The purpose of this qualitative research was to get a deeper understanding of male victim’s experiences when exposed to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) by a female partner. Two men who had been exposed to IPV were interviewed through email correspondence regarding their experiences. To provide a general understanding of the specific difficulties male victims may face from a Western perspective, we have over email and telephone also interviewed three people who work with the issue. The results of this study were analyzed using theories of social psychology and hegemonic masculinity theory. What was stressed throughout the interviews was the importance of abused men to get recognition for being victims of IPV. Our findings showed that stereotypical perceptions of masculinity may affect male victims of IPV in many ways, such as affecting the self-image and hindering help-seeking as well as receiving the proper help services.

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Domestic violence from a male victim's perspective is something that is not discussed in society very much because information is very limited and incidents are often unreported. Research was done on this aspect of domestic violence to see how the types of abuse have had an impact on the victim from a physical and emotional perspective. The secondary data used for this study were from the Violence and Threats of Violence Against Women and Men in the United States, 1994-1996. Eight thousand men were selected to participate in the survey. The question of whether domestic violence is a problem was examined by race. It was determined that there was a relationship between these 2 variables with an actual significance of .000.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) includes physical, emotional, psychological and sexual abuse. The impact of IPV has become increasingly accepted as a significant public health problem worldwide. This manuscript thesis has two chapters which attempts to address the current gaps in IPV research in India. The first chapter compares people’s attitudes about IPV based on their gender, age, income and exposure to IPV. In order to better understand and compare men and women’s attitudes about IPV, 204 self-administered surveys were collected from the in- and out-patient clinics of the Sancheti Institute for Othopedics and Rehabilitation (SIOR), a hospital in Pune, India. The results of these surveys showed that men and older generations were more likely to agree that wife-slapping was a justified response to least one of the presented scenarios, and to support normatively prescribed rights of Indian husbands to have excessive power in a marriage. Income level and experience being a victim of IPV were not associated with attitudes towards IPV or husbands’ rights. The second chapter explores the use of the Woman’s Abuse Screening Tool (WAST) in a sample of 62 males. Results from the WAST indicated a 16% IPV prevalence rate. These two papers shed light on different aspects of IPV. Results from the first paper suggest that men and older generations should be targeted for educational initiatives aimed at reducing IPV. The second paper provides a much-needed estimation of IPV prevalence among Indian males. Together, these findings help close existing gaps in the literature regarding IPV in India. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Although intimate partner violence is an established societal problem, psychological violence often falls in the shadow of physical violence. Studies have shown that both men and women are exposed to psychological violence to an equal extent, but despite this, men's exposure is not noticed to the same extent as women's. This study investigates the expression of psychological violence, which characteristics of individuals that are exploited by perpetrators and why individuals choose to remain in relationships where they are exposed to psychological violence, and whether the reasons differ between men and women. The results of this qualitative study are based on semi-structured interviews with six individuals, three men and three women who had previously been in a relationship characterized by psychological violence. The study's theoretical framework consists of Hearns view of intimate partner violence and concept of a distant intimacy, Connell and Pearse’s gender theory, Beauvoir's concepts of the other, immanence and transcendence, and Connell's concept of hegemonic masculinity. The results of the study indicate that the expression of psychological violence in heterosexual relationships was quiet the same for both our male and females respondents. The difference was that the female respondents felt criticized and derided by their partner. The male and female respondents also attributed themselves with similar characteristics, such as caring, accommodating and emotional. Yet it was only the female respondents who felt like their characteristics were exploited. The reason why the female respondents chose to remain in the destructive relationship was because they got broken down by the violence and formed a position of dependence on the their partners. The male respondents, on the other hand, remained in the relationship due to its difficulties in identifying their partner's destructive behavior as problematic. / Trots att våld i nära relationer är ett etablerat samhällsproblem hamnar psykiskt våld ofta i skuggan av fysiskt. Mätningar tyder på att kvinnor och män utsätts för psykiskt våld i en lika stor omfattning, men trots det så uppmärksammas inte männens utsatthet i samma utsträckning som kvinnornas. I detta självständiga arbete undersöks det psykiska våldets uttryck, vilka egenskaper som utnyttjas och varför individer väljer att stanna kvar i parrelationer där de utsätts för psykiskt våld, samt om anledningarna skiljer sig mellan män och kvinnor. Datainsamlingen utgjordes av semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex respondenter, tre kvinnor och tre män, som tidigare varit i en relation präglad av psykiskt våld. Studiens teoretiska referensram består av Hearns (2012) teoretisering av våld i nära relationer och begrepp avlägsen intimitet, Isdal (2001) sju undergrupper av psykiskt våld, Connell och Pearse genusteori, Beauvoirs begrepp den andre, immanens och transcendens, samt Connells begrepp hegemonisk maskulinitet. Studiens resultat tyder på att det psykiska våldets uttryck i heterosexuella relationer var nästintill detsamma för våra manliga och kvinnliga respondenter. Det som skildes var det kvinnliga respondenterna upplevelse av degradering och förlöjligande av sin manliga partner. De kvinnliga och manliga respondenterna tillskrev sig även med liknande egenskaper, som omhändertagande, tillmötesgående och känslosamma. Men det var endast det kvinnliga respondenterna som upplevde att dessa egenskaper utnyttjades. Det som gjorde att de kvinnliga respondenterna valde att stanna kvar i den destruktiva relationen var att de hade blivit nedbruten av våldet och bildat sig en beroendeställning till deras manliga partner. De manliga respondenterna stannade däremot kvar i relationen på grund av dess svårigheter att identifiera problematiken med deras partners destruktiva beteende.

The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of women's violence against men in intimate relationships, get an idea of ​​what forms of expression that this type of violence has and to highlight the men's experiences of violence. There is little scientific research in the field in Sweden. Crime Prevention Council has determined that eight percent of all complaints involving domestic violence in 2010, reported by men over 18 years. You can only speculate on how large number of unreported cases is among abused men. The international studies highlight that the abused men feel ashamed of having been subjected to violence by a female partner. I have been based this essay on two theoretical premises, Per Isdal theory of "violence perspective" and Elaine Bergqvist's definition of the suppression technique. The study was conducted through a qualitative content analysis. This type of method used to interpret the various texts, and to this study, three autobiographies was analyzed.    The results from the survey highlights that all men have been subjected to extensive financial, material, latent and psychological violence. Two men have been subjected to regular physical violence and one of the men has been the victim of sexual violence. The discussion highlighted that violence against men in intimate relationships is undetectable and taboo and that the phenomenon must be recognized and made more visible. The conclusion of this study was that the abused men feel ashamed to seek help but that is also exists lack of adequate help and support to give to men which has been abused.

Syftet med denna studie var att generera ökad förståelse för hur ett urval heterosexuella män som har blivit utsatta för våld av sin partner upplever att våldet påverkat dem. För att uppfylla detta syfte använde vi oss av semistrukturerade intervjuer som spelades in, transkriberades och kodades och därefter analyserades med hjälp av tidigare forskning på området, maskulinitetsteori, teorin om det ideala offret samt hermeneutisk meningstolkning. Resultaten från vår studie visade att informanterna upplevde ångest, självskadetankar, rädsla och skuld- och skamkänslor. Skamkänslorna var relaterade till den manliga identiteten och skador på denna, genererade av erfarenheten av att vara offer för en kvinnlig förövare. Männen upplevde också att samhället varken ville eller kunde hjälpa dem. Resultaten indikerade att män som utsätts för partnervåld av kvinnor kan drabbas hårt psykiskt, att föreställningar om ”manlighet” riskerar att bidra till deras dåliga psykiska mående, samt att myndigheter behöver bli bättre på att möta dessa män. / The purpose of this essay was to contribute to an improvement in knowledge of the experiences of a selection of heterosexual men regarding female violence in intimate partner relationships and its consequences. In order to fulfill this purpose we used semi structured interviews which were recorded, transcribed, coded and thereafter analyzed using previous research in this field, masculinity theory, the theory of the ideal victim and hermeneutics. The central findings in our study were that the men experienced anxiety, fear, thoughts of harming themselves, guilt and shame as results of the violence. The shame was linked to their male identity. They also experienced a lack of willingness and ability to help from government agencies. These findings indicated, among other things, that government agencies need to improve their strategies in order to help men who are victims of violence from a female partner.

The aim of this report was to study how men abused by female perpetrators experienced intimate partner violence and the treatment they received from the society while seeking help and support. The report was based on qualitative research which included four interviews which have been analyzed with a hermeneutic research approach, through the theories of gender and masculinity, the normalization process, stigma, recognition and denial, forms of capital and the concept of codependency. The results of the study showed that intimate partner violence affecting men often consisted of psychological violence, which made it more difficult to report and led to great amounts of hidden statistics regarding its extent. This could also lead to difficulties for friends and family of the abused men, facing the problem and the ongoing situation, which led to difficulties for the men, receiving help from them. Another contributing factor to why the problem is unknown might be the lack of formal help where abused men can seek help, which may also lead to a lack of reports regarding the problem. This lack of help may contribute to the men distrusting the help that society can offer. / Syftet med studien var både att studera hur våldsutsatta män med kvinnliga våldsutövare upplevde våld i nära relationer samt det bemötande de erhöll från omgivningen när de sökte hjälp och stöd. Studiens empiri byggde på kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra informanter, detta material analyserades utifrån en hermeneutisk ansats och med hjälp av teorier om genus och maskulinitet, normaliseringsprocess, stigma, erkännande och missaktning, former av kapital samt begreppet medberoende. Studiens resultat visade på att våld i nära relationer som drabbar män till stor del utgjordes av psykiskt våld, vilket gjorde det svårare att rapportera och ledde till stora mörkertal gällande dess omfattning. Detta kunde även försvåra för de drabbade männens närstående att bemöta den situation som männen befann sig i, något som sannolikt komplicerade för männen att erhålla informell hjälp. En annan bidragande orsak till att problemets utsträckning sällan framkom kan berott på avsaknaden av formella stödinstanser som våldsutsatta män kunde vända sig till, varför våldets förekomst inte kartlades. Denna brist bidrog hos samtliga informanter till en sviktande tillit gällande samhällets sociala skyddsnät.

Conflict-related sexual violence against men is a largely unrecognized and forgotten perspective in both research and international policies. Reports document that conflict-related sexual violence affects men, yet detailed consideration of the issue remains missing due to the lack of comprehensive research. The existing research is scarce and focuses primarily on the policy perspective or call for increased attention towards recognizing the subject. This study has sought to increase the understanding of the phenomenon through the perspective of mass media. The objective of the study has been to examine how the subject is portrayed by the media, including how male survivors in media describe their own experiences of sexual violence regarding masculine norms and stigma. The study has been conducted as a qualitative desk study by using empirical data from news articles in online newspapers. The study has followed an abductive approach and applied an analytical framework consisting of the two theories Social Stigma and Hegemonic Masculinity. A thematic analysis was used to interpret the empirical data and three main themes were identified. The findings suggest that the subject tends to be portrayed as unusual or as an exceptional phenomenon. The news articles use similar words to describe the subject, such as hidden, silent, ignored, and underreported. The subject is also deeply associated with stigma and masculine norms, both by the survivors and in the articles. The male survivors tend to illustrate how they feel ashamed, humiliated and stigmatized as a result of their experiences. The survivors also reflect upon a sense of loss in their masculine identity and have either avoided speaking about it or been rejected by society due to normative masculine expectations.

Den här uppsatsen har behandlat diskurser på internetforumen Flashback Forum och Familjeliv kring mäns utsatthet för sexuella övergrepp. Syftet var att undersöka hur män som offer för sexuella övergrepp beskrev sina upplevelser av utsatthet samt analysera hur dessa utsagor bemöttes. Genom att dolt studera diskussionstrådar på internetforumen kunde olika diskurser som forumanvändarna använde identifieras. Dessa diskurser analyserades utifrån våldtäktsmyter, hegemonisk maskulinitet och teorin om ideala offer. Resultatet visade hur manliga offer konstruerade sig på olika sätt; de kunde erkänna händelsen men inte offerskapet, sätta sig i förhållande till förövaren eller jämföra med kvinnliga offer. De som bemötte männen uttryckte framförallt olika våldtäktsmyter där den vanligaste myten var att män inte kunde våldtas till skillnad från kvinnor. Att både offren själva och övriga användare jämförde offerskapet med kvinnliga offer tydde på en föreställning om att kvinnor blir tagna på allvar som offer, trots alla exempel på motsatsen. / This study has examined discourses on the internet forums Familjeliv and Flashback, about male victims of sexual assault. The purpose was to examine how male victims described their experiences of victimization and analyze how their stories were responded to. Through a hidden observation on internet forums we could identify different discourses that were used. These discourses were analyzed with different rape myths, hegemonic masculinity and theory of ideal victim. The study showed how male victims constructed themselves in different ways; some admitted to the event but not their victimhood, others compared their victimization with female victims. The users that answered the victims mostly expressed rape myths, the most common were that men can’t be raped unlike women. That both victims themselves and other users compared the victimization with female victims suggests a conception that women always get a legitimate status as a victim, despite all the examples of the contrary.