The building sector accounts for approximately 40 percent of our energy use. To reach existing environmental targets energy use will have to be reduced in all building types. At the European level, the main legislative instrument for improving the energy efficiency of the building stock is the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). The EPBD requires all member states to implement the directive in the building code and it also requires energy declarations to be performed at the building level. The first objective of this thesis is to describe energy use in shopping malls in Sweden and to suggest how this energy use can be reduced. The second objective is to determine whether current regulatory requirements are effective in promoting energy efficiency measures in Swedish shopping malls. Only limited background information was found from national energy statistics and scientific papers that deal specifically with energy use in shopping malls. The data available are difficult to analyse and compare due to inconsistencies in terminology regarding nomenclature and system boundaries. An improved terminology is presented in the thesis, with a distinction between organisationally and functionally divided energy, to facilitate future studies. Furthermore, when it comes to designing shopping malls and evaluating their energy use, correct input data are required. For calculations and simulations of energy demand in buildings, internal and external load patterns are important input data. The thesis provides occupancy, lighting and infiltration load data for shopping malls. Energy use in one shopping mall was investigated in detail and resulted in a validated calculation model for the prediction of energy use. To develop the calculation model an iterative empirical-theoretical methodology was used. It involved cross-checking measured data, assumptions related to operational and technical data, and model calculation results. The calculation model was then used for a more general analysis of energy efficiency measures and an evaluation of regulatory requirements. The thesis illustrates how the current building code and energy declarations are implemented in shopping malls today together with associated strengths and weaknesses.

The shopping malls, while business in general and services have been expanding around the world since 1950 and in Brazil more intensively in the 1980s. However, its role in the spatial organization of the city has been highlighted in the places where they were implemented, they promoted new spatial rearrangements and in many cases an urban restructuring, due to the centrality it generates and the consequent valorization of the area that was inserted. The objective of this research was to analyze how this process occurred in the city of Maceió since the inauguration of Maceió Shopping in 1989, in an area of very low population density of a mononucleated city. To do so, we have made a reflection based on the role that the center plays in the city in its historical context and in the conceptual differences between center and centrality, with emphasis on flows and fixed as fundamental elements to make this distinction. Next, we evaluate the polycentralities, represented here by the shopping malls, as promoters of valorization and developments of the areas in which they are inserted in the city and its restructurating power. This discussion permeated the construction of a technosphere linked to a psychosphere where society has as its pillar of support consumerism, the shopping center being a technical object created for this purpose. We analyze the different aspects of this type of commercial enterprise in the United States, Europe and Brazil, highlighting specificities that favor this sector in our country, such as urban violence and the deterioration of traditional centers. We evaluate the role of real estate agents and the state regarding their actions in the areas where shopping centers are located. Having exposed all this panorama we began to analyze how the insertion of the first shopping center in the city of Maceió took place, we followed the same path traced in the theoretical discussion when we started identifying the origin of the first center of the city and how it was structured from it, as it happened the decentralization process and the emergence of new centralities (subcentres) linked to population growth and the expansion of the urban network that was driven by the verticalization process, production of horizontal condominiums, popular housing complexes and irregular occupations in subnormal areas.This exposed, we arrived at our object of study, the Maceió Shopping, we evaluated the impact that its insertion in the urban space caused in the pre-established territorial organization. To do so, we have information provided by the management of the shopping center through open interviews and data collected through the application of semi-structured questionnaires with their customers. To show the impact caused by it in the city, we made a survey with the SMTT regarding the distribution and route of bus lines, as they are responsible for driving the large flow of people in the city. The analysis was done before and after the inauguration of Maceió mall and we verified with the results evidenced in the maps that the city was restructured from being mononucleated to become polinucleda due to the emergence of new poles generating flow of people linked to the new centrality that reorganized the urban spatial dynamics, this undertaking being the second largest generator pole, after the Center, for its spatial reach to the city and for promoting a flow of conversion and daily dispersion of people. / Os shoppings centers enquanto equipamentos urbanos destinado ao comércio e serviços tem se expandido pelo mundo a partir de 1950 e no Brasil mais intensivamente na década 1980. Contudo o seu papel na organização espacial da cidade tem se destacado na medida em que nos locais onde foram implantados promoveram novos rearranjos espaciais e em muitos casos uma reestruturação urbana, devido à centralidade que gera e a conseqüente valorização da área que foi inserido. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi analisar como se deu esse processo na cidade de Maceió a partir da inauguração do Maceió Shopping em 1989, numa área de baixíssima densidade populacional de uma cidade mononucleada. Para tanto, fizemos uma reflexão pautada no papel que o centro exerce na cidade em seu contexto histórico e nas diferenças conceituais entre centro e centralidade, com ênfase nos fluxos e fixos como elementos fundamentais para fazer esta distinção. Em seguida, avaliamos as policentralidades, representadas aqui pelos shoppings centers, enquanto promotoras de valorização e desenvolvimentos das áreas em que se inserem na cidade e seu poder reestruturante. Essa discussão permeou a construção de uma tecnosfera ligada a uma psicosfera onde a sociedade tem como seu pilar de sustentação o consumismo, sendo o shopping center um objeto técnico criado para esse fim. Analisamos os diferentes aspectos desse tipo empreendimento comercial nos Estados Unidos, Europa e Brasil, destacando especificidades que favorecem esse setor em nosso país, a exemplo da violência urbana e da deteorização dos Centros tradicionais. Avaliamos o papel dos agentes imobiliários e do estado referente às suas atuações nas áreas em que são implantados os shopping centers. Exposto todo esse panorama passamos a analisar como se deu a inserção do primeiro shopping center na cidade de Maceió, percorremos o mesmo caminho traçado na discussão teórica ao iniciarmos identificando a origem do primeiro centro da cidade e como ela se estruturou a partir dele, como ocorreu o processo de descentralização e surgiram as novas centralidades(subcentros) atreladas ao crescimento populacional e da expansão da malha urbana que foi conduzida pelo processo de verticalização, produção de condomínios horizontais, conjunto habitacionais populares e ocupações irregulares em áreas subnormais. Isto exposto, chegamos a nosso objeto de estudo, o Maceió Shopping, avaliamos o impacto que sua inserção no espaço urbano causou na organização territorial pré-estabelecida. Para tanto, contamos com informações cedidas pela gestão do shopping center através de entrevistas abertas e com dados coletados através de aplicação de questionários semiestruturados junto a seus freqüentadores. Para evidenciar o impacto causado por ele na cidade, fizemos um levantamento junto a SMTT referente a distribuição e percurso das linhas de ônibus, pois são as responsáveis por conduzir o grande fluxo de pessoas existentes na cidade. A análise foi feita antes e depois da inauguração do Maceió shopping e constatamos com os resultados evidenciados nos mapas que a cidade se reestruturou deixando de ser mononucleada para se tornar polinucleda devido ao surgimento de novos pólos geradores de fluxo de pessoas atrelados as novas centralidade que reorganizaram a dinâmica espacial urbana, sendo esse empreendimento o segundo maior pólo gerador, depois do Centro, pelo seu alcance espacial em relação à cidade e por promover um fluxo de conversão e dispersão diária de pessoas.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to construct a steel shopping mall hall. The construction is located in Frýdek-Místek. The whole object can be divided in two parts. One part of the building is an atrium with a cross bridge made from glass. The roof construction of the atrium is designed as system of cylindrical lattice girders within purlins are set up. The other part of the construction is multistoried shopping mall with terrace designed as composite steel and concrete structure. The whole ground plan size of the construction is 72 m x 120 m. The height of the construction above the ground is 12.06 m. The cross-links are built up to 6 m one. There were created two versions of the construction. The most convenient version is described in more details. The outcome of the thesis is a comparison of two above mentioned versions. The whole project is based on officially recognised standard ČSN EN. The construction was designed in RFEM programme.

El empleo de andamios para generar plataformas de trabajo en zonas elevadas puede encarecer el costo final de cualquier partida en construcción, el uso de andamios en la etapa de acabados es fundamental, estos trabajos de arte requieren de una plataforma cómoda y segura desde el punto de vista técnico. El uso de andamios móviles para las partidas de acabados es una buena opción debido a la versatilidad de poder desplazarlos sin tener que desarmarlos. Idear una plataforma de trabajo que demande muy pocas piezas, no ocupe mucho espacio y pueda ser desplazada con facilidad es fundamental para disminuir los costos de arriendo y montaje. Las estructuras de andamio se vuelven más pesadas conforme crecen más en altura. En la construcción de centros comerciales el revestimiento de los techos no solo requiere de andamios tipo torre para trabajos puntuales si no de plataformas que abarcan un área considerable de la zona a trabajar y ello se vuelve más complejo a grandes alturas. Este trabajo de investigación aprovecha la arquitectura de los centros comerciales para usar los pasadizos o corredores laterales en altura como apoyo de la estructura de andamio y evitar que esta se apoye en el nivel más bajo, además de esto se propone una plataforma móvil para probar la versatilidad del diseño comparándola con soluciones convencionales. / The use of scaffolding to make platforms in high areas may increase the total price of any starting construction however is necessary in the construction finishes phase, these artistic works need a comfortable and safe platform from a technical point of view. The use of mobile scaffolding is a good choice for finishes starting due to the versatility of move without having to disassemble, design a work platform that requires very few pieces, do not take up much place and can be easily moved is essential to reduce assembly price and rents. Scaffolding structures become heavier as they grow taller, the roof cladding in the shopping centers build does not only need a tower shape scaffolding for specific work, it requires platforms covering a considerable work area and this turn more complex at height places This research work takes advantage from shopping centers architecture to use the aisles or side corridors in upper floors to support the scaffolding structure and prevent it from resting on the lowest level, In addition is proposed a mobile platform to test the design versatility comparing it with conventional solutions. / Tesis

Actualmente, uno de los problemas que ha generado la pandemia es la reducción de aforo en los establecimientos y centros comerciales, lo cual ha causado que se registren colas largas y haya aglomeraciones de las personas afuera de los mismos. A través del presente trabajo, se busca desarrollar un plan de negocio para solucionar el problema mencionado y estudiar la viabilidad de este, el cual tiene como objetivo brindar el aforo o número de personas dentro de los centros comerciales y establecimientos públicos a través de una aplicación, para que tengan esta información relevante antes salir de casa, reduciendo la exposición a más personas y evitando que hagan largas colas. Por ello, se tuvo que realizar entrevistas tanto a usuarios como a expertos, con el fin de validar la idea de negocio propuesta. En primer lugar, se realizó un business model canvas para plantear los aspectos clave del negocio y tener visible la infraestructura, los clientes, proveedores y estructura financiera, para después evaluar y validar cada uno de los cuadrantes. Para ello, se tuvo que llevar a cabo entrevistas con diferentes personas y expertos que se encuentran dentro del segmento de clientes seleccionados, rescatando sus opiniones para desarrollar una aplicación de acuerdo con sus necesidades. En segundo lugar, se desarrolló un mock-up de la aplicación, la cual se le presentó a los entrevistados para que puedan interactuar con ella y brindar sus recomendaciones para modificar la aplicación en caso se considerara necesario y mejorarla, de esta manera los usuarios tendrían una mejor experiencia dentro de la misma. En tercer lugar, se desarrollaron 4 nuevos experimentos para validar el interés de compra de los usuarios, se diseñó una página web, brindando toda la información sobre la idea de negocio, la muestra de la aplicación y sobre todo, los planes de suscripción, de esta manera se pudo medir la intención de compra de cada usuario. Finalmente, se realizaron campañas de publicidad a través de Facebook, para llegar a un mayor segmento de mercado y generar mayor interacción en la página web, esto se tomó en cuenta para elaboración de la proyección de ventas. / At this time, one of the biggest problems that the pandemic has generated is the reduction of capacity in establishments and shopping centers, which has led to long queues and crowds of people outside these places. the main thematic focus of this document is to develop a business plan to solve the problem and study its viability, which has an objective to provide the capacity or the number of people within shopping centers and public establishments through an application, so they have this relevant information before leaving home, reducing the exposure to other people and avoiding long queues. Therefore, interviews with both users and experts had to be conducted in order to validate the proposed business idea. First of all, a business model canvas was made to present the key aspects of the business and have the infrastructure, customers, suppliers and financial structure visible, to later evaluate and validate each of the quadrants. To do this, interviews had to be carried out with different people and experts who are within the selected customer segment, gathering their opinions to develop an application according to their needs. Secondly, a mock-up of the application was developed, which was presented to the interviewees so that they could interact with it and provide their recommendations to modify the application if deemed necessary and improve it, this way the users would have a better experience on the app. Thirdly, 4 new experiments were developed to validate the purchase interest of users, a web page was designed, providing all the information about the business idea, the application sample and above all, the subscription plans, this way the purchase intention of each user could be measured. Finally, advertising campaigns were carried out through Facebook, in order to reach a larger market segment and generate more interaction on the website; this was taken into account when preparing the sales projection. / Trabajo de investigación

Master thesis of "Multifunctional Building Kounicova" is composed in the form of project documentation. The building is designed as a shopping mall and office space and it is situated in the centre of Brno city. The building has four floors and it is partly basement. The load-bearing structure consists of a monolithic reinforced concrete skeleton with flat roof. The drawings are processed in CAD program.

Genom åren har köpcentrum skiftat fokuset från att enbart skapa ett köp- och sälj scenario, till en mer gynnsam atmosfär, där kunderna kan umgås och skapa unika upplevelser. Köpcentrum strävar efter att stå ut bland sina konkurrenter och förse sina kunder med olika utbud av produkter och tjänster. För att uppnå detta mål, krävs kreativa marknadsföringsstrategier och kundens åsikter, för att möjliggöra ett framgångsrikt varumärke. Att involvera de mänskliga sinnena har genom åren blivit en allt mer populär strategi när det kommer till marknadsföring. Sinnesmarknadsföring använder de fem mänskliga sinnena för att nå djupt in i konsumenternas känslor och påverka kundupplevelsen. Denna strategi har under åren resulterat i en hel del positiva resultat när den tillämpas i en marknadsföringsplan. Vi anser dock att det finns ett behov av att identifiera de negativa aspekterna av sinnesmarknadsföring, för att minimera och undvika konsekvenserna. Detta intresse har lett oss till vårt forskningsområde om att studera de negativa effekterna av sinnesmarknadsföring i ett köpcentrum och dess konsekvenser på konsument och företag. Vi påbörjade denna uppsats genom att intervjua de tre största köpcentrumen i Kalmar, Sverige för att kunna få ett företagsperspektiv av fenomenet. Dessutom, genomförde vi en enkätundersökning för att få ett konsumentperspektiv och jämföra skillnaderna. Dessa empiriska material gav oss viktig information som lett oss till att identifiera kategorierna av vårt teoretiska ramverk och slutligen nå en slutsats. Resultatet av denna forskning klargjorde skillnaden mellan företag och konsumentperspektivet, gällande de negativa effekterna av sinnesmarknadsföring. Sinnesmarknadsföring har visat oss behovet av att inkludera konsumenterna och förstå de negativa effekterna av fenomenet, för att kunna utveckla de rätta sinnesstrategierna. / Throughout the years, shopping malls have shifted the focus from only creating a buying and selling scenario, to a more conducive atmosphere, where customers can socialize and create unique experiences. Shopping malls strive to stand out amongst its competitors and provide its customers with a different outrange of products and services. In order to achieve this aim, creative marketing strategies and customer inputs are demanded to enable a successful brand. Involving the human senses has along the years, became an increasingly popular strategy when it comes to marketing. Sensory marketing utilizes the five human senses to reach deep into consumers emotions and influence customer experience. This strategy has during the years resulted in a great number of positive outcomes when applied to a marketing plan. However, we believe that there is a need of identifying the negative aspects of sensory marketing, to help minimize and avoid the consequences. This interest has led us to our research area of studying the negative effects of sensory marketing in a shopping mall and its consequences on consumers and corporate. We approached this paper by starting off with interviewing the three main shopping malls in Kalmar, Sweden to obtain a corporate perspective of the phenomenon. Furthermore, we carried out a survey to acquire the consumer perspective in order to compare the differences. These empirical materials gave us essential information that led us to identifying the categories of our theoretical framework and finally reaching a conclusion. The results of this research clarified the dissimilarity between the corporate and the consumer perspective, concerning the negative effects of sensory marketing. Sensory marketing has shown us the need of including consumers and understanding the negative effects of the phenomenon, in order to develop the right sensory strategy.

Sweden's population is growing every year, and in parallel there is an ongoing adjustment of the trade and retail consumption, within the Nordic area. Today, the development of retail is combined with the development of grandeur shopping malls, with the purpose to attract crowds and retailers. These venues have long been essential for the commercial real estate development, both on a local and global perspective. USA and Western Europe have long been leaders in the development and the management of shopping malls. They have created new conditions, trends and possibilities for how a property owner can optimize the financial management and similar strategies. This Bachelor Thesis will study what global trends there are and in what grade these trends have affected the Swedish shopping mall market. By defining the Swedish shopping mall market, from other commercial real estates, we can review and analyse the trends and tendencies that have developed the traditional Swedish management. Moreover we will review why a foreign corporate, within ownership and management of shopping malls, would like to establish their organisation within the Swedish market. For this purpose, we will analyse the incentives and what prospects these corporates are having. We have succeeded to discover that the Swedish shopping mall market have done important changes during the last 10-15 years. There have been a distinct professionalisation of the financial management with a clear focus on emulating other foreign companies through IPO:s, minimizing the loan-to-value and having a stable dividend performance. Moreover the game rules have changed, for the Swedish retail market, due to newly developed international corporates that have established their business in Sweden. Therefore there are competing forces, between the global FDI: s and local Swedish corporates, with the most valuable locations. We have established the conclusion that many of the foreign shopping mall owners wants to expand their organisation on the Swedish market, due to clear incentives. This is for example due to a stable economic growth, transparency and the possibility to create relationships with lucrative retailers. Several Swedish companies are about to abandon the traditional Swedish management model as they become more focused on profit and economic growth, the priority is no longer just customer satisfaction and technical maintenance. Sweden has previously tried on popular global methods, without effect, but perhaps it is time to re-examine other variants of these strategies, as the Swedish market have become an attractive source of the global shopping center trade. / Sveriges befolkning växer för varje år och parallellt med detta sker en utveckling av handeln och retailkonsumtionen, i hela norden. Idag kombineras utvecklingen av detaljhandeln med storslagna köpcentrum och gallerior, för att locka till sig folkmassor och detaljister. Dessa handelsplatser har länge varit viktiga fastigheter inom samhällsbyggandet och stadsutvecklingen. USA och Västeuropa har länge varit ledande inom utveckling och förvaltning av köpcentrum genom att de har skapat nya villkor, trender och möjligheter för hur en fastighetsägare ska optimera den ekonomiska förvaltningen och andra dylika strategier. Denna kandidatuppsats kommer att studera vilka trender som finns och i vilken grad de har påverkat den svenska köpcentrummarknaden. Utifrån att avgränsa den svenska köpcentrummarknaden från andra kommersiella fastigheter, kan vi studera och analysera trender och tendenser, vilka håller på att utveckla den traditionella svenska förvaltningen. Utöver detta kommer vi undersöka varför utländska företag, inom ägande och förvaltning av köpcentrum, vill etablera sig på den svenska marknaden. Till detta ska vi analysera vilka incitament som finns och vilka framtidsutsikter dessa företag har. Vi har lyckats komma fram till att den svenska köpcentrummarknaden har gjort viktiga förändringar de senaste 10-15 åren. De har skapats en tydlig professionalisering av den ekonomiska förvaltningen för svenska företag med tydligt fokus på att efterlikna utländska aktörer genom att börsnotera företaget, försöka dämpa belåningsgraden och satsa på en stabil utdelningsfilosofi. Utöver detta har spelreglerna ändrat sig genom att större internationella företag har slagit rot på den svenska marknaden. Därmed konkurrerar de lokala respektive globala företagen, om de mest attraktiva platserna. Vi har kommit fram till att många utländska köpcentrumägare vill satsa på den svenska marknaden då det finns tydliga incitament för dessa att göra så. Denna utveckling beror till exempel på att det finns en stabil ekonomisk tillväxt, transparens på marknaden och bra möjligheter att skapa samarbeten med lönsamma detaljister. Flera svenska bolag håller på att överge den traditionella förvaltningsmodellen då dessa blir mer fokuserade på avkastning och tillväxt, de prioriterar inte längre enbart kundnöjdhet och tekniskt underhåll. Sverige har tidigare provat på populära globala metoder, utan verkan, men kanske är det dags att återpröva liknande varianter av dessa, då den svenska marknaden har blivit en attraktionskälla i den globala köpcentrumhandeln.

Students from dual language immersion (DLI) classrooms are required to learn the language through content. However, some students have not yet developed these abilities by the time they start fourth grade. Thus, to fully comprehend content such as science, students need stronger reading and writing abilities in the second language (L2). To help stakeholders have a better understanding on how to effectively help students throughout this process, this action research studied the effectiveness of integrating literacy with science and mobile assisted language learning (MALL). Findings showed that the integrations of literacy, science and MALL were effective with statistically significant results in science and reading. These findings also yielded pedagogical implications about the importance of considering students' language background and gender, as well as the use of MALL when teaching and planning the curriculum for DLI classrooms.

El Informall, es un proyecto concebido desde la crítica a la tipología de centro comercial, un modelo inventado hace más de 60 años que ha sido recreado por todo el mundo y que pretende en esta tesis reinventarse para adaptarse al contexto de mejor manera ofreciéndole a la ciudad eso que tanto demanda (con justa razón), y que es a lo que el centro comercial ha devenido en estos tiempos: espacio público. El proyecto cuenta con tres tipos de actividades claramente marcadas: la logística, la producción y la venta. Estas tres funciones cierran el ciclo comercial que Gamarra necesita para sostenerse como emporio textil y, a la vez, le abre nuevas posibilidades al comercio informal para crecer creativamente y no perderse en una estricta ordenanza que no potencia su esencia. / Informall is a project conceived from the criticism of the mall’s typology, a model invented more than 60 years ago that has been recreated around the world and that pretends, in this thesis, reinvent itself to adapt to the context in a better way, offering the city what it so much demands, with fair reason, and what the mall has become in these days: public space. The project has three types of clearly marked activities: logistics, production and sales. These three functions close the commercial cycle that Gamarra needs to sustain itself as a textile emporium and, at the same time, opens up new possibilities for informal commerce to grow creatively and not get lost in a strict ordinance that does not enhance its essence. / Tesis