基因晶片實驗包含了複雜的實驗步驟，在每個步驟都可能因為技術不佳或是人為疏失而產生系統誤差。而「正規化」（Normalization）是一個專業術語，指的就是將系統誤差自資料處理中移除的過程。由於正規化過程在基因晶片的資料處理上佔有非常重要的地位，所以新的正規化方法也不停的被提出。Kerr, Martin, 和Churchill（2000）提出了利用變異數分析模型（ANOVA model）來估計系統誤差的方法；Yang, Dudoit, Luu, and Speed（2001）提出了利用MA圖和Loess非線性函數來消除染劑差異的方法；Kerr, Afshari, Bennett, Bushel, Martinez, Walker, Churchill（2001）提出了結合先前的變異數分析模型和MA圖的新方法；Tsai, Hsueh, Chen（2002）提出了利用Loess非線性函數來估計變異數模型中晶片和基因間的交互作用以及染劑和基因間的交互作用的方法。有鑒於正規化方法眾多，但是每種方法的操作方式和使用上的優、缺點並沒有整合性的介紹和比較，本論文將詳細介紹上述正規化方法，並實際處理TCDD研究實驗的資料。接著利用模擬的資料來計算出三種正規化方法處理前、後的錯誤發現率（False Discovery Rate；FDR）和型二錯誤率（False Negative Rate；FNR）的變化情形，藉此比較三種正規化方法在使用上的優劣。 關鍵字：正規化（Normalization），變異數分析模型（ANOVA model），MA圖，Loess非線性函數，錯誤發現率（False Discovery Rate；FDR），型二錯誤率（False Negative Rate；FNR）

本研究以政治人物馬英九為例，探討台灣主要報紙是否出現「名人政治」現象，並探討「名人政治」的新聞框架為何？有何主要特質？呈現的方式是否和傳統政治新聞報導不同？研究對象為自由時報、聯合報及中國時報三家報紙從馬英九從擔任台北市長起至卸任國民黨主席止的新聞報導。以等距抽樣法抽取864則新聞進行分析。研究發現三家主要報紙報導馬英九新聞時都出現「名人政治」的新聞框架，其中以「政治風格」的框架最為顯著，報紙重視政治姿態、品行道德的領導能力描述，另外，報紙也常用「背景故事」把名人私領域的生活面向帶入公領域。「馬英九現象」和「個人特質」、「背景故事」和「社會互動」等框架的論述密切相關，因此確實減少了公共政策或政治議題的報導數量，不過不同報紙的框架仍有差異，隨著馬英九政治位置的重要性，名人政治的新聞框架也有所變化。但就馬英九這位政治人物來說，台灣主要報紙確實出現個人特質和政治風格鮮明的「名人化」現象。 / In a time when it is commonplace for political celebrities to garner media attention as much media attention for their political performance as for their particular personal life. The author wanted to analyze a famous political figure Ma Ying-jeou to learn the process of celebrification coupled with Gans description of the norms of news reporting, the following indicators would suggest celebrification of political content. The author used the news stories from three major newspapers in Taiwan as sample to find out elements of a celebrity that would attract the journalists as well as media organizations. The result showed that the strategies were utilized to sell the political celebrity was similar to those of the Western media.

本文認為，1950年代馬寅初被批判一事，不論就其性質或時期，都與反右運動不同，只是有時間上一部分的重疊，有必要重新釐清。馬寅初有關計劃生育的主張，並非首倡，中共黨內的毛澤東，中共黨外的邵力子等人，比起馬寅初，在中共建政後對人口問題的重視，在時間點上都比馬寅初要早。毛澤東自始至終，始終強調要有計劃地控制人口。馬寅初所關切的，表面上是人口問題，實際上是中國大陸當時經濟積累的效率，因為這將影響中國大陸工業化的速度。若拉長時間縱深來看，馬寅初事件背後所呈現出來的，是馬爾薩斯主義和馬克思主義對於中國大陸人口研究典範的領導權爭奪戰，歷經四十年，馬克思主義終於取得優勢。而馬寅初作為一位知識份子，與其他同類型的傾左知識份子，在中共建政之後，政治上日漸認同中共，在思想上自覺地馬克思主義化，但多數不為那些更早轉向馬克思主義、掌握了馬克思主義在中國的詮釋權的人所接納，最終，大多在文革以前，便已受到不同程度的排擠和批判。 / This essay will argue that the Ma Yin-Chu incident and the Anti-Rightist Campaign is not the same thing, neither on the period nor on the nature, and he is not the first one who advocated birth control when he announced his article “New Principle of Population” in 1957. Instead, Mao Tze-Dong and the CCP have been promoted birth control several years ago. Besides, the aim of “New Principle of Population” focused on the economical accumulation for industrialization, not for birth control itself. On the other hand, if we consider this incident historically, we can see there are two diachronic trends: One is the struggle of the hegemony of China’s population research between the Malthusism and Marxism, this struggle lasts over 40years since the May-forth Movement, and in1960s’, the winner is Marxism. The other is there were many left-leaning intellectuals who changed their political or philosophical position into the CCP or Marxism since 1940s’, like Ma Yin-Cu, didn’t be affiliated by those intellectuals who had change their position before the “Yan-An Rectification” in 1942. Most of them like Ma Yin-Cu have been criticized before the Cultural Revolution.

無 / The concept of “soft power” was popularized by Joseph Nye’s works in the 1990s. It is then often referred to the ability of a political body, such as a state, to indirectly influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies through cultural or ideological means. This paper seeks to apply this idea to the study of cross-Strait relations to see whether Taiwan might exert soft power against China. As we know, it is not just Taiwanese that are highly concerned with the 2008 election of Taiwan. We take this election and especially President Ma as an example to see whether Ma can help facilitate the image of Taiwan and democracy among Chinese. After interviews on several dozen Chinese college students, we found that Ma’s image, as the soft power, does make the difference. And if Taiwan can make best use of its soft power, we may not need so much military buildup to defend Taiwan.

This thesis describes studies on the analysis of arsenic (As) in human biological samples, mainly urine but also hair and fingernails using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). The relationship between ethnicity and arsenic metabolism was investigated for the first time for a population in the United Kingdom. This investigation has been carried out through comparative analysis of arsenic in human urine, hair and fingernails in volunteers from three different ethnic groups (Whites, Asians and Somali Black-Africans) who are only exposed to background levels of arsenic. Results obtained with 63 volunteers showed ethnic differences in urinary arsenic excretion as well as differences in arsenic levels in fingernail samples. The averages of total arsenic levels for the Somali Black-Africans (urine 7.2 µg/g creatinine; fingernails 723 µg/kg) are significantly (P< 0.05) different from both the Asians (urine 20.6 µg/g creatinine; fingernails 153.9 µg/kg) and Whites (urine 24.5 µg/g creatinine; fingernails 177.0 µg/kg). The Somali group also shows a higher percentage (50%) of dimethylarsinate (DMA) and a lower percentage (48%) of arsenobetaine (AB), compared to Asians (16% DMA and 83% AB) and Whites (22% DMA and 77% AB). The effect of fasting on urinary arsenic species distribution was also investigated by monitoring urine samples from 29 Ramadan fasting volunteers, with each volunteer providing a sample at the beginning (RF1) and at the end (RF2) of an approximately 12 hours fast. The results obtained showed the frequency of MA detection for RF2 was 12 and 2-fold higher than for the non-fasting and RF1 groups, respectively. This suggests fasting may alter the pattern of arsenic metabolism and excretion. However, there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) in the average of total level of arsenic for RF1 (18.3 µg/g creatinine) and RF2 (17.7 µg/g creatinine). A relationship between excretion of arsenic and selenium in individuals exposed to background levels of arsenic and selenium was investigated through analysis of urine samples from 93 volunteers from Leicester, UK. A positive correlation between arsenic and selenium was found and the As:Se ratio was 0.7 ± 0.4. The intra-individual variation of As:Se ratio does not alter significantly over time, as determined by monitoring urine samples from a volunteer over a period of one year. Furthermore, within a single day, with urine samples collected at the beginning and after a 12-hour fast, the As:Se ratio was found to be similar (0.7 ± 0.5). These findings suggest a close relationship between these two metalloids, the biological significance of which needs to be explored in the future.

This thesis is divided into four sections. The first chapter deals with Mamlūk historiography and its major characteristics, alongside an examination of the life al' Aynī's, who was one of the most prominent historians of the period. Special attention is paid to his professions, masters, students as well as his numerous works. Chapter two, on the other hand, focuses on the copies of 'Iqd al-jumān fi tārīkh ahl al-zamān, mentioning the published volumes that covered most of the Ayyūbid and Mamlūk eras. The rest of this chapter deals with the methodology used in the edition of Volume eleven (431-520/1040-1126) as well as demonstrating its importance and sources. Chapter three presents an edition of the Arabic text of Volume eleven. Chapter four is a separate volume, which initially deals with the life and works of the historian Muḥammad b. 'Abd al-Malik al-Hamadhānī. The rest of chapter examines the historical fragments from his lost historical book, called 'Unwān al-siyar fī maḥāsin ahl al-Badū wa'-l Ḥaḍr, also known as Al-Ma'ārif al-muta'akhkhira: these fragments are to be found in Volume eleven of the 'Iqd al-jumān. At the end of this chapter, the Arabic text is reconstructed and its biographical materials, are reorganised in alphabetical order.

Thesis advisor: Marc Landy / The “Death with Dignity Act,” if passed in November 2012 in Massachusetts by means of a ballot initiative, would have allowed doctors to prescribe lethal drugs to patients with fewer than six months to live. Introduced by two pro-assisted suicide organizations from the Pacific Northwest, the initiative was expected to take advantage of a political “perfect storm” brewing in the Bay State. A blue state in a presidential election year, with President Obama at the top of the Democratic ticket, Massachusetts was expected to produce an electoral outcome favorable to assisted suicide. Oregon and Washington State had legalized physician-assisted suicide in 1998 and 2008, respectively. Polling in 2011 showed a 2-1 majority among Massachusetts voters in favor of assisted suicide. Nonetheless, the Archbishop of Boston and the Bishops of Worcester, Fall River and Springfield, organized as the Massachusetts Catholic Conference, took up the challenge to oppose the initiative. Relying on the expertise of paid political consultants, they mounted a two-tiered campaign. An internal component, directed at Catholics, included the dissemination of over 2 million pieces of in-print and electronic materials urging a “no” vote on the measure. An external component, directed at the wider public, relied on a coalition of organizations representing the three major religions, health and hospice organizations, disabilities rights activists, and pharmacists. Using “flaws” in the bill identified through strategic polling, they appealed to voters even sympathetic to assisted suicide to reject the bill. When the votes were counted 2.7 million Massachusetts citizens voted on the physician-assisted suicide initiative and it was defeated by 67,891 votes, 51.1% to 48.9%. One key to the defeat was the split in the vote in the city of Boston, where Question 2 was defeated 50.9% to 49.1% . Twelve of Boston’s 22 wards voted against the measure. Leading the way among the twelve were Dorchester, Roxbury, and Hyde Park, traditionally black, liberal Democratic strongholds. This study shows that even the most effective, well-funded, Church-initiated campaign in Massachusetts in 2012 might well have foundered on the 2-1 majority in favor of assisted suicide at the polls, not for the strategic identification of “flaws in the bill,” the broad-based coalition campaign based on them, and the “split in the vote in the black community in Boston.” . / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Political Science.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar, através de análise de elementos finitos, a distribuição de tensões em modelos que representam arranjos experimentais nor-malmente utilizados em testes de cisalhamento e micro-cisalhamento, verificar a tendência de variar o local de início e o modo de fratura em função de mudanças nos parâmetros dos ensaios e analisar a influência de dois modos de fixação do substrato sobre a concentração de tensões. Os modelos bidimensionais em estado plano de deformações representaram o compósito (híbrido ou flow) aderido à dentina através de uma camada de adesivo de 50 &#956;m. Duas condições de fixação da dentina foram estabelecidas: na primeira (mais rígida), os deslocamentos foram restritos em todas as direções nos nós das arestas que representam as três superfícies livres de adesão e na segunda, a restrição foi colocada apenas na parte posterior da dentina. Foi aplicado um carregamento pontual a várias distâncias da interface dentina-adesivo, de modo a obter um tensão nominal constante de 4MPa. Foram analisadas as tensões máximas de tração e cisalhamento, a distribuição das tensões ao longo dos nós da interface dentina-adesivo e os vetores de tensão máxima principal, como indicativos do local de início e o provável modo de fratura. A distribuição de tensões ao longo da interface aderida foi sempre não uniforme e apresentou picos muito ele-vados em todos os casos, o que conduz a pensar que os valores de resistência nominal não são representativos da máxima tensão suportada no momento da fratura. A tensão de tração predominou sobre a de cisalhamento. O módulo de elasticidade do compósito aderido, a espessura relativa da camada de adesivo e a distância de aplicação da carga influenciam a concentração de tensões e devem ser padroniza-dos. Para o teste de micro-cisalhamento, a camada de adesivo relativamente mais espessa e o uso do compósito com baixo módulo de elasticidade propiciaram a in-tensificação das tensões. O ensaio de cisalhamento parece mais suscetível que o de micro-cisalhamento para que o início da ruptura ocorra no substrato, pois o ponto de maior concentração de tensões localizou-se na dentina em alguns casos e verifica-se pequena diferença de módulo entre os maiores vetores localizados no adesivo e na dentina de base. O teste de micro-cisalhamento, embora mais favorável a que as fraturas se iniciem no adesivo, concentra muito a tensão, especialmente com a utili-zação de resinas do tipo flow, o que o torna menos representativo da máxima tensão que o espécime realmente resistiu no momento da fratura. / The objectives of this study were to compare the stress distribution in finite element models that represented experimental designs commonly used for shear and micro-shear bond strength testing, to verify the tendency to vary the location and mode of fracture as a consequence of changes in the studied parameters, and to analyze the influence of two substrate restriction conditions on stress concentration. Bi-dimensional plane strain models represented a composite (hybrid or flow) bonded to dentin through a 50 &#956;m adhesive layer. Two dentin restriction conditions were estab-lished: in the first (more rigid), movements were restricted in all directions on the nodes located in the dentin surface edges free of adhesion, and in the second, re-striction was imposed only to the posterior dentin surface. Concentrated loading was applied at several distances from the dentin-adhesive interface so as to obtain con-stant nominal bond strength of 4MPa. Maximum tensile and shear stress values, stress distribution along the dentin-adhesive interfacial nodes and the principal maximum stress vectors as indicative of the most probable location and mode of frac-ture were analyzed. Stress distribution along bonded interfaces was always non-uniform and presented very high stress peaks for all cases. This led to the assump-tion that nominal bond strength values are non-representative of the maximum stress supported at fracture. Tensile stresses were always predominant over shear stresses. The composite elastic modulus, relative adhesive layer thickness and different load application distances influenced stress concentration and should be stan-dardized. For micro-shear tests, the relatively thicker adhesive layer and use of a low modulus composite propitiated stress intensification. The shear test seems to be more susceptible than micro-shear to fracture initiation in the substrate, once the point of highest stress concentration was in some cases located in dentin, and small modulus difference was verified between the greatest stress vectors located both on the adhesive and dentin base. Although more favorable to fracture initiation in the adhesive, the micro-shear test design highly concentrated stresses, especially when flow composite was modeled, hence it might be less representative of the maximum stress the specimen resisted at fracture.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo simular a zona de grãos grosseiros da ZAC através da simulação computacional em software de elementos finitos e submeter amostras de um aço microligado API 5L X100M a ciclagens térmicas na Gleeble para representar a região de estudo e, dessa forma, caracterizar e comparar o comportamento mecânico e microestrutural do material frente a diferentes aportes térmicos. Foram realizadas simulações de soldagem por arco submerso (SAW) em software computacional de elementos finitos para os aportes térmicos 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 e 5.0 kJ/mm e obtidos os ciclos térmicos de um local correspondente à zona de grãos grosseiros da zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC). Em seguida, o ciclo obtido para cada aporte simulado foi utilizado como fonte para a simulação térmica na Gleeble de amostras do metal de base de um tubo produzido para a norma API 5L grau X100M. Em seguida, foram realizados ensaios de microdureza nos corpos de prova após simulações térmicas na Gleeble e no material de base como recebido, para efeitos de comparação dos resultados. Para cada aporte de calor simulado, um corpo de prova foi destinado para avaliação de microdureza e posterior análise microestrutural. As amostras remanescentes foram submetidas a ensaio de impacto charpy em temperatura de 0°C para as amostras de aporte de calor 2.5, 3.0, 4.0 e 4.5 kJ/mm e, para os demais aportes térmicos foi feito levantamento de curva de transição entre as temperaturas de -60 a 24°C. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que existe uma correlação entre tenacidade, aporte de calor e morfologia do constituinte MA gerado na região de estudo, de maneira que foram obtidos menores valores de energia absorvida conforme maior o aporte de calor simulado. Também, nessas condições foi observado que o constituinte MA apresentou uma maior tendência ao formato globular que ao alongado. / The objective of this study is to simulate the coarse grain from the heat affected zone (CGHAZ) through computer simulation in finite element software and to submit samples of an API 5L X100M micro alloyed steel to thermal cycling in Gleeble to replicate this region and thus characterize and compare the mechanical and microstructural behavior of the material face to different heat inputs. Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) simulations were performed in finite elements software for heat inputs of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 kJ/mm. Afterwards, the thermal cycle curve obtained for each simulated heat input was used as the source for the thermal simulation in Gleeble of samples taken from the base metal of a pipe produced for API 5L standard and X100M grade. Subsequently, microhardness tests were performed in the Gleeble simulated samples and in as received material for the purpose of comparing the results. For each heat input simulated, one test specimen was used for microhardness and microstructural analysis. The remaining samples were subjected to a charpy V notch impact test at the temperature of 0°C for the 2.5, 3.0, 4.0 e 4.5 kJ/mm heat inputs and a transition curve was plotted between -60 up to 24°C for heat inputs 2.0, 3.5 and 5.0 kJ/mm. The obtained results demonstrates that there is a correlation between toughness, heat input and the MA constituent morphology, in a way that lower values of absorbed energy were obtained as the simulated heat input increased. In this condition, it was also observed that the MA constituent showed a greater tendency to become more globular than elongated.

Uma visão global sobre a situação da indústria do livro no Brasil e suas tendências e a sugestão de um modelo de atuação empresarial e mercadológico para a atuação das editoras. Examina-se cada etapa do marketing editorial: desenvolvimento do produto, comunicação, vendas e distribuição. Sugestões para agentes de instãncias governamentais ou privadas do fomento da leitura e promoção do livro. / This study aims to identify the main international and Brazilian trends of the book publising industry in the context of digital transition; it proposes that the use of marketing fundamental concepts and tools is necessary and inevitable for the creation and consolidation of sustainable organizations in this segment; and it presents a decision and action model that comprehends the most relevant aspects of marketing and communication activities in the editorial area, focusing Brazilizan marketing conditions; and it offers inputs for the promotion and diffusion of the book in the governmental, institutional and business spheres.