reading strategies tend to enhance what they consider as exotic in the text, which contributes to an imagined authenticity. At the same time, the aesthetic aspects are de-emphasized and aesthetic and literary characteristics of the text risk remaining unnoticed, The results also show how some of the students tend to define literary aspects of the text, such as choice of language, form and characters’ actions, with what they describe as “non-western” qualities. In these cases, the students move away from the text, which also tends to strengthen binary oppositions of “us and them”. A pedagogical implication of the study concerns the necessity, when reading world literature, of helping the students develop their ability to shift perspectives and observe their own subjective point of departure from a critical perspective. But equally important is the need of tools for putting focus back on fiction as an aesthetic and fictional piece of work.

This thesis aimed to analyze how men and masculinity were portrayed in The Hunger Games. I intended to investigate the most salient masculine characters. I also wanted to analyse the one-on-one interactions between men as well as their group interactions. I sought to investigate if one could see any power relations between the male characters and if they were traditionally masculine or not in this interaction, and also if this book could be used for discussions in the work with the core values of the Swedish national curriculum. The questions used in the thesis were: ”How are the men portrayed, and how do they act, compared against a traditional masculinity norm?”, ”What happens in the homosocial interaction between the men?”, and ”How do the men treat Katniss, seen from a masculinity perspective?” The theories used in the analysis were found within the field of masculinity studies. Hegemonic masculinity theory was the first one, and the second theory was the theoretical framework of traditional masculinity ideologies by Mahalik et al., specifically the measurement tool of CMNI – Conformity to Masculinity Norm Inventory. The method used to collect the data for the analysis was Close Reading. In the analysis I compared the men to a set of masculinity norms. The measurement tool was the norm inventory of CMNI. The results of the analysis found that at all the men in the study lived in accordance with at least some of the traditional masculinity norms. Out of the four men analysed, three of them had a gender equal relationship with the female lead character. Some men in the book were shown to act based on a patriarchal power structure. It was found that the men who acted in accordance with this structure were conforming more to the traditional masculity norms in their interaction with other men than in their interaction with women.

This study was about language. Its purpose was to explore how a specific set of material culture ideas is represented in art education discussion through what is termed in this study “the three-function model.” The model states that all human-made objects, including images, perform multiple roles and/or serve multiple purposes, simultaneously, and without limit. These roles and functions of objects fall into three categories: technological (utilitarian); sociological (communicative); ideological (instructive). Discovering this model inspired two questions: (a) how might the three-function approach to the discussion of objects augment art education’s understanding and practice of Material Culture theory? (b) to what benefit might such an approach be integrated into art education practice? To answer these questions, I designed a two-stage analysis. First, the examination of literature written toward three audience groups (educator-oriented, practitioner-oriented, general audience) in order to identify three types of information (definitions, statements about objects, and statements about function) for the purpose of forming an overall understanding of how cohesive or disparate discussion appears to be within each audience group. Second, cross-analyzing the three information groups for the purpose of understanding the similarities of and differences between the discussions of the three audience groups. The results of this study suggest that the problem of multiple and contrary definitions for shared terminology may be restricted to only two important words: craft and art. Conceptual approaches employed by the writers included anthropological, philosophical, concrete, theoretical, advocate, and analytical. Although all 15 writers acknowledge the social nature of objects, and all employ the term function similarly, there are indeed gaps in art education discussion: social and ideological functions of craft and art objects that go unnoticed, and missed opportunities to explore those connections and their cultural relevance. The three-function model can provide names for the ideas we are talking around, but not quite about. / text

A ordem patriarcal está presente em muitos romances escritos a partir do século XIX, nos quais existe a frequente representação do homem branco em papel de destaque e da mulher em papel inferior, de clara ou velada submissão. Entre essas obras figuram A mão e a luva (1874), Helena (1876) e Iaiá Garcia (1878), escritas por Machado de Assis. Este trabalho se detém nesses três romances para analisar a presença de marcas patriarcais em personagens que pertencem às camadas burguesas da sociedade, sobretudo as figuras femininas, que, de acordo com a ótica aqui adotada, muitas vezes surgem nessas narrativas como pleiteantes a um lugar próximo ao núcleo representado por famílias detentoras de poder que gozam de consideração e prestígio na sociedade de então. Para a realização dessa análise, além de outros pesquisadores, foram empregadas as teorizações de Roberto Reis (1987) para tratar sobre a sociedade patriarcal, as metáforas relacionadas à espacialidade “casa”, “rua”, e “outro mundo” de Roberto DaMatta (1997a, 1997b), bem como os estudos sobre a obra machadiana de Therezinha Mucci Xavier (2005), Roberto Schwarz (2012) e Valdeci Rezende Borges (2007). / The patriarchal order is present in many novels written from the nineteenth century, in which there is the frequent representation of the white man in prominent paper and the woman in inferior paper, of clear or veiled submission. These works include A mão e a luva (1874), Helena (1876) and Iaiá Garcia (1878), written by Machado de Assis. This work focuses on these three novels to analyze the presence of patriarchal marks in characters that belong to the bourgeois layers of society, especially the female figures, who, according to the perspective adopted here, often appear in these narratives as plaintiffs to a place nearby to the nucleus, represented by families that hold power that enjoy consideration and prestige in the society of that time. In order to carry out this analysis, besides other researchers, the theories of Roberto Reis (1987) were used to deal with the patriarchal society, the metaphors related to the "home", "street" and "other world" spatiality of Roberto DaMatta (1997a, 1997b), as well as studies about Machado’s work of Therezinha Mucci Xavier (2005), Roberto Schwarz (2012) and Valdeci Rezende Borges (2007).